2016年广播电视大学岩土力学形成性考核册考核作业1-4参考答案小抄

岩土力学作业一说明本次作业对应于文字教材1至3章，应按相应教学进度完成。一、填空题（每空1分，共计25分）1工程上常用的土的密度有湿密度、饱和密度、浮密度和干密度。2土是由固相、气相、和液相三部分组成。3土体的应力按引起的原因分为自重应力和附加应力两种。4对于天然土，OCR1时的土是超固结土，OCR1的土属于正常固结土，而OCR1300KPA或31402KPA所以不会剪破。某挡土墙高8M，墙背竖直光滑，填土面水平，填土为无粘性土，18KN/M3，30，填土表面作用有连续均布荷载，Q20KPA。试用朗肯土压力理论计算主动土压力以及作用点位置。解（1）土压力系数312045TG245TGKA（2）主动土压力墙顶PAQKA201/367KPA墙底PAQKARHKA671881/3547KPA总土压力PA（67547）/282456KN/M作用点距墙底的距离M96262453871876Y在均布条形荷载作用下，土体中A点的大主应力1400KPA中，小主应力3150KPA，土的抗剪强度指标C0，30。试求1A点处土是否处于极限平衡状态。最危险的剪应力面与最大主应面夹角为多少度解1）KPA132645TG02345TG0TCT213计133KPA150KPA处于稳定状态2）最危险的剪应力面与最大主应面夹角60（10分）4有一条形基础，宽度B为6M，埋深D为15M，其上作用着中心荷载P为1700KN/M，地基土质均匀，容重为19KN/M3，土的强度指标为C20KPA，20O，安全系数为25，假定基底完全粗糙，应用太沙基理论，验算地基的稳定性20O时，。（10分）53RN6Q15CN解（1）基底压力为PP/B1700/62833KPA2由太沙基理论，地基的极限承载力为19635/119156520156848KPACQRUBF23容许承载力为6848/252739KPASUFF由于PF，地基不稳定。岩土力学作业三说明本次作业对应于文字教材7至9章，应按相应教学进度完成。一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共计10分）1岩石内结晶晶格错位的结果，引起岩石的（B）A、晚性破坏B、塑性破坏C、弱面剪切破坏2岩石的单轴抗压强度一般与单轴抗拉强度间成下列哪种关系BARC14RTBRC410RTCRT14RCDRT14RC3下面岩体的那种应力状态是稳定状态AASINCTG231CTG231CSINT314广义虎克定律中岩石的剪切模量G为（A）A，B，C，D2EG12ME125岩石的变形（弹性）模量可表示为（C）A，B，C，DYRP1YRPYPRYPRE1二、填空题（每空1分，共计20分）1岩石的破坏形式脆性破坏、延性破坏、弱面剪切破坏。2岩石的力学强度是工程设计中最重要的力学指标，分别是单轴抗压强度，抗拉强度、抗剪强度。3岩石的抗压强度就是岩石试件在单轴压力（无围压）作用下，抗压破坏的极限能力。4岩石的抗剪强度就是指岩石抵抗剪切破坏（滑力）的能力，用凝聚力C和内摩擦角来表示。5岩石的变形是指岩石在任何物理因素作用下形状和体积大小的变化。岩石的变形特性常用弹性模量E和泊松比两个指标来表示；6岩石的蠕变是指岩石在应力不变的情况下岩石变形随着时间T而增加的现象，一般而言，典型的岩石蠕变曲线可分为三个阶段初期蠕变，二次蠕变（稳态蠕变），（加建蠕变）第三期蠕变。7天然应力或初始应力是习惯上常将工程施工前就存在于岩体中的地应力，称为初始应力。8岩滑根据滑动面的形式，组合可分为平面滑动，楔形滑动和旋转滑动。三、判断题（每小题2分，共计10分）1岩石的脆性破坏是由于岩石中裂隙的发生和发展的结果所致（）2岩石的变形是指岩石在外力作用下形状和大小的变化。（）3最大正应变理论是用来判断脆性岩石破坏的理论。（）4根据莫尔库伦准则可证明均质岩石的破坏面法线与大应力方向间夹角为（）245O5在普通压力板上做岩石的变形试验，即可得到岩石的全应力应变曲线。（）四、问答题（每小题5分，共计20分）1何为塑性破坏，其破坏机理是个什么答案塑性破坏延性破坏是岩石在破坏之前变形量很大，且没有明显的破坏荷载。原因可能是岩石内结晶晶格错位的结果。2影响单轴抗压强度的因素有哪些影响单轴抗压强度的因素有一方面是岩石材料本身的，一方面是试验方法上的因素。岩石材料本身的主要因素有矿物组成；结晶程度和颗粒大小；胶结情况；生成条件；风化作用；密度；水的作用等。试验方面的因素有试件尺寸和大小；加荷速度等。3直剪破坏试验全过程曲线可分几段各区段的特点是什么岩石直剪破坏试验全过程曲线如图所示0123456702143NMVMMPA0FFFFF该曲线共分三段。第一段原点P区段，该段近似为一直线即变形为弹性，P为极限强度即裂隙开始发展的强度；第二段PF区段，F为峰值强度，该段内裂隙发展至破坏；第三段FO区段。O为剪断面上的摩擦力剩余强度4什么叫滑坡滑坡滑动面的形式有几种当岩坡受力过大或岩石强度过低，一部分岩体向下或向外滑动叫滑坡，滑波滑动面有三种软弱结构面；结构面；在岩体中；六、计算题（每题10分，共计40分）1将一个岩石试件进行单轴试验，当压应力达到120MPA时即发生破坏，破坏面与大主应力平面的夹角即破坏所在面与水平面的仰角为60，假定抗剪强度随正应力呈线性变化即遵循莫尔库伦破坏准则，试计算1内摩擦角2破坏面上的正应力和剪应力。解245SIN312COS23131，理论上的抗拉强度ICORINRT2某岩样C15KPA，30，如该土受到最小主应力3200KPA，最大主应力1400KPA，试判断该土样处于何种状态解不稳定CTG231SIN3试求证。132E解321323123E代入即求4岩石试件的单轴抗压强度为160MPA，泊松比。岩石试件在三轴试验中破坏，破坏时的最小主应力为50130MPA，中间主应力为260MPA，根据最大正应变理论的破坏准则，推算这时的最大主应力。1解23221RR321岩土力学作业四说明本次作业对应于文字教材10至12章，应按相应教学进度完成。一、填空题（每空分，共计30分）1把由于洞室围岩的变形和破坏作用而作用在支护或衬砌上的压力称为山岩压力。2山岩压力的影响因素除岩石性质外，还应考虑洞室的形状和大小，地质构选，支护的形式和刚度、洞室深度、时间、施工方法等因素。3地下工程岩体稳定性影响因素主要有岩土性质、岩体结构与地质构造、地下水、地应力及地形等。3岩基的极限承载力，就是指岩基所能负担的最大荷载或称极限荷载。4脆性围岩的变形破坏类型有张裂坍落、劈裂、剪切滑动或破坏、岩爆、和弯折内鼓。5大坝失稳的形式主要有表层滑动破坏、深层滑动破坏、混合滑动破坏。6由于岩体变形而对支护或衬砌的压力，称为变形压力；将由于岩体破坏而而对支护或衬砌的压力，称为松动压力。7在中等质量的岩石中，洞室围岩的变形较大。由于洞室围岩的应力重分布需要一定的时间，所以在进行支护或衬砌以后围岩的变形受支护或衬砌的约束，于是产生山岩压力。8在整体性良好，裂隙节理不发育的坚硬岩石中开挖洞室，开挖结束后，围岩的弹性变形就完成。若在此后进行支护，支护没有山岩压力。这种支护主要是用来防止岩石的风化以及剥落碎块的掉落。9无裂隙围岩的应力计算方法有内应力分配法和抗力系数法。三、判断题（每小题2分，共计10分）1求解山岩压力的计算理论中，太沙基理论把岩体假定为散粒体。（）2由于洞室围岩的变形和破坏而作用于支护或衬砌上的压力称为围岩压力。（）3围岩处于塑性变形状态时，洞室埋置愈深，山岩压力愈大。（）4开挖洞室的影响范围是6倍洞直径。（）5洞室的形状相同时，围岩压力与洞室的尺寸无关。（）四、问答题（每小题5分，共计20分）1简述地下洞室开挖引起的围岩应力重分布及其规律教材283页2何为山岩压力按其成因可分为哪几类各自用什么方法确定把由于洞室围岩的变形和破坏而作用在支护或衬砌上的压力称为山岩压力。由于围岩变形而作用在支护或初砌上的岩压力称为变形压力。称为变形压力。由于围岩破坏而作用在支护或初砌上的岩压力称为变形压力。称为松沙压力。计算变形压力的方法弹塑理论推导出的芬纳公式或修正芬纳公式。计算松动压力的方法压力拱理论，太沙基理论和弹塑性理论推出卡柯公式。3不同质量状况的围岩变形破坏特别如何整体性良好，裂隙不发育的坚硬岩石中，围岩应力小于围岩强度无破碎。变形以开挖过程中的弹性变形为主，开挖结束变形也结束。如果支护，支护上一般无山岩压力，支护起防止岩石风化或剥落碎块的掉落。中等质岩的岩体，洞室变形大，还可能有少量破碎，支护上以变形压力为主，松动压力为辅。在破碎和软弱岩石中，岩体强度低，被切割的很碎，围岩应力超过岩体强度很多，因此，岩块在不大的应力作用就会破坏坍落，在这类岩石中，坍落和松动是产生山岩压力的主要原因。4简述高压固结灌浆的施工方法。教材344347五、计算题（每题10分，共计40分）1埋深200M处的岩体内开挖一硐径为2A2M圆形断面隧道，如果岩体中初始地应力为静水压力式，并且上覆岩层的平均容重为G/CM3，若隧道周岩的抗剪强度指标MPA，试用莫尔库仑强度条7240C30件评价其硐壁的稳定性。解ZZYXK0洞壁12Z30不稳定CTG231SIN2在地下50M深度处开挖一地下洞室，其断面尺寸为5M5M。岩石性质指标为凝聚力C200KPA，内摩擦角，容重25KN/M3，侧压力系数。已知侧壁岩石不稳，试用太沙基公式计算洞顶垂直山岩370K压力及侧墙的总的侧向山岩压力。解245012TGHB这时，2020102BZTGKPETGKCRBQBZTGK24521OHTGE45202OTGHE0OKTP3某圆形洞室围KN/M3，埋置深度H160M，洞的半径R07M。设折减扣的凝聚力C002MPA，求2531松动压力。系数K1曲线系数K2曲线解MPA4160250HP，则由查图616和图617的曲线得4C361,79021K所以MPA10526401759CRPA4有压隧洞的最大内水压力28MPA，隧洞内半径为23M，用厚度为04M的混凝土衬砌。已知混凝土的弹性P模量18104MPA，泊松比。岩石的弹性模量11104MPA，泊松比0367。试求1E312E21离中心25M处的衬砌内的应力；2离中心35M处的围岩附加应力。解A23M，B27M，P28MPA。