钢球分选机设计 钢蛋 钢珠 钢丸分选机的设计（全套含CAD图纸）
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附录1英文原文THEGREENDESIGNANDTHEAPPLICATIONOFCUTTINGFLUIDABSTRACTCUTTINGFLUIDSARETHEIMPORTANTASSISTMATERIALSFORMACHININGHOWEVERASAPPLYINGCUTTINGFLUIDSASALSOBRINGSABOUTSEVERALENVIRONMENTPROBLEMSINORDERTOREALIZEGREENMANUFACTURING,STUDYONTHEGREENDESIGNANDGREENAPPLICATIONOFTHECUTTINGFLUIDSWILLBEMOSTEFFECTIVEWAYTHEGREENDESIGNOFFLUIDSISDESIGNFORTHEENVIRONMENTPROTECTIONITCONTAINSTHATTHEWATERSOLUBLECUTTINGFLUIDSWILLGOINSTEADOFCUTTINGOILS,THEVEGETABLEOILSANDSYNTHETICESTERARESUBSTITUTEDFORMINERALOILANDTHEGREENADDITIVESAREDEVELOPEDTHEGREENAPPLICATIONDEMANDSTHECUTTINGFLUIDSDOESNTHARMOPERATORANDTHEPOLLUTIONOFENVIRONMENTISTHELOWESTINMETALCUTTINGTHECONCRETESTEPISTOSTRENGTHENTHECUTTINGFLUIDSMANAGEMENTANDSAFEGUARD,TOSPREADTHECONCENTRATEDCOOLINGANDLUBRICATINGSYSTEMS,TOUSETHEPROTECTINGDEVICEANDTOADOPTTHESEALINGCUTTINGMOREOVER,THENEWTECHNOLOGIESOFDISPOSINGWASTERCUTTINGFLUIDSWILLBEWIDELYSPREADEDANDDEVELOPED1INTRODUCTIONASDEVELOPINGINDUSTRYLEADSTONEWMATERIALCIVILIZATIONITALSOBRINGSABOUTSEVERALENVIRONMENTPROBLEMSWITHTHEPOLLUTIONMORESERIOUSTHESEPROBLEMSOFENVIRONMENTANDNATURALRESOURCESHAVEBEENGENERALLYREALIZEDCONSEQUENTLY,MANYNATIONALGOVERNMENTSHAVEPROCLAIMEDALOTOFMAINSTAYOFCREATINGTHEWEALTHOFTHESOCIETYMECHANICALMANUFACTURINGINDUSTRIESAREALSOTHEMAINSOURCEOFTHEENVIRONMENTPOLLUTIONHOWTODECREASEORELIMINATETHEMANUFACTURINGPOLLUTIONBECOMESANEWSUBJECTTHEN,THEGREENMANUFACTURINGISTHEIMPORTANTPARTOFTHESUSTAINEDDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGYANDISTHEMODERNMANUFACTURINGMODELOFOVERALLCONSIDERINGENVIRONMENTPROTECTIONANDNATURALRESOURCESUTILIZATIONRATIOSEEKINGFORTHEAIMISTHATINFLUENCEOFPRODUCTSONENVIRONMENTPOLLUTIONISTHELEASTANDRESOURCEUTILIZATIONRATIOISTHEHIGHESTDURINGTHEWHOLEPERIODFROMDESIGNINGANDMANUFACTURINGANDUSINGTOSCRAPPINGOFPRODUCTSITISCONSIDEREDTHATTHEMACHININGWILLHAVEOCCUPYINGTHEMECHANICALWORKINGAMOUNTOVERNINETYPERCENTINTHE21STCENTURYCUTTINGFLUIDSARETHEIMPORTANTASSISTMATERIALSFORMACHININGAPPLYINGCUTTINGFLUIDRATIONALLYCANMARKEDLYIMPROVETHEMACHININGQUALITYANDPRODUCTIVITYREDUCETHETOOLWEARANDTHEMACHININGCOSTSINCONSEQUENCE,THECUTTINGFLUIDSAREWIDELYAPPLIEDINTHEMACHININGWITHMANSENVIRONMENTPROTECTIONCONSCIOUSNESSENHANCED,REVERSEINFLUENCEOFAPPLYINGCUTTINGFLUIDSWASCLEARLYRECOGNIZEDTHEHARMOFCUTTINGFLUIDSISASFOLLOWS1ENDANGERINGMANSHEALTHINASMACHASCUTTINGFLUIDSINCLUDECHEMICALINGREDIENTPERNICIOUSTOMANSHEALTH,INAPPLYINGTHECUTTINGFLUIDSTHEYMADEOPERATORSBEHARMEDPERHAPSBECAUSEOFOPERATORSDIRECTLYTOUCHINGTHECUTTINGFLUIDS,MANYKINDSOFSKINDISEASEMAYBECAUSEDTOHAPPENMOREOVER,HIGHTEMPERATUREPRODUCINGINTHEMETALCUTTINGFLUIDBEHEATED,SOTHATFORMINGTHEVAPORANDTHESMELL,MAYMAKEOPERATORSRESPIRATORYTRACTANDLUNGDISEASEBEINFECTED2ENVIRONMENTPOLLUTIONINMETALCUTTINGTHELEAKANDTHESPILLOVEROFTHECUTTINGFLUIDSMAYPOLLUTEENVIRONMENTANDAFFECTSAFEPRODUCTIONTODRAINWASTECUTTINGFLUIDSWHICHWERENOTDISPOSEDORDIDNTACHIEVETHEDRAINSTANDARD,CONSIDERABLYPOLLUTESLEND,RIVERANDLAKEANDSERIOUSLYINFLUENCETHEGROWTHOFANIMALANDPLANT,ANDECOLOGICALENVIRONMENTANDECOLOGICALBALANCEWEREDESTROYEDTHEN,THECUTTINGFLUIDSAREENVIRONMENTPOLLUTIONRESOURCESINTHEMACHININGTHEWAYOFREALIZINGGREENMANUFACTURINGISTOADOPTDRYCUTANDTODEVELOPANEWTYPECUTTINGFLUIDSGOODFORENVIRONMENTTHEDRYCUTDOESNTAPPLYCUTTINGFLUIDSINTHEMACHINING,BUTTOOLSLIFEISSHORTENED,FORTHEMACHININGCONDITIONISBADTHEPRODUCTIONCOSTSISINCREASED,THEPRODUCTIONEFFICIENCYISREDUCEDANDTHESURFACEQUALITYMACHINEDWORSENEDCONSEQUENTLY,TODEVELOPGREENCUTTINGFLUIDWILLBENEFITTHEMACHININGANDISANURGENTTASKALSOWEHOPETHECUTTINGFLUIDHASTHEFOLLOWINGPROPERTIES1HARMLESSFOROPERATORSANDENVIRONMENT2EXCELLENTCOOLING,LUBRICATION,RUSTPROTECTIONANDCLEANINGABILITY3THEWASTECUTTINGFLUIDWASDISPOSEDEASILYINTHEFOLLOWINGTHEGREENDESIGNANDTHEGREENAPPLICATIONOFTHECUTTINGFLUIDWILLBECONSIDERED2THEGREENDESIGNOFTHECUTTINGFLUIDSTHETRADITIONDESIGNONLYCONSIDERSTHEQUALITYANDCOSTSOTHATITDOHARMTOTHEOPERATORANDTHEENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONANDWASTETHERESOURCES,HAMPERINGTHESUSTAINEDDEVELOPMENTTHEGREENDESIGNOFTHECUTTINGFLUIDGOESROUNDTHEENVIRONMENTPROTECTION,ANDOBEYSFOLLOWINGRULES1NONTOXICTHISISMOSTIMPORTANTTHEGREENCUTTINGFLUIDDIDNTCONTAINTHEADDITIVESPERNICIOUSTOMANSHEALTHANDTOENVIRONMENTPROTECTION,ANDITSINGREDIENTSWEREBIOLOGICALLYDISSOCIATEDANDTHEWASTEFLUIDWASEASILYDISPOSED2HIGHFUNCTIONTHEGREENCUTTINGFLUIDPOSSESSESEXCELLENTCOOLING,LUBRICATIONANDCLEANABILITYANDITCANSATISFYTHENEEDSOFMODERNMACHINING3LONGLIFETHEGREENCUTTINGFLUIDCANMAINTAINEXCELLENTPROPERTIESINTHELONGERPERIODOFUSE,SOTHATTHEEFFICACYOFTHECUTTINGFLUIDCANENOUGHUTILIZEDANDTHEDRAINAGEAMOUNTOFWASTEFLUIDISREDUCED4GOODECONOMYINORDERTHATTHEGREENCUTTINGFLUIDISWIDELYAPPLIEDTOTHEMACHININGTHEPRICEOFTHEGREENCUTTINGFLUIDCANBEACCEPTEDTHETASKOFTHEGREENDESIGNISASFOLLOWS21THEWATERSOLUBLECUTTINGFLUIDSWILLGOINSTEADOFTHECUTTINGOILSTHECUTTINGOILSCOMPRISEMINERALOILS,RUSTINHIBITORS,BIOCIDESANDBOUNDARYLUBRICANTSITSADVANTAGESAREEXCELLENTLUBRICATINGABILITY,GOODWETTABILITYOFSURFACES,GOODRUSTPROTECTION,HOWEVER,ITSLIMITATIONSAREHIGHERCOST,POORCOOLINGABILITY,SMOKEGENERATION,FIREHAZARDS,MESSINESSANDPOSSIBLEHEALTHHAZARDFURTHERMORE,MINERALOILRESOURCESAREBECOMINGLESSANDLESSANDHUMANITYWILLFACETHATPETROLEUMRESOURCEWASEXHAUSTEDTHEADVANTAGESOFWATERSOLUBLECUTTINGFLUIDARELOWERCOST,GOODHEATREMOVAL,HIGHERSPEEDCAPABILITY,CLEANLINESSANDFREEDOMFROMOILMISTCONSEQUENTLY,THESUBSTITUTIONOFTHEWATERSOLUBLECUTTINGFLUIDSFORCUTTINGOILSCANMEETTHEDEMANDSOFHUMANITYHEALTHANDENVIRONMENTFRIENDLYSYNTHETICFLUIDSANDSEMISYNTHETICFLUIDSOUGHTTOBEGREATLYDEVELOPED22THESUBSTITUTIONOFVEGETABLEOILSANDSYNTHETICESTERFORMINERALOILINCUTTINGFLUIDSTHEMINERALOILISMAINCOMPONENTANDPLAYLUBRICANTPART,BUTITSWASTELIQUIDBIOLOGICALLYDISSOCIATEDANDMAKEENVIRONMENTBEPOLLUTIONNATURALVEGETABLEOILSSUCHASSUNFLOWEROIL,RAPEOIL,CASTOROILANDSOYABEANOILETCHAVETHEADVANTAGESWHICHARENONPOISONFORHUMANITYANDENVIRONMENT,GOODBIODEGRADATIONANDREPROCESSINGPROPERTY,BUTTHELIMITATIONSAREPOORSTABILITYANDHIGHCOSTTABLE1BASEOILSBIODEGRADATIONBASEOILSBIODEGRADATIONRATIOMINERALOILS040NATURALVEGETABLEOILS90100ESTEROILS90100SYNTHETICESTERSCOMPRISEPOLYATOMICALCOHOLESTER,BINARYANDCOMPOUNDEATERETC,ANDITSADVANTAGESARENONPOISON,GOODHIGHTEMPERATUREPROPERTYANDOXIDATIONRESISTANCEANDLUBRICATINGABILITY,WHILEITSDEFECTSAREHIGHCOSTANDPOORHYDROLYSISSTABILITYTHEN,THEVEGETABLEOILSCOOPERATEWITHSYNTHETICESTERSISSUBSTITUTEDFORMINERALOILS,SOTHATNOTONLYDOESTHECUTTINGFLUIDPROPERTIESREMAINTHESAMEBUTTHEENVIRONMENTASWELLISNOTPOLLUTED23STUDYONGREENADDITIVESCUTTINGFLUIDSCOMPRISEMINERALOIL,EXTREMEPRESSURELUBRICANTS,OILNESSAGENTS,RUSTINHIBITORS,SURFACTANTSANDBIOCIDESETCANDTHEPROPERTIESDEPENDMAINLYONTHEFUNCTIONTHEN,THESTUDYONTHEADDITIVESISTHEKEYOFTHEGREENDESIGN231LIMITINGADDITIVESOFUSEASFOLLOWSTHERUSTINHIBITORSNAMELYSODIUMNITRITE,PHENOL,PHOSPHATE,CHROMATE,ETCTHESURFACTANTSRATHERDIFFICULTTOBIODEGRADEFOREXAMPLEPOLYETHERSURFACTANTSEXTREMEPRESSUREAGENTSSUCHASSULPHIDEANDCHLORINATED232THEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWADDITIVESBORICACIDESTERSARENEWADDITIVES,THEADVANTAGESARETODONOTHARMTOPEOPLEANDENVIRONMENTANDITPOSSESSEXCELLENTANTIWEARPROPERTY,GOODRUSTPROTECTION,ANTICORROSIONANDSTERILIZATION,BUTITSLIMITATIONSISPOORHYDROLYSISSTABILITYBORAXISALSOAMULTIFUNCTIONALADDITIVETOCERTAINEXTENT,ANDITSAPPLICATIONNEEDSSTUDYINGFURTHERSUCHSUBSTANCESASMOLYBDENATES,CITRATESANDBORATEETCAREGOODRUSTINHIBITORSNOWSTUDYONTHEIRCOOPERATINGEFFECTWILLGREATLYCONTRIBUTETORESEARCHINGANDPRODUCINGNEWANTIRUSTCOMPLEXCOMPOUNDCOPPERISHCOMPOUNDSTHATAREFORMEDFROMOLEIC,CITRICACIDANDSTEARICACIDETCPOSSESSBETTERSTERILIZATIONBORICACIDESTERSAREALSOGOODBIOCIDES,ANDCOMBININGWITHOTHERGERMICIDEITMAYMARKEDLYRAISEFUNGICIDALEFFECTIVENESS3THEGREENAPPLICATIONOFCUTTINGFLUIDSTHEGREENAPPLICATIONOFCUTTINGFLUIDSARETHATTHEOPERATORSARENOTHARMEDANDTHEPOLLUTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTISTHELOWESTANDTHEAMOUNTOFWASTECUTTINGFLUIDSISDECREASEDTOAMINIMUMINTHECOURSEOFAPPLYINGCUTTINGFLUIDSINORDERTOREALIZETHEGREENAPPLYINGOFCUTTINGFLUIDS,THEUSERMUSTADOPTTHEFOLLOWINGMEASURES31USINGPROTECTINGDEVICEANDADOPTINGTHECLOSEDCUTTINGINORDERTOIMPROVEWORKINGCONDITIONS,THETECHNICALDEVICESMUSTBEUSED,BYWHICHTHECUTTINGFLUIDSDOINGHARMTOHUMANHEALTHANDENVIRONMENTCANBEREDUCEDTHECONCRETESTEPSAREASFOLLOWS1OPERATORMUSTPUTONTHEIRBOILERSUITANDFACEGUARD2THEDEVICESFORPREVENTINGTHESPLASHOFCUTTINGFLUIDAREUSED3THEEXHAUSTDEVICESFORPURIFYINGAIRAREINSTALLEDONTHEMACHINETOOLSORINTHEWORKSHOP4OPERATORWORKSONTHEMACHINETOOLSOFCLOSEDWORKINGAREA32SPREADINGTHECONCENTRATEDCOOLINGANDLUBRICATINGSYSTEMTHEMODERNCONCENTRATEDCOOLINGANDLUBRICATINGSYSTEMISASYSTEMINWHICHMANYALONECOOLINGANDLUBRICATINGSYSTEMSARECOMBINEDINTOONETHEADVANTAGESAREPROLONGINGSERVICELIFEOFCUTTINGFLUIDS,REALIZINGAUTOMATICCONTROLEASILYONTHEPERFORMANCEINDEXOFCUTTINGFLUID,PRODUCINGLOWERWASTERFLUIDAMOUNT,MAINTAININGANDMANAGINGEASILY,CARRYINGANDTREATINGCHIPEASILY33STRENGTHENINGDAILYMANAGEMENTANEFFECTIVECHANNELOFREDUCINGTHEPOLLUTIONOFCUTTINGFLUIDONENVIRONMENTISREDUCINGTHEWASTEFLUIDAMOUNTOFCUTTINGFLUIDTHESERVICELIFEOFTHECUTTINGFLUIDSNOTONLYDEPENDSONPRIMARYQUALITYOFCUTTINGFLUIDS,BUTALSOISSUBJECTEDTOEFFECTOFTHESERVICECONDITIONSANDMAINTENANCEMETHODTHEREFORE,TOSTRENGTHENDAILYMANAGEMENTANDMAINTENANCEOFCUTTINGFLUIDSCANRESTRAINTHEGROWTHOFMICROBIOLOGYINCUTTINGFLUIDS,SOTHATTHESERVICELIFEOFCUTTINGFLUIDISPROLONGEDANDTHEWASTEFLUIDAMOUNTISREDUCEDTHECONCRETEMEASURESAREADOPTEDASFOLLOWSTHOROUGHLYCLEANSUMP,PIPEWORK,MACHINEANDGUARDSBEFORETHEREFILLINGTHEWATERBASEDCUTTINGFLUIDSAREMADEUPUSINGPUREWATERKEEPTHECUTTINGFLUIDWORKUNDERTHEFIXEDCONCENTRATIONANDRATIONALPHVALUECONDITIONSUSETHEFILTERSTOREMOVETIMELYCHIPANDTRAMPOILREGULARLYASSNONTOXICBACTERICIDEINTHECUTTINGFLUIDTIMELYCIRCULATETHECUTTINGFLUIDWHENTHEMACHINETOOLISSTOPPEDLONGTERMWORK34DEVELOPINGANDSPREADINGTHENEWTECHNOLOGIESOFDISPOSINGWASTEFLUIDSPREVENTINGTHEPUBLICHAZARDANDENVIRONMENTPOLLUTIONANDENSURINGTHESAFETYANDHEALTHOFTHEOPERATORISCAUSINGEXTREMEATTENTIONINTHEWHOLESOCIETYTHEWASTECUTTINGFLUIDSAREANIMPORTANTPOLLUTIONSOURCEATPRESENT,THEPHYSICAL,CHEMICALANDBIODEGRADATIONMETHODSAREADOPTEDINTHEWATERPOLLUTIONCONTROL,MONITORINGTHECHEMICALOXYGENDEMANDCODANDBIOLOGICALOXYGENDEMANDBODISOFTENREGARDEDASMAINMEANSASWATERBASEDCUTTINGFLUIDSCONTAINLARGENUMBEROFORGANICMATTER,NAMELY,ORGANICAMMONIA,NONIONICSURFACEACTIVEAGENTSANDPOLYATOMICALCOHOLETC,ACTIVECARBONADSORPTIONANDACTIVEMIREMAYBEADOPTEDINORDERTOREDUCECODANDBODOFTHEWASTEDISPOSALTHESEMETHODSAREECONOMICANDEFFECTIVETHERECENTRESEARCHSHOWSTHATTHEEFFETEOFCOMBININGACTIVECARBONWITHACTIVEMIREISSTILLBETTERINDISPOSINGWASTECUTTINGFLUIDS2中文翻译切削液的绿色设计及应用摘要切削液是机械加工中重要的协助材料。