已阅读5页,还剩28页未读, 继续免费阅读
版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
01THELANGUAGEOFMUSICAPAINTERHANGSHISORHERFINISHEDPICTURESONAWALL,ANDEVERYONECANSEEITACOMPOSERWRITESAWORK,BUTNOONECANHEARITUNTILITISPERFORMEDPROFESSIONALSINGERSANDPLAYERSHAVEGREATRESPONSIBILITIES,FORTHECOMPOSERISUTTERLYDEPENDENTONTHEMASTUDENTOFMUSICNEEDSASLONGANDASARDUOUSATRAININGTOBECOMEAPERFORMERASAMEDICALSTUDENTNEEDSTOBECOMEADOCTORMOSTTRAININGISCONCERNEDWITHTECHNIQUE,FORMUSICIANSHAVETOHAVETHEMUSCULARPROFICIENCYOFANATHLETEORABALLETDANCERSINGERSPRACTICEBREATHINGEVERYDAY,ASTHEIRVOCALCHORDSWOULDBEINADEQUATEWITHOUTCONTROLLEDMUSCULARSUPPORTSTRINGPLAYERSPRACTICEMOVINGTHEFINGERSOFTHELEFTHANDUPANDDOWN,WHILEDRAWINGTHEBOWTOANDFROWITHTHERIGHTARMTWOENTIRELYDIFFERENTMOVEMENTSSINGERSANDINSTRUMENTSHAVETOBEABLETOGETEVERYNOTEPERFECTLYINTUNEPIANISTSARESPAREDTHISPARTICULARANXIETY,FORTHENOTESAREALREADYTHERE,WAITINGFORTHEM,ANDITISTHEPIANOTUNERSRESPONSIBILITYTOTUNETHEINSTRUMENTFORTHEMBUTTHEYHAVETHEIROWNDIFFICULTIESTHEHAMMERSTHATHITTHESTRINGHAVETOBECOAXEDNOTTOSOUNDLIKEPERCUSSION,ANDEACHOVERLAPPINGTONEHASTOSOUNDCLEARTHISPROBLEMOFGETTINGCLEARTEXTUREISONETHATCONFRONTSSTUDENTCONDUCTORSTHEYHAVETOLEARNTOKNOWEVERYNOTEOFTHEMUSICANDHOWITSHOULDSOUND,ANDTHEYHAVETOAIMATCONTROLLINGTHESESOUNDWITHFANATICALBUTSELFLESSAUTHORITYTECHNIQUEISOFNOUSEUNLESSITISCOMBINEDWITHMUSICALKNOWLEDGEANDUNDERSTANDINGGREATARTISTSARETHOSEWHOARESOTHOROUGHLYATHOMEINTHELANGUAGEOFMUSICTHATTHEYCANENJOYPERFORMINGWORKSWRITTENINANYCENTURY02SCHOOLINGANDEDUCATIONITISCOMMONLYBELIEVEDINUNITEDSTATESTHATSCHOOLISWHEREPEOPLEGOTOGETANEDUCATIONNEVERTHELESS,ITHASBEENSAIDTHATTODAYCHILDRENINTERRUPTTHEIREDUCATIONTOGOTOSCHOOLTHEDISTINCTIONBETWEENSCHOOLINGANDEDUCATIONIMPLIEDBYTHISREMARKISIMPORTANTEDUCATIONISMUCHMOREOPENENDEDANDALLINCLUSIVETHANSCHOOLINGEDUCATIONKNOWSNOBOUNDSITCANTAKEPLACEANYWHERE,WHETHERINTHESHOWERORINTHEJOB,WHETHERINAKITCHENORONATRACTORITINCLUDESBOTHTHEFORMALLEARNINGTHATTAKESPLACEINSCHOOLSANDTHEWHOLEUNIVERSEOFINFORMALLEARNINGTHEAGENTSOFEDUCATIONCANRANGEFROMAREVEREDGRANDPARENTTOTHEPEOPLEDEBATINGPOLITICSONTHERADIO,FROMACHILDTOADISTINGUISHEDSCIENTISTWHEREASSCHOOLINGHASACERTAINPREDICTABILITY,EDUCATIONQUITEOFTENPRODUCESSURPRISESACHANCECONVERSATIONWITHASTRANGERMAYLEADAPERSONTODISCOVERHOWLITTLEISKNOWNOFOTHERRELIGIONSPEOPLEAREENGAGEDINEDUCATIONFROMINFANCYONEDUCATION,THEN,ISAVERYBROAD,INCLUSIVETERMITISALIFELONGPROCESS,APROCESSTHATSTARTSLONGBEFORETHESTARTOFSCHOOL,ANDONETHATSHOULDBEANINTEGRALPARTOFONESENTIRELIFESCHOOLING,ONTHEOTHERHAND,ISASPECIFIC,FORMALIZEDPROCESS,WHOSEGENERALPATTERNVARIESLITTLEFROMONESETTINGTOTHENEXTTHROUGHOUTACOUNTRY,CHILDRENARRIVEATSCHOOLATAPPROXIMATELYTHESAMETIME,TAKEASSIGNEDSEATS,ARETAUGHTBYANADULT,USESIMILARTEXTBOOKS,DOHOMEWORK,TAKEEXAMS