将已知的、以及A和B值代入式725，得121M233032713083724424所以混凝土衬砌传给岩石的压力为MPAPB求离中心35M（）处的围岩附加应力53RMPABR253MPAR要求衬砌内任何点的应力、则可根据厚壁圆筒的公式计算25BRAR压应力拉应力PPBR22PABRPABR22在衬砌的周界上，当时，有RPARR2当时，有BRBR请您删除一下内容，O_O谢谢2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，PAR2电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄BASKETBALLCANMAKEATRUECLAIMTOBEINGTHEONLYMAJORSPORTTHATISANAMERICANINVENTIONFROMHIGHSCHOOLTOTHEPROFESSIONALLEVEL,BASKETBALLATTRACTSALARGEFOLLOWINGFORLIVEGAMESASWELLASTELEVISIONCOVERAGEOFEVENTSLIKETHENATIONALCOLLEGIATEATHLETICASSOCIATIONNCAAANNUALTOURNAMENTANDTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBAANDWOMENSNATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONWNBAPLAYOFFSANDITHASALSOMADEAMERICANHEROESOUTOFITSPLAYERANDCOACHLEGENDSLIKEMICHAELJORDAN,LARRYBIRD,EARVIN“MAGIC“JOHNSON,SHERYLSWOOPES,ANDOTHERGREATPLAYERSATTHEHEARTOFTHEGAMEISTHEPLAYINGSPACEANDTHEEQUIPMENTTHESPACEISARECTANGULAR,INDOORCOURTTHEPRINCIPALPIECESOFEQUIPMENTARETHETWOELEVATEDBASKETS,ONEATEACHENDINTHELONGDIRECTIONOFTHECOURT,ANDTHEBASKETBALLITSELFTHEBALLISSPHERICALINSHAPEANDISINFLATEDBASKETBALLSRANGEINSIZEFROM28530IN7276CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDINWEIGHTFROM1822OZ510624GFORPLAYERSBELOWTHEHIGHSCHOOLLEVEL,ASMALLERBALLISUSED,BUTTHEBALLINMENSGAMESMEASURES29530IN7576CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ANDAWOMENSBALLIS28529IN7274CMINCIRCUMFERENCETHECOVERINGOFTHEBALLISLEATHER,RUBBER,COMPOSITION,ORSYNTHETIC,ALTHOUGHLEATHERCOVERSONLYAREDICTATEDBYRULESFORCOLLEGEPLAY,UNLESSTHETEAMSAGREEOTHERWISEORANGEISTHEREGULATIONCOLORATALLLEVELSOFPLAY,THEHOMETEAMPROVIDESTHEBALLINFLATIONOFTHEBALLISBASEDONTHEHEIGHTOFTHEBALLSBOUNCEINSIDETHECOVERINGORCASING,ARUBBERBLADDERHOLDSAIRTHEBALLMUSTBEINFLATEDTOAPRESSURESUFFICIENTTOMAKEITREBOUNDTOAHEIGHTMEASUREDTOTHETOPOFTHEBALLOF4954IN1214MWHENITISDROPPEDONASOLIDWOODENFLOORFROMASTARTINGHEIGHTOF6FT180MMEASUREDFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHEBALLTHEFACTORYMUSTTESTTHEBALLS,ANDTHEAIRPRESSURETHATMAKESTHEBALLLEGALINKEEPINGWITHTHEBOUNCETESTISSTAMPEDONTHEBALLDURINGTHEINTENSITYOFHIGHSCHOOLANDCOLLEGETOURNEYSANDTHEPROFESSIONALPLAYOFFS,THISINFLATEDSPHERECOMMANDSCONSIDERABLEATTENTIONBASKETBALLISONEOFFEWSPORTSWITHAKNOWNDATEOFBIRTHONDECEMBER1,1891,INSPRINGFIELD,MASSACHUSETTS,JAMESNAISMITHHUNGTWOHALFBUSHELPEACHBASKETSATTHEOPPOSITEENDSOFAGYMNASIUMANDOUTLINED13RULESBASEDONFIVEPRINCIPLESTOHISSTUDENTSATTHEINTERNATIONALTRAININGSCHOOLOFTHEYOUNGMENSCHRISTIANASSOCIATIONYMCA,WHICHLATERBECAMESPRINGFIELDCOLLEGENAISMITH18611939WASAPHYSICALEDUCATIONTEACHERWHOWASSEEKINGATEAMSPORTWITHLIMITEDPHYSICALCONTACTBUTALOTOFRUNNING,JUMPING,SHOOTING,ANDTHEHANDEYECOORDINATIONREQUIREDINHANDLINGABALLTHEPEACHBASKETSHEHUNGASGOALSGAVETHESPORTTHENAMEOFBASKETBALLHISSTUDENTSWEREEXCITEDABOUTTHEGAME,ANDCHRISTMASVACATIONGAVETHEMTHECHANCETOTELLTHEIRFRIENDSANDPEOPLEATTHEIRLOCALYMCASABOUTTHEGAMETHEASSOCIATIONLEADERSWROTETONAISMITHASKINGFORCOPIESOFTHERULES,ANDTHEYWEREPUBLISHEDINTHETRIANGLE,THESCHOOLNEWSPAPER,ONJANUARY15,1892NAISMITHSFIVEBASICPRINCIPLESCENTERONTHEBALL,WHICHWASDESCRIBEDAS“LARGE,LIGHT,ANDHANDLEDWITHTHEHANDS“PLAYERSCOULDNOTMOVETHEBALLBYRUNNINGALONE,ANDNONEOFTHEPLAYERSWASRESTRICTEDAGAINSTHANDLINGTHEBALLTHEPLAYINGAREAWASALSOOPENTOALLPLAYERS,BUTTHEREWASTOBENOPHYSICALCONTACTBETWEENPLAYERSTHEBALLWASTHEOBJECTIVETOSCORE,THEBALLHADTOBESHOTTHROUGHAHORIZONTAL,ELEVATEDGOALTHETEAMWITHTHEMOSTPOINTSATTHEENDOFANALLOTTEDTIMEPERIODWINSEARLYINTHEHISTORYOFBASKETBALL,THELOCALYMCASPROVIDEDTHEGYMNASIUMS,ANDMEMBERSHIPINTHEORGANIZATIONGREWRAPIDLYTHESIZEOFTHELOCALGYMDICTATEDTHENUMBEROFPLAYERSSMALLERGYMSUSEDFIVEPLAYERSONASIDE,ANDTHELARGERGYMSALLOWEDSEVENTONINETHETEAMSIZEBECAMEGENERALLYESTABLISHEDASFIVEIN1895,AND,IN1897,THISWASMADEFORMALINTHERULESTHEYMCALOSTINTERESTINSUPPORTINGTHEGAMEBECAUSE1020BASKETBALLPLAYERSMONOPOLIZEDAGYMNASIUMPREVIOUSLYUSEDBYMANYMOREINAVARIETYOFACTIVITIESYMCAMEMBERSHIPDROPPED,ANDBASKETBALLENTHUSIASTSPLAYEDINLOCALHALLSTHISLEDTOTHEBUILDINGOFBASKETBALLGYMNASIUMSATSCHOOLSANDCOLLEGESANDALSOTOTHEFORMATIONOFPROFESSIONALLEAGUESALTHOUGHBASKETBALLWASBORNINTHEUNITEDSTATES,FIVEOFNAISMITHSORIGINALPLAYERSWERECANADIANS,ANDTHEGAMESPREADTOCANADAIMMEDIATELYITWASPLAYEDINFRANCEBY1893ENGLANDIN1894AUSTRALIA,CHINA,ANDINDIABETWEEN1895AND1900ANDJAPANIN1900FROM1891THROUGH1893,ASOCCERBALLWASUSEDTOPLAYBASKETBALLTHEFIRSTBASKETBALLWASMANUFACTUREDIN1894ITWAS32IN81CMINCIRCUMFERENCE,ORABOUT4IN10CMLARGERTHANASOCCERBALLTHEDEDICATEDBASKETBALLWASMADEOFLACEDLEATHERANDWEIGHEDLESSTHAN20OZ567GTHEFIRSTMOLDEDBALLTHATELIMINATEDTHENEEDFORLACESWASINTRODUCEDIN1948ITSCONSTRUCTIONANDSIZEOF30IN76CMWERERULEDOFFICIALIN1949THERULESETTERSCAMEFROMSEVERALGROUPSEARLYINTHE1900SCOLLEGESANDUNIVERSITIESESTABLISHEDTHEIRRULESCOMMITTEESIN1905,THEYMCAANDTHEAMATEURATHLETICUNIONAAUCREATEDASETOFRULESJOINTLY,STATEMILITIAGROUPSABIDEDBYASHAREDSETOFRULES,ANDTHEREWERETWOPROFESSIONALSETSOFRULESAJOINTRULESCOMMITTEEFORCOLLEGES,THEAAU,ANDTHEYMCAWASCREATEDIN1915,AND,UNDERTHENAMETHENATIONALBASKETBALLCOMMITTEENBCMADERULESFORAMATEURPLAYUNTIL1979INTHATYEAR,THENATIONALFEDERATIONOFSTATEHIGHSCHOOLASSOCIATIONSBEGANGOVERNINGTHESPORTATTHEHIGHSCHOOLLEVEL,ANDTHENCAARULESCOMMITTEEASSUMEDRULEMAKINGRESPONSIBILITIESFORJUNIORCOLLEGES,COLLEGES,ANDTHEARMEDFORCES,WITHASIMILARCOMMITTEEHOLDINGJURISDICTIONOVERWOMENSBASKETBALLUNTILWORLDWARII,BASKETBALLBECAMEINCREASINGLYPOPULARINTHEUNITEDSTATESESPECIALLYATTHEHIGHSCHOOLANDCOLLEGELEVELSAFTERWORLDWARII,ITSPOPULARITYGREWAROUNDTHEWORLDINTHE1980S,INTERESTINTHEGAMETRULYEXPLODEDBECAUSEOFTELEVISIONEXPOSUREBROADCASTOFTHENCAACHAMPIONSHIPGAMESBEGANIN1963,AND,BYTHE1980S,CABLETELEVISIONWASCARRYINGREGULARSEASONCOLLEGEGAMESANDEVENHIGHSCHOOLCHAMPIONSHIPSINSOMESTATESPLAYERSLIKEBILLRUSSELL,WILTCHAMBERLAIN,ANDLEWALCINDORKAREEMABDULJABBARBECAMENATIONALLYFAMOUSATTHECOLLEGELEVELANDCARRIEDTHEIRFANSALONGINTHEIRPROFESSIONALBASKETBALLCAREERSTHEWOMENSGAMECHANGEDRADICALLYIN1971WHENSEPARATERULESFORWOMENWEREMODIFIEDTOMORECLOSELYRESEMBLETHEMENSGAMETELEVISIONINTERESTFOLLOWEDTHEWOMENASWELLWITHBROADCASTOFNCAACHAMPIONSHIPTOURNEYSBEGINNINGINTHEEARLY1980SANDTHEFORMATIONOFTHEWNBAIN1997INTERNATIONALLY,ITALYHASPROBABLYBECOMETHELEADINGBASKETBALLNATIONOUTSIDEOFTHEUNITEDSTATES,WITHNATIONAL,CORPORATE,ANDPROFESSIONALTEAMSTHEOLYMPICSBOOSTSBASKETBALLINTERNATIONALLYANDHASALSOSPURREDTHEWOMENSGAMEBYRECOGNIZINGITASANOLYMPICEVENTIN1976AGAIN,TELEVISIONCOVERAGEOFTHEOLYMPICSHASBEENEXCEPTIONALLYIMPORTANTINDRAWINGATTENTIONTOINTERNATIONALTEAMSTHEFIRSTPROFESSIONALMENSBASKETBALLLEAGUEINTHEUNITEDSTATESWASTHENATIONALBASKETBALLLEAGUENBL,WHICHDEBUTEDIN1898PLAYERSWEREPAIDONAPERGAMEBASIS,ANDTHISLEAGUEANDOTHERSWEREHURTBYTHEPOORQUALITYOFGAMESANDTHEEVERCHANGINGPLAYERSONATEAMAFTERTHEGREATDEPRESSION,ANEWNBLWASORGANIZEDIN1937,ANDTHEBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONOFAMERICAWASORGANIZEDIN1946THETWOLEAGUESCAMETOAGREETHATPLAYERSHADTOBEASSIGNEDTOTEAMSONACONTRACTBASISANDTHATHIGHSTANDARDSHADTOGOVERNTHEGAMEUNDERTHESEPREMISES,THETWOJOINEDTOFORMTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBAIN1949ARIVALAMERICANBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONABAWASINAUGURATEDIN1967ANDCHALLENGEDTHENBAFORCOLLEGETALENTANDMARKETSHAREFORALMOSTTENYEARSIN1976,THISLEAGUEDISBANDED,BUTFOUROFITSTEAMSREMAINEDASNBATEAMSUNIFICATIONCAMEJUSTINTIMEFORMAJORTELEVISIONSUPPORTSEVERALWOMENSPROFESSIONALLEAGUESWEREATTEMPTEDANDFAILED,INCLUDINGTHEWOMENSPROFESSIONALBASKETBALLLEAGUEWBLANDTHEWOMENSWORLDBASKETBALLASSOCIATION,BEFORETHEWNBADEBUTEDIN1997WITHTHESUPPORTOFTHENBAJAMESNAISMITH,ORIGINALLYFROMALMONTE,ONTARIO,INVENTEDBASKETBALLATTHEINTERNATIONALYMCATRAININGSCHOOLINSPRINGFIELD,MASSACHUSETTS,IN1891THEGAMEWASFIRSTPLAYEDWITHPEACHBASKETSHENCETHENAMEANDASOCCERBALLANDWASINTENDEDTOPROVIDEINDOOREXERCISEFORFOOTBALLPLAYERSASARESULT,ITWASORIGINALLYAROUGHSPORTALTHOUGHTENOFNAISMITHSORIGINALTHIRTEENRULESREMAIN,THEGAMESOONCHANGEDCONSIDERABLY,ANDTHEFOUNDERHADLITTLETODOWITHITSEVOLUTIONTHEFIRSTINTERCOLLEGIATEGAMEWASPLAYEDINMINNESOTAIN1895,WITHNINEPLAYERSTOASIDEANDAFINALSCOREOFNINETOTHREEAYEARLATER,THEFIRSTFIVEMANTEAMSPLAYEDATTHEUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGOBASKETSWERENOWCONSTRUCTEDOFTWINENETSBUTITWASNOTUNTIL1906THATTHEBOTTOMOFTHENETSWEREOPENIN1897,THEDRIBBLEWASFIRSTUSED,FIELDGOALSBECAMETWOPOINTS,FOULSHOTSONEPOINT,ANDTHEFIRSTPROFESSIONALGAMEWASPLAYEDAYEARLATER,THEFIRSTPROFESSIONALLEAGUEWASSTARTED,INTHEEAST,WHILEIN1900,THEFIRSTINTERCOLLEGIATELEAGUEBEGANIN1910,INORDERTOLIMITROUGHPLAY,ITWASAGREEDTHATFOURFOULSWOULDDISQUALIFYPLAYERS,ANDGLASSBACKBOARDSWEREUSEDFORTHEFIRSTTIMENONETHELESS,MANYRULESSTILLDIFFERED,DEPENDINGUPONWHERETHEGAMESWEREPLAYEDANDWHETHERPROFESSIONALS,COLLEGIANS,ORYMCAPLAYERSWEREINVOLVEDCOLLEGEBASKETBALLWASPLAYEDFROMTEXASTOWISCONSINANDTHROUGHOUTTHEEASTTHROUGHTHE1920S,BUTMOSTTEAMSPLAYEDONLYINTHEIROWNREGIONS,WHICHPREVENTEDANATIONALGAMEORAUDIENCEFROMDEVELOPINGPROFESSIONALBASKETBALLWASPLAYEDALMOSTEXCLUSIVELYINTHEEASTBEFORETHE1920S,EXCEPTWHENATEAMWOULD“BARNSTORM“INTOTHEMIDWESTTOPLAYLOCALTEAMS,OFTENAFTERALEAGUEHADFOLDEDBEFORETHE1930SVERYFEWGAMES,EITHERPROFESSIONALORAMATEUR,WEREPLAYEDINFACILITIESSUITABLEFORBASKETBALLORWITHAPERFECTLYROUNDBALLSOMEWEREPLAYEDINARENASWITHCHICKENWIRESEPARATINGTHEPLAYERSFROMFANS,THUSTHEWORD“CAGERS,“OTHERSWITHPOSTSINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEFLOORANDOFTENWITHBALCONIESOVERHANGINGTHECORNERS,LIMITINGTHEAREASFROMWHICHSHOTSCOULDBETAKENUNTILTHELATE1930S,ALLPLAYERSUSEDTHETWOHANDSETSHOT,ANDSCORESREMAINEDLOWBASKETBALLINTHE1920SAND1930SBECAMEBOTHMOREORGANIZEDANDMOREPOPULAR,ALTHOUGHITSTILLLAGGEDFARBEHINDBOTHBASEBALLANDCOLLEGEFOOTBALLINTHEPROS,FIVEURBAN,ETHNICTEAMSEXCELLEDANDPLAYEDWITHALMOSTNOCOLLEGEGRADUATESTHEYWERETHENEWYORKORIGINALCELTICSTHECLEVELANDROSENBLUMS,OWNEDBYMAXROSENBLUMEDDIEGOTTLIEBSPHILADELPHIASPHASSOUTHPHILADELPHIAHEBREWASSOCIATIONANDTWOGREATBLACKTEAMS,THENEWYORKRENAISSANCEFIVEANDABESAPERSTEINSHARLEMGLOBETROTTERS,WHICHWASACTUALLYFROMCHICAGOWHILETHESETEAMSHADSOMENOTABLEPLAYERS,NOSUPERSTARS,SUCHASBABERUTH,JACKDEMPSEY,ORREDGRANGE,EMERGEDTOCAPTURETHEPUBLICSATTENTIONASTHEYDIDINOTHERSPORTSOFTHEPERIODTHESAMEWASTRUEINCOLLEGEBASKETBALLUPUNTILTHELATE1930S,WITHCOACHESDOMINATINGTHEGAMEANDITSDEVELOPMENTWALTER“DOC“MEANWELLATWISCONSIN,FORREST“PHOG“ALLENATKANSAS,WARD“PIGGY“LAMBERTATPURDUE,ANDHENRY“DOC“CARLSONATPITTSBURGHALLMADESIGNIFICANTCONTRIBUTIONSTOTHEGAMESDEVELOPMENTZONEDEFENSES,THEWEAVE,THEPASSINGGAME,ANDTHEFASTBREAKINTHEDECADEPRECEDINGWORLDWARII,FIVEEVENTSCHANGEDCOLLEGEBASKETBALLANDALLOWEDITTOBECOMEAMAJORSPECTATORSPORTIN1929,THERULESCOMMITTEEREVERSEDADECISIONTHATWOULDHAVEOUTLAWEDDRIBBLINGANDSLOWEDTHEGAMECONSIDERABLYFIVEYEARSLATER,PROMOTEREDWARD“NED“IRISHSTAGEDTHEFIRSTINTERSECTIONALTWINBILLINMADISONSQUAREGARDENINNEWYORKCITYANDATTRACTEDMORETHAN16,000FANSHEDEMONSTRATEDTHEAPPEALOFMAJORCOLLEGEBALLANDMADENEWYORKITSCENTERINDECEMBER1936,HANKLUISETTIOFSTANFORDREVEALEDTHEVIRTUESOFTHEONEHANDEDSHOTTOANAMAZEDGARDENAUDIENCEANDBECAMETHEFIRSTMAJORCOLLEGIATESTARSOONTHEREAFTER,LUISETTISCOREDANINCREDIBLEFIFTYPOINTSAGAINSTDUQUESNE,THUSENDINGTHEEASTSDEVOTIONTOTHESETSHOTANDENCOURAGINGAMOREOPENGAMEINCONSECUTIVEYEARSTHECENTERJUMPWASELIMINATEDAFTERFREETHROWSANDTHENAFTERFIELDGOALS,THUSSPEEDINGUPTHEGAMEANDALLOWINGFORMORESCORINGIN1938,IRISHCREATEDTHENATIONALINVITATIONTOURNAMENTNITINTHEGARDENTODETERMINEANATIONALCHAMPIONALTHOUGHPOSTSEASONTOURNAMENTSHADOCCURREDBEFORE,THENITWASTHEFIRSTWITHMAJORCOLLEGESFROMDIFFERENTREGIONSANDPROVEDTOBEAGREATFINANCIALSUCCESSTHENATIONALCOLLEGIATEATHLETICASSOCIATIONNCAACREATEDITSOWNPOSTSEASONTOURNAMENTIN1939BUTDIDNOTRIVALTHENITINPRESTIGEFORSOMETIMETHE1940SSAWSIGNIFICANTCHANGESFORCOLLEGEBASKETBALLPLAYERSBEGANUSINGTHEJUMPSHOTAFTERKENNYSAILORSOFWYOMINGWOWEDTHEEASTWITHITIN1943THEBEHINDTHEBACKDRIBBLEANDPASSALSOAPPEARED,ASDIDEXCEPTIONALBIGMENBOBKURLANDATOKLAHOMAAMWASALMOSTSEVENFEETTALLANDGEORGEMIKANATDEPAULWASSIXFEETTENINCHESWHILEKURLANDHADPERHAPSTHEBETTERCOLLEGECAREERANDPLAYEDINTWOOLYMPICS,HECHOSENOTTOPLAYPROFESSIONALBALL,WHEREASMIKANBECAMETHEFIRSTDOMINANTSTARINTHEPROSTHEIRDEFENSIVEPLAYINSPIREDTHERULEAGAINSTGOALTENDINGBLOCKINGASHOTONITSDOWNWARDFLIGHTADOLPHRUPP,WHOPLAYEDUNDERPHOGALLEN,ALSOCOACHEDTHEFIRSTOFHISMANYTALENTEDTEAMSATKENTUCKYINTHATDECADEHOWEVER,IN1951,RUPPANDSIXOTHERCOACHESSUFFEREDTHROUGHAPOINTSHAVINGSCANDALTHATINVOLVEDTHIRTYTWOPLAYERSATSEVENCOLLEGESANDSERIOUSLYINJUREDCOLLEGEBASKETBALL,PARTICULARLYINNEWYORK,WHEREFOUROFTHESEVENSCHOOLSWERELOCATEDWHILETHEGAMESURVIVED,THENCAAMOVEDITSTOURNAMENTAWAYFROMMADISONSQUAREGARDENTODIFFERENTCITIESEACHYEARANDTHENITSPRESTIGEBEGANTODECLINEPROFESSIONALBASKETBALLREMAINEDADISORGANIZEDANDSTODGYSPORTUPUNTILTHELATE1940S,WITHBARNSTORMINGSTILLCENTRALTOTHEGAMEANDMOSTPLAYERSSTILLUSINGTHESETSHOTIN1946,HOWEVER,HOCKEYOWNERS,LEDBYMAURICEPODOLOFF,CREATEDTHEBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONOFAMERICABAAINTHEEASTTOFILLTHEIRARENAS,BUTFEWFANSCAME,EVENAFTERJOEFULKSOFPHILADELPHIAINTRODUCEDTHEJUMPSHOTTHEBAASRIVAL,THENATIONALBASKETBALLLEAGUE,HADEXISTEDSINCETHE1930S,HADBETTERPLAYERS,LIKEMIKANOFTHEMINNEAPOLISLAKERS,BOBDAVIESOFTHEROCHESTERROYALS,ANDDOLPHSHAYESOFTHESYRACUSENATIONALS,BUTOPERATEDINMUCHWORSEFACILITIESANDDIDNOTDOMUCHBETTERATATTRACTINGAUDIENCESIN1948,PODOLOFFLUREDTHELAKERS,ROYALS,ANDTWOOTHERTEAMSTOTHEBAAANDPROPOSEDAMERGEROFTHETWOLEAGUESFORTHE19491950SEASONTHERESULTWASTHENATIONALBASKETBALLASSOCIATIONNBA,WITHPODOLOFFITSFIRSTCOMMISSIONERTHESEVENTEENTEAMLEAGUESTRUGGLEDATFIRSTBUTSOONREDUCEDITSSIZEANDGAINEDSTABILITY,INLARGEPARTBECAUSEOFMIKANSAPPEALANDPODOLOFFSSKILLSDESPITETHEPOINTSHAVINGSCANDAL,COLLEGEBALLTHRIVEDINTHE1950S,LARGELYBECAUSEITHADPROLIFICSCORERSANDMOREGREATPLAYERSTHANINANYPREVIOUSDECADEFRANKSELVYOFFURMANANDPAULARIZINOFVILLANOVABOTHAVERAGEDOVERFORTYPOINTSEARLYINTHEDECADE,WHILECLARENCE“BEVO“FRANCISOFTINYRIOGRAN