然而，切削液的使用也引起了多种环境问题。为了意识到绿色制造对绿色设计和切削液的绿色运用进行研究将是一种非常有效的方法。切削液的绿色设计是针对环保的设计。它包括水乳切削液将代替切削油、菜油和合成醋带头矿物油和绿色添加剂的发展。绿色适用性要求切削液不伤害操作者和在金属切削中对环境最低。具体的方法是加强切削液的运用管理和预防措施，发展延伸集中冷却和润滑系统，利用保护装置和采取密封切削。而且，处理废弃的切削液的新技术将被广泛传播和发展。1、序言随着不断发展的工业导致新的材料文化，也带来了多种环境问题。随着污染变得更严重，这些环境和自然资源的问题已经被普遍认识到。因此，很多全球性组织已经颁布了许多法律和条规来防止环境污染和保护实验人员的安全和健康。作为创造社会财富的支柱，机械制造业是环境污染的主要来源。如何减小或消除制造污染变成了一个新的课题。然而，绿色制造是可持续发展战略的重要组成部分和综合考虑环境保护和自然资料利用率的现代制造典范。追求的目标是产品对环境污染的影响最低和从产品的设计到制造到废弃的整个过程中的资源利用率最高。在21世纪，机械被认为将占据机械行业的90之多。切削液是机械中最重要的辅助材料。合理地使用切削液可以显著地提高机械的质量和生产量，减少刀具的磨损和机械成本。因此，切削液被广泛使用于机械中。随着人们环境保护意识的提高，使用切削液的不利影响也被清楚的意识到，切削液的害处如下（1）危害人类健康。大部分切削液当中含有对人类健康有害的化学成分，当使用切削液是有可能是操作者受到伤害。因为操作者直接接触切削液，有可能引起多种皮肤疾病。而且，在金属切割过程中产生的高温是得切削液被加热，从而形成的蒸汽和气味，有可能是操作人员感染上呼吸和肺病。（2）环境污染。在金属切削过程当中切削液的泄漏和溢出将污染环境和影响安全生产。排出那些未经处理或者没有达到排放标准的切削液，极大地污染了土地，河流和湖泊也严重影响了动植物的生长，生态环境和生态平衡也被破坏了。因此，在机器加工中，切削液是环境污染源。达到“绿色”制造的方法是采用干切削和发展一种对环境有益的新的切削液。干切割是在加工过程中不采用切削液，但是刀具寿命短，因为加工条件和生产成本增加，所以生产效率降低了，加工表面质量也更差。因此，发展“绿色”切削液将有利于加工而且也是一项重要的课题。我们希望这种切削液具有下列特性（1）对操作人员和环境没有危害；（2）相当好的冷却、润滑、防锈和清洁功能；（3）废弃切削液容易处理。接下来将介绍切削液的绿色设计和绿色使用。2、切削液的绿色设计传统的设计只是考虑切削液的数量和成本，所以它会危害操作人员的健康和污染环境和浪费资源，阻碍了持续的发展，切削液的“绿色”设计顺从了环境保护，也遵守以下规则（1）无毒。这是最重要的。这些绿色切削液不包含对人类健康和环境保护有危害的添加物，它的成份能自然离体，废弃切削液也能容易被处理。（2）高效性。绿色切削液拥有优质的冷却性。润滑性和清洁功能，而且也能满足现代机械的需求。（3）长寿命。绿色切削液在长时间的使用过程中能够保持优秀的性能，从而切削。（4）良好的经济性。因为这个，这些切削液被广泛应用于机械中，绿色切削液的价格也能被人们接受。绿色设计的重点在于21浮化切削液将取代切削油切削油包括矿物油、防锈剂、杀生物剂和边界润滑剂。它的优点是优良的润滑性，良好的表面湿性和良好的防生锈特性。然而，它的缺点是高成本、差的冷却性、会产生烟雾、易起火、脏和可能的健康危害。更者，矿物油冷变得越来越少而且人类将面临石油冷液的枯竭。乳化切削液的优点是低成本、良好的热传递、高速、干净和不具有油雾。因此，用乳化切削液代替切削油可以满足人类健康和环境保护的需求。合成液和半合成液应该被广泛地发展。22菜油和合成醋代替矿物油在切削液中矿物油是主要成分和起着润滑的作用，但是那些未被充分利用的液体自然离解从而使得环境被污染。那些自然菜油比如说向日葵油、葡萄油、蓖麻油和大豆油等等。它们具有对人类和环境无毒，良好的生物损耗和可在加工等优点，但不足之处是稳定性差和高成本。表1各种油的生物损耗油生物损耗率矿物油040菜油90100醋油90100合成醋包含多原子醇醋、二元醋和
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