已阅读5页,还剩6页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄芁蒃螇肆蒆螂螆膈艿蚈螅芁蒅薄袅羀芈蒀袄肃蒃莆袃芅芆螄袂羅薁蚀袁肇莄薆袀腿薀蒂衿芁莂螁衿羁膅蚇羈肃莁薃羇膆膄葿羆袅荿蒅羅肈节螄羄膀蒇蚀羃节芀薆羃羂蒆蒂肂肄芈螀肁膇蒄蚆肀艿芇薂聿罿蒂薈蚆膁莅蒄蚅芃薀螃蚄羃莃虿蚃肅蕿薅蚂膇莂蒁螁芀膄蝿螁罿莀蚅螀膂膃蚁蝿芄蒈薇螈羄1INTRODUCTIONTOOBJECTS11THEPROGRESSOFABSTRACTIONALLPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESPROVIDEABSTRACTIONSITCANBEARGUEDTHATTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHEPROBLEMSYOUREABLETOSOLVEISDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHEKINDANDQUALITYOFABSTRACTIONBY“KIND”IMEAN,“WHATISITTHATYOUAREABSTRACTING”ASSEMBLYLANGUAGEISASMALLABSTRACTIONOFTHEUNDERLYINGMACHINEMANYSOCALLED“IMPERATIVE”LANGUAGESTHATFOLLOWEDSUCHASFORTRAN,BASIC,ANDCWEREABSTRACTIONSOFASSEMBLYLANGUAGETHESELANGUAGESAREBIGIMPROVEMENTSOVERASSEMBLYLANGUAGE,BUTTHEIRPRIMARYABSTRACTIONSTILLREQUIRESYOUTOTHINKINTERMSOFTHESTRUCTUREOFTHECOMPUTERRATHERTHANTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEPROBLEMYOUARETRYINGTOSOLVETHEPROGRAMMERMUSTESTABLISHTHEASSOCIATIONBETWEENTHEMACHINEMODELINTHE“SOLUTIONSPACE,”WHICHISTHEPLACEWHEREYOUREMODELINGTHATPROBLEM,SUCHASACOMPUTERANDTHEMODELOFTHEPROBLEMTHATISACTUALLYBEINGSOLVEDINTHE“PROBLEMSPACE,”WHICHISTHEPLACEWHERETHEPROBLEMEXISTSTHEEFFORTREQUIREDTOPERFORMTHISMAPPING,ANDTHEFACTTHATITISEXTRINSICTOTHEPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGE,PRODUCESPROGRAMSTHATAREDIFFICULTTOWRITEANDEXPENSIVETOMAINTAIN,ANDASASIDEEFFECTCREATEDTHEENTIRE“PROGRAMMINGMETHODS”INDUSTRYTHEALTERNATIVETOMODELINGTHEMACHINEISTOMODELTHEPROBLEMYOURETRYINGTOSOLVEEARLYLANGUAGESSUCHASLISPANDAPLCHOSEPARTICULARVIEWSOFTHEWORLD“ALLPROBLEMSAREULTIMATELYLISTS”OR“ALLPROBLEMSAREALGORITHMIC,”RESPECTIVELYPROLOGCASTSALLPROBLEMSINTOCHAINSOFDECISIONSLANGUAGESHAVEBEENCREATEDFORCONSTRAINTBASEDPROGRAMMINGANDFORPROGRAMMINGEXCLUSIVELYBYMANIPULATINGGRAPHICALSYMBOLSTHELATTERPROVEDTOBETOORESTRICTIVEEACHOFTHESEAPPROACHESISAGOODSOLUTIONTOTHEPARTICULARCLASSOFPROBLEMTHEYREDESIGNEDTOSOLVE,BUTWHENYOUSTEPOUTSIDEOFTHATDOMAINTHEYBECOMEAWKWARDTHEOBJECTORIENTEDAPPROACHGOESASTEPFURTHERBYPROVIDINGTOOLSFORTHEPROGRAMMERTOREPRESENTELEMENTSINTHEPROBLEMSPACETHISREPRESENTATIONISGENERALENOUGHTHATTHEPROGRAMMERISNOTCONSTRAINEDTOANYPARTICULARTYPEOFPROBLEMWEREFERTOTHEELEMENTSINTHEPROBLEMSPACEANDTHEIRREPRESENTATIONSINTHESOLUTIONSPACEAS“OBJECTS”YOUWILLALSONEEDOTHEROBJECTSTHATDONTHAVEPROBLEMSPACEANALOGSTHEIDEAISTHATTHEPROGRAMISALLOWEDTOADAPTITSELFTOTHELINGOOFTHEPROBLEMBYADDINGNEWTYPESOFOBJECTS,SOWHENYOUREADTHECODEDESCRIBINGTHESOLUTION,YOUREREADINGWORDSTHATALSOEXPRESSTHEPROBLEMTHISISAMOREFLEXIBLEANDPOWERFULLANGUAGEABSTRACTIONTHANWHATWEVEHADBEFORETHUS,OOPALLOWSYOUTODESCRIBETHEPROBLEMINTERMSOFTHEPROBLEM,RATHERTHANINTERMSOFTHECOMPUTERWHERETHESOLUTIONWILLRUNTHERESSTILLACONNECTIONBACKTOTHECOMPUTEREACHOBJECTLOOKSQUITEABITLIKEALITTLECOMPUTERITHASASTATE,ANDITHASOPERATIONSTHATYOUCANASKITTOPERFORMHOWEVER,THISDOESNTSEEMLIKESUCHABADANALOGYTOOBJECTSINTHEREALWORLDTHEYALLHAVECHARACTERISTICSANDBEHAVIORSALANKAYSUMMARIZEDFIVEBASICCHARACTERISTICSOFSMALLTALK,THEFIRSTSUCCESSFULOBJECTORIENTEDLANGUAGEANDONEOFTHELANGUAGESUPONWHICHJAVAISBASEDTHESECHARACTERISTICSREPRESENTAPUREAPPROACHTOOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMING1EVERYTHINGISANOBJECTTHINKOFANOBJECTASAFANCYVARIABLEITSTORESDATA,BUTYOUCAN“MAKEREQUESTS”TOTHATOBJECT,ASKINGITTOPERFORMOPERATIONSONITSELFINTHEORY,YOUCANTAKEANYCONCEPTUALCOMPONENTINTHEPROBLEMYOURETRYINGTOSOLVEDOGS,BUILDINGS,SERVICES,ETCANDREPRESENTITASANOBJECTINYOURPROGRAM2APROGRAMISABUNCHOFOBJECTSTELLINGEACHOTHERWHATTODOBYSENDINGMESSAGESTOMAKEAREQUESTOFANOBJECT,YOU“SENDAMESSAGE”TOTHATOBJECTMORECONCRETELY,YOUCANTHINKOFAMESSAGEASAREQUESTTOCALLAMETHODTHATBELONGSTOAPARTICULAROBJECT3EACHOBJECTHASITSOWNMEMORYMADEUPOFOTHEROBJECTSPUTANOTHERWAY,YOUCREATEANEWKINDOFOBJECTBYMAKINGAPACKAGECONTAININGEXISTINGOBJECTSTHUS,YOUCANBUILDCOMPLEXITYINTOAPROGRAMWHILEHIDINGITBEHINDTHESIMPLICITYOFOBJECTS4EVERYOBJECTHASATYPEUSINGTHEPARLANCE,EACHOBJECTISANINSTANCEOFACLASS,INWHICH“CLASS”ISSYNONYMOUSWITH“TYPE”THEMOSTIMPORTANTDISTINGUISHINGCHARACTERISTICOFACLASSIS“WHATMESSAGESCANYOUSENDTOIT”5ALLOBJECTSOFAPARTICULARTYPECANRECEIVETHESAMEMESSAGESTHISISACTUALLYALOADEDSTATEMENT,ASYOUWILLSEELATERBECAUSEANOBJECTOFTYPE“CIRCLE”ISALSOANOBJECTOFTYPE“SHAPE,”ACIRCLEISGUARANTEEDTOACCEPTSHAPEMESSAGESTHISMEANSYOUCANWRITECODETHATTALKSTOSHAPESANDAUTOMATICALLYHANDLEANYTHINGTHATFITSTHEDESCRIPTIONOFASHAPETHISSUBSTITUTABILITYISONEOFTHEPOWERFULCONCEPTSINOOPBOOCHOFFERSANEVENMORESUCCINCTDESCRIPTIONOFANOBJECTANOBJECTHASSTATE,BEHAVIORANDIDENTITYTHISMEANSTHATANOBJECTCANHAVEINTERNALDATAWHICHGIVESITSTATE,METHODSTOPRODUCEBEHAVIOR,ANDEACHOBJECTCANBEUNIQUELYDISTINGUISHEDFROMEVERYOTHEROBJECTTOPUTTHISINACONCRETESENSE,EACHOBJECTHASAUNIQUEADDRESSINMEMORY12ANOBJECTHASANINTERFACEARISTOTLEWASPROBABLYTHEFIRSTTOBEGINACAREFULSTUDYOFTHECONCEPTOFTYPEHESPOKEOF“THECLASSOFFISHESANDTHECLASSOFBIRDS”THEIDEATHATALLOBJECTS,WHILEBEINGUNIQUE,AREALSOPARTOFACLASSOFOBJECTSTHATHAVECHARACTERISTICSANDBEHAVIORSINCOMMONWASUSEDDIRECTLYINTHEFIRSTOBJECTORIENTEDLANGUAGE,SIMULA67,WITHITSFUNDAMENTALKEYWORDCLASSTHATINTRODUCESANEWTYPEINTOAPROGRAMSIMULA,ASITSNAMEIMPLIES,WASCREATEDFORDEVELOPINGSIMULATIONSSUCHASTHECLASSIC“BANKTELLERPROBLEM”INTHIS,YOUHAVEABUNCHOFTELLERS,CUSTOMERS,ACCOUNTS,TRANSACTIONS,ANDUNITSOFMONEYALOTOF“OBJECTS”OBJECTSTHATAREIDENTICALEXCEPTFORTHEIRSTATEDURINGAPROGRAMSEXECUTIONAREGROUPEDTOGETHERINTO“CLASSESOFOBJECTS”ANDTHATSWHERETHEKEYWORDCLASSCAMEFROMCREATINGABSTRACTDATATYPESCLASSESISAFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTINOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGABSTRACTDATATYPESWORKALMOSTEXACTLYLIKEBUILTINTYPESYOUCANCREATEVARIABLESOFATYPECALLEDOBJECTSORINSTANCESINOBJECTORIENTEDPARLANCEANDMANIPULATETHOSEVARIABLESCALLEDSENDINGMESSAGESORREQUESTSYOUSENDAMESSAGEANDTHEOBJECTFIGURESOUTWHATTODOWITHITTHEMEMBERSELEMENTSOFEACHCLASSSHARESOMECOMMONALITYEVERYACCOUNTHASABALANCE,EVERYTELLERCANACCEPTADEPOSIT,ETCATTHESAMETIME,EACHMEMBERHASITSOWNSTATEEACHACCOUNTHASADIFFERENTBALANCE,EACHTELLERHASANAMETHUS,THETELLERS,CUSTOMERS,ACCOUNTS,TRANSACTIONS,ETC,CANEACHBEREPRESENTEDWITHAUNIQUEENTITYINTHECOMPUTERPROGRAMTHISENTITYISTHEOBJECT,ANDEACHOBJECTBELONGSTOAPARTICULARCLASSTHATDEFINESITSCHARACTERISTICSANDBEHAVIORSSO,ALTHOUGHWHATWEREALLYDOINOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGISCREATENEWDATATYPES,VIRTUALLYALLOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGESUSETHE“CLASS”KEYWORDWHENYOUSEETHEWORD“TYPE”THINK“CLASS”ANDVICEVERSASINCEACLASSDESCRIBESASETOFOBJECTSTHATHAVEIDENTICALCHARACTERISTICSDATAELEMENTSANDBEHAVIORSFUNCTIONALITY,ACLASSISREALLYADATATYPEBECAUSEAFLOATINGPOINTNUMBER,FOREXAMPLE,ALSOHASASETOFCHARACTERISTICSANDBEHAVIORSTHEDIFFERENCEISTHATAPROGRAMMERDEFINESACLASSTOFITAPROBLEMRATHERTHANBEINGFORCEDTOUSEANEXISTINGDATATYPETHATWASDESIGNEDTOREPRESENTAUNITOFSTORAGEINAMACHINEYOUEXTENDTHEPROGRAMMINGLANGUAGEBYADDINGNEWDATATYPESSPECIFICTOYOURNEEDSTHEPROGRAMMINGSYSTEMWELCOMESTHENEWCLASSESANDGIVESTHEMALLTHECAREANDTYPECHECKINGTHATITGIVESTOBUILTINTYPESTHEOBJECTORIENTEDAPPROACHISNOTLIMITEDTOBUILDINGSIMULATIONSWHETHERORNOTYOUAGREETHATANYPROGRAMISASIMULATIONOFTHESYSTEMYOUREDESIGNING,THEUSEOFOOPTECHNIQUESCANEASILYREDUCEALARGESETOFPROBLEMSTOASIMPLESOLUTIONONCEACLASSISESTABLISHED,YOUCANMAKEASMANYOBJECTSOFTHATCLASSASYOULIKE,ANDTHENMANIPULATETHOSEOBJECTSASIFTHEYARETHEELEMENTSTHATEXISTINTHEPROBLEMYOUARETRYINGTOSOLVEINDEED,ONEOFTHECHALLENGESOFOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGISTOCREATEAONETOONEMAPPINGBETWEENTHEELEMENTSINTHEPROBLEMSPACEANDOBJECTSINTHESOLUTIONSPACEBUTHOWDOYOUGETANOBJECTTODOUSEFULWORKFORYOUTHEREMUSTBEAWAYTOMAKEAREQUESTOFTHEOBJECTSOTHATITWILLDOSOMETHING,SUCHASCOMPLETEATRANSACTION,DRAWSOMETHINGONTHESCREEN,ORTURNONASWITCHANDEACHOBJECTCANSATISFYONLYCERTAINREQUESTSTHEREQUESTSYOUCANMAKEOFANOBJECTAREDEFINEDBYITSINTERFACE,ANDTHETYPEISWHATDETERMINESTHEINTERFACEASIMPLEEXAMPLEMIGHTBEAREPRESENTATIONOFALIGHTBULBLIGHTONOFFLIGHTLTNEWLIGHTLTONTHEINTERFACEESTABLISHESWHATREQUESTSYOUCANMAKEFORAPARTICULAROBJECTHOWEVER,THEREMUSTBECODESOMEWHERETOSATISFYTHATREQUESTTHIS,ALONGWITHTHEHIDDENDATA,COMPRISESTHEIMPLEMENTATIONFROMAPROCEDURALPROGRAMMINGSTANDPOINT,ITSNOTTHATCOMPLICATEDATYPEHASAMETHODASSOCIATEDWITHEACHPOSSIBLEREQUEST,ANDWHENYOUMAKEAPARTICULARREQUESTTOANOBJECT,THATMETHODISCALLEDTHISPROCESSISUSUALLYSUMMARIZEDBYSAYINGTHATYOU“SENDAMESSAGE”MAKEAREQUESTTOANOBJECT,ANDTHEOBJECTFIGURESOUTWHATTODOWITHTHATMESSAGEITEXECUTESCODEHERE,THENAMEOFTHETYPE/CLASSISLIGHT,THENAMEOFTHISPARTICULARLIGHTOBJECTISLT,ANDTHEREQUESTSTHATYOUCANMAKEOFALIGHTOBJECTARETOTURNITON,TURNITOFF,MAKEITBRIGHTER,ORMAKEITDIMMERYOUCREATEALIGHTOBJECTBYDEFININGA“REFERENCE”LTFORTHATOBJECTANDCALLINGNEWTOREQUESTANEWOBJECTOFTHATTYPETOSENDAMESSAGETOTHEOBJECT,YOUSTATETHENAMEOFTHEOBJECTANDCONNECTITTOTHEMESSAGEREQUESTWITHAPERIODDOTFROMTHESTANDPOINTOFTHEUSEROFAPREDEFINEDCLASS,THATSPRETTYMUCHALLTHEREISTOPROGRAMMINGWITHOBJECTSTHEPRECEDINGDIAGRAMFOLLOWSTHEFORMATOFTHEUNIFIEDMODELINGLANGUAGEUMLEACHCLASSISREPRESENTEDBYABOX,WITHTHETYPENAMEINTHETOPPORTIONOFTHEBOX,ANYDATAMEMBERSTHATYOUCARETODESCRIBEINTHEMIDDLEPORTIONOFTHEBOX,ANDTHEMETHODSTHEFUNCTIONSTHATBELONGTOTHISOBJECT,WHICHRECEIVEANYMESSAGESYOUSENDTOTHATOBJECTINTHEBOTTOMPORTIONOFTHEBOXOFTEN,ONLYTHENAMEOFTHECLASSANDTHEPUBLICMETHODSARESHOWNINUMLDESIGNDIAGRAMS,SOTHEMIDDLEPORTIONISNOTSHOWNIFYOUREINTERESTEDONLYINTHECLASSNAME,THENTHEBOTTOMPORTIONDOESNTNEEDTOBESHOWN,EITHER13ANOBJECTPROVIDESSERVICESWHILEYOURETRYINGTODEVELOPORUNDERSTANDAPROGRAMDESIGN,ONEOFTHEBESTWAYSTOTHINKABOUTOBJECTSISAS“SERVICEPROVIDERS”YOURPROGRAMITSELFWILLPROVIDESERVICESTOTHEUSER,ANDITWILLACCOMPLISHTHISBYUSINGTHESERVICESOFFEREDBYOTHEROBJECTSYOURGOALISTOPRODUCEOREVENBETTER,LOCATEINEXISTINGCODELIBRARIESASETOFOBJECTSTHATPROVIDETHEIDEALSERVICESTOSOLVEYOURPROBLEMAWAYTOSTARTDOINGTHISISTOASK“IFICOULDMAGICALLYPULLTHEMOUTOFAHAT,WHATOBJECTSWOULDSOLVEMYPROBLEMRIGHTAWAY”FOREXAMPLE,SUPPOSEYOUARECREATINGABOOKKEEPINGPROGRAMYOUMIGHTIMAGINESOMEOBJECTSTHATCONTAINPREDEFINEDBOOKKEEPINGINPUTSCREENS,ANOTHERSETOFOBJECTSTHATPERFORMBOOKKEEPINGCALCULATIONS,ANDANOBJECTTHATHANDLESPRINTINGOFCHECKSANDINVOICESONALLDIFFERENTKINDSOFPRINTERSMAYBESOMEOFTHESEOBJECTSALREADYEXIST,ANDFORTHEONESTHATDONT,WHATWOULDTHEYLOOKLIKEWHATSERVICESWOULDTHOSEOBJECTSPROVIDE,ANDWHATOBJECTSWOULDTHEYNEEDTOFULFILLTHEIROBLIGATIONSIFYOUKEEPDOINGTHIS,YOUWILLEVENTUALLYREACHAPOINTWHEREYOUCANSAYEITHER“THATOBJECTSEEMSSIMPLEENOUGHTOSITDOWNANDWRITE”OR“IMSURETHATOBJECTMUSTEXISTALREADY”THISISAREASONABLEWAYTODECOMPOSEAPROBLEMINTOASETOFOBJECTSTHINKINGOFANOBJECTASASERVICEPROVIDERHASANADDITIONALBENEFITITHELPSTOIMPROVETHECOHESIVENESSOFTHEOBJECTHIGHCOHESIONISAFUNDAMENTALQUALITYOFSOFTWAREDESIGNITMEANSTHATTHEVARIOUSASPECTSOFASOFTWARECOMPONENTSUCHASANOBJECT,ALTHOUGHTHISCOULDALSOAPPLYTOAMETHODORALIBRARYOFOBJECTS“FITTOGETHER”WELLONEPROBLEMPEOPLEHAVEWHE
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 2026年甘肃省天水市中考英语试卷附答案
- 2026网络信息安全类面试题及答案
- 2026唯品会前端面试题及答案
- 2026文化素养类面试题及答案
- 2026文化与旅游系面试题及答案
- 2026五上招教面试题及答案
- 2026乡村振兴街道面试题及答案
- 2026小型补课班面试题及答案
- 波密县森林消防队伍靠前驻防站点用房和森林防火物资储备库建设项目水土保持方案报告表
- 购买餐食服务协议合同
- 化妆品员工现场培训方案
- 中铁联合国际集装箱有限公司2026届校园招聘71人考试备考题库及答案解析
- 学生公寓家具采购项目方案投标文件(技术方案)
- 康美药业审计失败案例分析
- 新业务制度设计意模板
- 南京南外仙林学校新初一分班(摸底)语文模拟试题(5套带答案)
- 2026统编版八年道德与法治下册期末复习全册必背知识点提纲
- 2025年青年教师网络行为自查自纠表
- 城轨供电安全培训内容课件
- DB4105∕T 137-2020 生鲜乳运输车管理技术规范
- 2025北京西城区高一(下)期末化学试题及答案
评论
0/150
提交评论