高中化学58个精讲_(1)_氧化还原反应_配平（high school chemistry 58 jingjiang _ (1) _ redox reaction _ trim）

高中化学58个精讲_1_氧化还原反应_配平（HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY58JINGJIANG_1_REDOXREACTION_TRIM）HIGHSCHOOLCHEMISTRY58TESTSITES1OXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONANDITSBALANCE1,REVIEWTHEKEYPOINTS1,THECONCEPTOFREDOXREACTION2APPLICATIONOFELECTRONCONSERVATIONPRINCIPLE3,ACCORDINGTOTHEVALENCENUMBERCONSERVATIONCHEMICALREACTIONEQUATION2DIFFICULTIESFOCUSCONCEPTSANDREGULARITIESINREDOXREACTIONSONE,FIVEPAIRSOFCONCEPTSINREDOXREACTIONS,THEREAREFIVEOPPOSINGANDRELATEDCONCEPTSTHEIRNAMESANDRELATIONSHIPSARETWO,FIVERULES1,THENATUREOFTHELAWOFPERFORMANCETHESAMEELEMENTHASAVARIETYOFVALENCE,GENERALLYATTHEHIGHESTVALENCEONLYWITHOXIDATION,THELOWESTVALENCEONLYWITHREDUCTION,INTHEMIDDLECANNOTONLYHASTHEOXIDATIONRESISTANCEANDCONSTANTREDUCIBILITY2,THENATUREOFTHELAWOFSTRENGTH3,THELAWOFREACTIONTHECONCENTRATIONOFSIMILAR,ANDCONTAINSSEVERALOFTHEREDUCTANT,ADDINGTHEOXIDANT,ITISTHEFIRSTANDSTRONGESTREDUCTANTSOLUTIONSIMILARLY,THEDIFFERENCEINTHECONCENTRATIONOFTHESOLUTION,ALSOCONTAINSSEVERALOXIDANTS,ADDINGREDUCINGAGENT,ITISTHEFIRSTANDSTRONGESTOXIDATIONSOLUTIONAGENTFOREXAMPLE,BYENTERINGCL2INTOASOLUTIONCONTAININGFEBR2,THEFE2ISFIRSTOXIDIZED4,THEREGULARITYOFVALENCEWHENTHEREDOXREACTIONOCCURSBETWEENTHESUBSTANCESWITHDIFFERENTVALENCESTATES,THECHANGEOFTHEVALENCESTATEOFTHEELEMENTMUSTFOLLOWTHELAWOF“HIGHPRICELOWPRICETOINTERMEDIATEPRICE“5ELECTRONCONSERVATIONLAWINANYREDOXREACTION,THETOTALNUMBEROFELECTRONSOBTAINEDBYANOXIDANTORELECTRONPAIRISEQUALTOTHETOTALNUMBEROFELECTRONSLOSTORSHAREDELECTRONPAIRDEVIATIONSOFTHEREDUCTANTTHREECOMPARISONOFTHESTRENGTHORREDUCIBILITYOFSUBSTANCES1COMPARISONOFMETALSORNONMETALSOFELEMENTSTHEOXIDATIONOFCATIONSDECREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFTHEIRREDUCIBILITYTHEREDUCIBILITYOFTHENONMETALANIONDECREASESWITHTHEINCREASEOFTHEOXIDATIONRESISTANCEOFTHEELEMENTAL2COMPARISONOFREACTIONCONDITIONSWHENTHEDIFFERENTOXIDANTREACTSWITHTHESAMEREDUCINGAGENT,THEEASIERTHEREACTIONCONDITIONIS,THESTRONGERTHEOXIDATIONOFTHEOXIDANTISSUCHASTHEFORMERISEASIERTOREACTTHANTHELATTER,WHICHCANBEUSEDTOJUDGEOXIDATIONSIMILARLY,WHENTHEDIFFERENTREDUCTANTREACTSWITHTHESAMEOXIDANT,THEEASIERTHEREACTIONCONDITIONSARE,THESTRONGERTHEREDUCIBILITYOFTHEREDUCINGAGENTIS3COMPARISONBASEDONTHEDEGREEOFOXIDATIONORREDUCTIONWHENDIFFERENTOXIDANTSREACTWITHTHESAMEREDUCINGAGENT,THEGREATERTHEDEGREEOFOXIDATIONOFTHEREDUCINGAGENT,THESTRONGERTHEOXIDATIONOFTHEOXIDANTFOREXAMPLE,DEPENDINGONTHEDEGREEOFOXIDATIONOFIRON,THEOXIDATIONCANBEJUDGEDSIMILARLY,WHENDIFFERENTREDUCTANTSREACTWITHTHESAMEOXIDANT,THEGREATERTHEDEGREEOFOXIDANTREDUCTION,THESTRONGERTHEREDUCIBILITYOFTHEREDUCINGAGENT4ACOMPARISONISMADEBETWEENTHEREACTIONEQUATIONSOXIDANTREDUCTANTREDUCINGPRODUCTOXIDATIONPRODUCTOXIDIZINGOXIDANTOXIDATIONPRODUCTREDUCINGPROPERTYREDUCINGAGENTREDUCINGPRODUCT5ACOMPARISONISMADEACCORDINGTOTHEPERIODICLAWOFELEMENTSINGENERAL,OXIDATIONUPPER,LOWER,RIGHT,LEFT,RESTORENEXT,LEFT,RIGHT6THEOXIDATIONOFSOMEOXIDANTSORTHEREDUCTIONOFREDUCINGAGENTSARERELATEDTOTHEFOLLOWINGFACTORSTEMPERATUREIFTHEHEATISCONCENTRATED,THEOXIDATIONOFSULFURICACIDISSTRONGERTHANTHATOFCOLDCONCENTRATEDSULFURICACIDCONCENTRATIONTHEOXIDATIONOFCONCENTRATEDNITRICACIDISSTRONGERTHANTHATOFDILUTENITRICACIDACIDITYANDBASICITYNOOXIDATIONINTHENEUTRALENVIRONMENT,OXIDATIONINACIDICENVIRONMENT,ANDOXIDATIONOFTHESOLUTIONWITHINCREASINGACIDITYOFTHESOLUTIONNOTETHESTRENGTHORREDUCIBILITYOFMATTERDEPENDSSOLELYONTHEDIFFICULTYOFGETTINGORLOSINGELECTRONS,IRRESPECTIVEOFTHEAMOUNTOFELECTRONSGAINEDORLOSTSUCHASREDUCIBILITYOXIDATION3EXAMPLESELABORATEFIRST,THECONCEPTOFOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONTHECHEMICALEQUATIONFORPREPARINGCALCIUMCYANIDEISGIVENINEXAMPLE1GUANGZHOUTESTTITLECACO32HCNCACN2COH2CO2,INTHEREACTIONAHYDROGENELEMENTSAREOXIDIZEDANDCARBONELEMENTSAREREDUCEDBHCNISBOTHANOXIDANTANDAREDUCINGAGENTCCACN2ISTHEOXIDATIONPRODUCT,H2ISTHEREDUCTIONPRODUCT,DCOISTHEOXIDATIONPRODUCT,ANDH2ISTHEREDUCTIONPRODUCTTHISARTICLEEXAMINESTHECONCEPTSRELATEDTOOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONSCACO32HCNCACN2COH2CO2CO2CARBONPRODUCEDFROMCACO3,ITSVALENCEAFTERREACTIONDOESNOTCHANGE,THATHYDROGENVALENCELOWERCARBONVALENCEINCREASED,SOHCNASOXIDANTANDREDUCINGAGENT,CACN2ISTHEOXIDATIONPRODUCTS,H2ISTHEPRODUCTOFREDUCTIONANSWERB,CCOMMENTTHESEEXAMPLESDETERMINEREDOXREACTIONCONCEPTSRELATEDQUESTIONS,THESOLUTIONISTOFINDOTHERTYPESOFSENTENCEVALENCEDLDROPTHE“CHANGE“ISAVERYCRUCIALSTEP,INPARTICULAR,THEOXIDATIONOFAREACTANTCONTAININGTHESAMEELEMENTASINTHISCASE,THEREACTANTSCONTAINCARBONMUSTBEMADECLEAROFITSCHANGEEXAMPLE2NATIONALCOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONQUESTIONSTHEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTISCORRECTAIONSCONTAININGMETALLICELEMENTSARENOTNECESSARILYCATIONSINTHEREDOXREACTIONOFB,NONMETALLICELEMENTSMUSTBEOXIDANTSCWHENANELEMENTCHANGESFROMACOMPOUNDTOAFREESTATE,THEELEMENTMUSTBEREDUCEDDMETALCATIONSAREREDUCEDANDNOTNECESSARILYMETALLICELEMENTSRESOLVEDTHISQUESTIONISTOEXAMINETHEMAINREDOXREACTIONCONCEPTANDWRONGANSWERA,DCOMMENTSTOSOLVESUCHQUESTIONSONTHECONCEPTOFDISCRIMINATION,SHOULDFOLLOWTHE“UNDERSTANDINGOFTHECONCEPTOFGRASPINGTHEESSENCE“OFTHEPRINCIPLE,IFSUPPLEMENTEDBYSPECIFICEXAMPLES,WILLMAKEABSTRACTPROBLEMSCONCRETE,ANDTHERESULTSOFITSMORERELIABLEEXAMPLE398COLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONTESTQUESTIONS120DEGREESC,1013KPACONDITIONS,THEREIS2LH2O,2LCO,1LCO2,05LO2AND1LH2COMPOSEDOFMIXEDGASTHEMIXINGGASISPASSEDTHROUGHTHREEGLOWINGREACTIONTUBESWITHSUFFICIENTCUPOWDER,CPOWDERANDCUOPOWDERRESPECTIVELYITISASSUMEDTHATTHEGASCANREACTSUFFICIENTLYTHROUGHEACHREACTOR,ANDWHATEVERTHEORDEROFTHETHREETUBESINQUESTIONTHEEXHAUSTWHETHERTHEREMAYBEASINGLEGASFILLIN“POSSIBLE“OR“IMPOSSIBLE“IFPOSSIBLE,THEGASISIFTHEREARESEVERALRAWGASINTHEORA,NOLONGEREXISTSINTHEEXHAUSTFILLIN“YES“OR“NO“IFYES,THEYORITAREACCORDINGTOWHETHERTHEREISSEVERALRAWGASORAMUSTEXISTINTHEEXHAUSTGASYES,ORNO“IFYES,THEYORITAREANSWERIFTHEREARETHREEREACTIONTUBESARRANGEDWITHENOUGHCUPOWDER,CPOWDERANDCUOPOWDERARRANGEDINTHETEST,THEREARE6KINDSOFCASESONEBYONEANALYSIS,ALTHOUGHITCANBESOLVED,ISQUITETIMECONSUMINGANDLABORIOUSSUCHASTHEUSEOFDIVERGENTTHINKING,FROMREDUCINGAGENTSCUPOWDER,CPOWDER,O2,CO2,H2OCANBEREDUCEDTOCOANDH2OXIDANTCUOCANBECO,H2OXIDATIONINTOCO2,H2OANDOTHERANGLESTOCONSIDER,YOUCANFINDANEWANGLE,FOUNDNEWSOLUTIONSREACTIONTUBEHOLDSMATERIALABSORBABLEGASREACTTOPRODUCENEWGASSEARINGCUPOWDERREDUCINGAGENTO2NOTHINGSEARINGCPOWDERREDUCINGAGENTCO2,H2O,O2CO,H2SEARINGCUOPOWDEROXIDIZINGAGENTCO,H2CO2,H2OITISNOTDIFFICULTTOFINDTHATTHETHREEREACTIONTUBESOFCUPOWDER,CPOWDERANDCUOPOWDERAREARRANGEDINANYORDER,ANDO2MUSTNOLONGEREXISTTHEREARECO2,H2OORCOANDH2INTHEEXHAUSTGASANSWERTHEIMPOSSIBLESOME,THEREISNOO2TWO,OXIDATIONORREDUCTIONOFSTRENGTHJUDGMENTEXAMPLE4SHANGHAICOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONACCORDINGTOTHEFOLLOWINGRESPONSETODETERMINETHERELEVANTMATERIALREDUCIBILITYFROMSTRONGTOWEAKORDERISTHEPROBLEMISSOLVEDACCORDINGTOTHELAWOFOXIDATIONORREDUCIBILITYOFMATTERINTHESAMEOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTION,OXIDANTREDUCTANTREDUCINGPRODUCTOXIDATIONPRODUCT,REDUCIBILITYREDUCINGAGENTREDUCINGPRODUCTOXIDIZINGOXIDANTOXIDATIONPRODUCT,ASFOLLOWSLEFTRIGHTACCORDINGTOTHISRULE,REDUCIBILITYCANBESEENBYREACTIONFORMULA1,FROM2WECANSEEREDUCIBILITY,AND3WECANSEEREDUCIBILITYSYNTHETIC123OBTAINEDANSWERAEXAMPLE52000NANJINGINVESTIGATIONQUESTIONSAREKNOWNTOHAVEREDUCIBILITY,ANDTHEIRREDUCTIONINACIDICSOLUTIONISINTHEORDEROFSTRENGTHTHEFOLLOWINGREACTIONSCANNOTOCCURRESOLVEDTHISQUESTIONISESSENTIALLY3CASESOFREVERSETHINKING,PROBLEMSOLVINGCANASSUMEALLTHEOPTIONSREACTIONCANOCCUR,REDUCINGTHEINTENSITYOFLAUNCHORDEROFTHECORRESPONDINGPARTICLEOPTIONS,THENTHECONTROLCAPABILITYOFREDUCTIONSEQUENCEOFKNOWNPARTICLES,SOASTODETERMINEWHETHERTHEREACTIONJUDGINGBYTHELAWOFTHEORDEROFREDUCIBILITY,THEORDEROFPARTICLEREDUCIBILITYINEACHOPTIONISA,WHICHISCONTRARYTOCANDDTHEREFORE,CANDDREACTIONSCANNOTOCCURANSWERC,DCOMMENTOXIDATIONREDUCTIONREACTIONCANOCCUR,ITSLAWSARESTRONGOXIDIZERSTRONGREDUCINGAGENT,WEAKOXIDANTWEAKREDUCTANT,OROXIDATIONANDREDUCTIONOF“FORCEDWEAK“PRINCIPLEACCORDINGTOTHEREDOXREACTION,ITISANIMPORTANTRULEINCHEMISTRYTOJUDGETHEOXIDATIONANDREDUCIBILITYOFTHEPARTICLES,ANDITISALSOAHOTSPOTINTHEEXAMINATIONOFTHENATIONALCOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONTHREEBALANCETHEREDOXREACTIONEQUATION1,TRIMMINGPRINCIPLETHEREDUCTIONINTHETOTALNUMBEROFELECTRONICELEMENTSANDOXIDATIONORVALENCENUMBER2,TWO,ASTANDARDTRIMMETHODFIND,THREE,SIPING,FIVE1TRIMIN5CASES,SHANGHAICOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONLABORATORYFORTHECONCENTRATIONSOFMERCURYVAPORMONITORINGINAIROFTENHANGCUICOATEDFILTERPAPER,FILTERPAPERISACCORDINGTOTHETIMETAKENFORJUDGINGTHEAMOUNTOFMERCURYINAIRCONTAININGDISCOLORATIONORCOLORCHANGE,THEREACTIONIS4CUIHG,CU2HGI42CU1THEABOVEREACTIONPRODUCTCU2HGI4,CUELEMENTEXPLICITPRICE2THEOXIDANTINTHEABOVEREACTIONISTHETRANSFEROFELECTRONMOLWHEN1MOLCUIISINVOLVEDINTHEREACTION3CUICANBEOBTAINEDBYTHEDIRECTREACTIONOFCU2WITHIPLEASETRIMTHEFOLLOWINGREACTIONIONEQUATIONCU2I,CUII3ANSWERACCORDINGTOTHEELEMENTVALENCETOEQUALTHETOTALNUMBER112CUI05325212MISSINGTRIM6CASESSHANGHAICOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATION,KCLO3HCLSTRONGKCLCL2CLO2A1PLEASECOMPLETETHECHEMICALEQUATIONANDTRIMUNKNOWNCHEMICALFORMULAANDCOEFFICIENTFILLINBOX2PROPERTIESOFCONCENTRATEDHYDROCHLORICACIDINTHEREACTIONISDISPLAYEDFILLINTHENUMBERS,MOREUPSIDEDOWNONLYREDUCIBILITY,REDUCIBILITYANDACIDITYONLYOXIDATION,OXIDATIONANDACIDITY3PRODUCING01MOLCL2,ANDTHEAMOUNTOFELECTRONTRANSFERREDISMOL4CLO2HASSTRONGOXIDATIONPROPERTYTHEREFORE,ITISOFTENUSEDASADISINFECTANT,ANDITSDISINFECTIONEFFICIENCYEXPRESSEDINTERMSOFTHENUMBEROFELECTRONSOBTAINEDPERUNITMASSISTWICETHATOFCL2ANALYSIS1INTHEHCLPARTOFTHECLVALENCEUNCHANGEDISACIDIC,PARTOFTHECLVALENCEINCREASESTO1PRICE,ISREDUCED,KCLO3REDUCEDTO4VALENCEVALENCETHEFIRSTBALANCINGCOEFFICIENTELEMENTSVALENCECHANGE,LACKOFOBSERVATIONFORH20TRIM2,4,2,2,1,2,H20223024ACCORDINGTOTHEABILITYOFGETTINGELECTRONS2633ACCORDINGTOTHEWRITINGOFREDOXREACTIONEQUATIONEXAMPLE7ADDINGH2O2TOKIANDH2SO4SOLUTIONSEMITSALARGEAMOUNTOFCOLORLESSGASTHATDOESNOTDISSOLVEINWATERBUBBLESARERELEASEDFROMTHESOLUTION,WHILETHESOLUTIONISPURPLISHRED,ANDTHESTARCHISTURNEDBLUE,ANDACHEMICALEQUATIONISWRITTENANALYSISTHISISARATHERSIMPLECHEMISTRYPROBLEMBUTITISVERYEASYTOGOWRONG,THEWRONGREASONSAREMOSTLYJUSTAREACTIONPHENOMENON,EXPERIMENTALPHENOMENAASINFACT,EXPERIMENTALPHENOMENONISOFTENANUMBEROFCOMMONREACTIONREFLECTED,THEPROBLEMISSOSOMESTUDENTSTHINKTHATI2ANDO2PRODUCTS,THENOTWRONG,BUTIFYOUTHINKTHATTHESETWOSUBSTANCESWEREOBTAINEDBYAREACTION,THISISWRONG,BECAUSEINTHISREACTION,THETWOSUBSTANCESAREOXIDIZED,SOREDUCINGAGENTISWHATIFTHEREDUCINGAGENTISH2SO4,YOUSHOULDHAVESO2GENERATION,INCONSISTENTWITHTHENO,BUTDILUTEH2SO4OXIDATIONSOSTRONGH2O2,2KIH2SO4,I2,K2SO4,2H2O2H2OO22H2O2COMMENTSOLVINGTHISKINDOFPROBLEMISFIRSTTRYTOFINDUSEFULREDOXREACTIONMATERIAL,ACCORDINGTOTHEVALENCECHANGETHETOTALCONSERVATIONTRIMCOEFFICIENT,ACCORDINGTOTHECHARGES,ANDOTHERSUBSTANCESFOUNDTRIMELEMENTCONSERVATION4ACTUALCOMBATDRILLS1,ENTRANCEEXAMISABROADSPECTRUMDISINFECTANT,ACCORDINGTOTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEWORLDENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONALLIANCE,CLO2WILLGRADUALLYREPLACECL2ASADISINFECTANTPRODUCTIONOFTAPWATERININDUSTRY,CLO2ISUSUALLYMIXEDWITHNA2SO3ANDNACLO3SOLUTIONANDADDEDWITHH2SO4ACIDIFICATIONREACTIONINTHEABOVEREACTION,THERATIOOFNACLO3TONA2SO3ISASFOLLOWSA,11,B,21,C,12,D,232THETIANJINQUESTIONTHECORRECTANSWERFORTHEREACTIONISABELONGSTOTHEREPLACEMENTREACTION,BISTHEREDUCINGAGENT,CISTHEREDUCINGAGENT,DISBOTHTHEOXIDATIONPRODUCTANDTHEREDUCTIONPRODUCT32000FUZHOUTESTATROOMTEMPERATURE,THEFOLLOWINGREACTIONSOCCURREDINTHEFOLLOWINGSOLUTIONSJUDGINGFROMTHIS,THEFOLLOWINGSTATEMENTISINCORRECTTHEAREACTIONCANPROCEEDBZELEMENTSAREREDUCEDIN13REACTIONSTHEORDEROFOXIDATIONOFCISFROMSTRONGTOWEAKTHEORDEROFDREDUCIBILITYISFROMSTRONGTOWEAK41999CHANGSHAENTRANCEEXAMSGIVENTHEFOLLOWINGTHREEREDOXREACTIONIFTHEREISAREAGENTINTHESOLUTION,THEREAGENTTOBEADDEDIS5NANCHANGTESTFIVESUBSTANCES,THEYARESULFURANDITSCOMPOUNDS,KNOWNUNDERCERTAINCONDITIONSHAVETHEFOLLOWINGTRANSFORMATIONRELATIONSHIPWEIPEIPINGISTHESULFURELEMENTINTHEMATERIALORTHEAVERAGEVALENCEVALENCEFROMLOWTOHIGHORDERISDILUTESULFURICACIDREACTIONOF6,ANATIONALCOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONQUESTIONSMETALANDADEQUATE,GENERATEDTHETRIVALENTMETALSALTANDHYDROGENTHERELATIVEATOMICMASSOFTHEMETALIS7NATIONALCOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONKNOWNINACIDICSOLUTION,WHENTHEFOLLOWINGSUBSTANCESAREOXIDIZED,THEFOLLOWINGCHANGESOCCURTHEMSELVESIFTHEAMOUNTOFSUCHSUBSTANCEISOXIDIZEDINSUFFICIENTQUANTITY,THEMAXIMUMISOBTAINED8SHANGHAICOLLEGEENTRANCEEXAMINATIONATACERTAINTEMPERATURE,WILLPASSINTOTHESOLUTION,THEREACTIONMIXTUREWASOBTAINED,BYTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHECONCENTRATIONRATIOOF13,CHLORINEWASREDUCEDWITHTHEREACTIONTIMEANDTHESOLUTIONISOXIDIZEDTOCHLORINEMOLARRATIOA215B113C31D419全国高考试题某金属单质跟一定浓度的硝酸反应,假定只产生单一的还原产物当参加反应的单质与被还原硝酸的物质的量之比为21时,还原产物是10江苏高考试题在一定条件下,RO3N和氟气可发生如下反应RO3NF22OHRO42FH2O从而可知在RO3N中,元素R的化合价是THE4B5C6D711、南京测试题已知IBR的性质与卤素相似,的结构为,的结构为,次氟酸的结构为HF,下列反应