,ANDSOONTHESLICESOFREALITYTHATARETOBELEARNED,WHETHERTHEYARETHEALPHABETORANUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEWORKINGOFGOVERNMENT,HAVEUSUALLYBEENLIMITEDBYTHEBOUNDARIESOFTHESUBJECTBEINGTAUGHTFOREXAMPLE,HIGHSCHOOLSTUDENTSKNOWTHATTHERENOTLIKELYTOFINDOUTINTHEIRCLASSESTHETRUTHABOUTPOLITICALPROBLEMSINTHEIRCOMMUNITIESORWHATTHENEWESTFILMMAKERSAREEXPERIMENTINGWITHTHEREAREDEFINITECONDITIONSSURROUNDINGTHEFORMALIZEDPROCESSOFSCHOOLING03THEDEFINITIONOF“PRICE”PRICESDETERMINEHOWRESOURCESARETOBEUSEDTHEYAREALSOTHEMEANSBYWHICHPRODUCTSANDSERVICESTHATAREINLIMITEDSUPPLYARERATIONEDAMONGBUYERSTHEPRICESYSTEMOFTHEUNITEDSTATESISACOMPLEXNETWORKCOMPOSEDOFTHEPRICESOFALLTHEPRODUCTSBOUGHTANDSOLDINTHEECONOMYASWELLASTHOSEOFAMYRIADOFSERVICES,INCLUDINGLABOR,PROFESSIONAL,TRANSPORTATION,ANDPUBLICUTILITYSERVICESTHEINTERRELATIONSHIPSOFALLTHESEPRICESMAKEUPTHE“SYSTEM”OFPRICESTHEPRICEOFANYPARTICULARPRODUCTORSERVICEISLINKEDTOABROAD,COMPLICATEDSYSTEMOFPRICESINWHICHEVERYTHINGSEEMSTODEPENDMOREORLESSUPONEVERYTHINGELSEIFONEWERETOASKAGROUPOFRANDOMLYSELECTEDINDIVIDUALSTODEFINE“PRICE”,MANYWOULDREPLYTHATPRICEISANAMOUNTOFMONEYPAIDBYTHEBUYERTOTHESELLEROFAPRODUCTORSERVICEOR,INOTHERWORDSTHATPRICEISTHEMONEYVALUESOFAPRODUCTORSERVICEASAGREEDUPONINAMARKETTRANSACTIONTHISDEFINITIONIS,OFCOURSE,VALIDASFARASITGOESFORACOMPLETEUNDERSTANDINGOFAPRICEINANYPARTICULARTRANSACTION,MUCHMORETHANTHEAMOUNTOFMONEYINVOLVEDMUSTBEKNOWNBOTHTHEBUYERANDTHESELLERSHOULDBEFAMILIARWITHNOTONLYTHEMONEYAMOUNT,BUTWITHTHEAMOUNTANDQUALITYOFTHEPRODUCTORSERVICETOBEEXCHANGED,THETIMEANDPLACEATWHICHTHEEXCHANGEWILLTAKEPLACEANDPAYMENTWILLBEMADE,THEFORMOFMONEYTOBEUSED,THECREDITTERMSANDDISCOUNTSTHATAPPLYTOTHETRANSACTION,GUARANTEESONTHEPRODUCTORSERVICE,DELIVERYTERMS,RETURNPRIVILEGES,ANDOTHERFACTORSINOTHERWORDS,BOTHBUYERANDSELLERSHOULDBEFULLYAWAREOFALLTHEFACTORSTHATCOMPRISETHETOTAL“PACKAGE”BEINGEXCHANGEDFORTHEASKEDFORAMOUNTOFMONEYINORDERTHATTHEYMAYEVALUATEAGIVENPRICE04ELECTRICITYTHEMODERNAGEISANAGEOFELECTRICITYPEOPLEARESOUSEDTOELECTRICLIGHTS,RADIO,TELEVISIONS,ANDTELEPHONESTHATITISHARDTOIMAGINEWHATLIFEWOULDBELIKEWITHOUTTHEMWHENTHEREISAPOWERFAILURE,PEOPLEGROPEABOUTINFLICKERINGCANDLELIGHT,CARSHESITATEINTHESTREETSBECAUSETHEREARENOTRAFFICLIGHTSTOGUIDETHEM,ANDFOODSPOILSINSILENTREFRIGERATORSYET,PEOPLEBEGANTOUNDERSTANDHOWELECTRICITYWORKSONLYALITTLEMORETHANTWOCENTURIESAGONATUREHASAPPARENTLYBEENEXPERIMENTINGINTHISFIELDFORMILLIONOFYEARSSCIENTISTSAREDISCOVERINGMOREANDMORETHATTHELIVINGWORLDMAYHOLDMANYINTERESTINGSECRETSOFELECTRICITYTHATCOULDBENEFITHUMANITYALLLIVINGCELLSENDOUTTINYPULSESOFELECTRICITYASTHEHEARTBEATS,ITSENDSOUTPULSESOFRECORDTHEYFORMANELECTROCARDIOGRAM,WHICHADOCTORCANSTUDYTODETERMINEHOWWELLTHEHEARTISWORKINGTHEBRAIN,TOO,SENDSOUTBRAINWAVESOFELECTRICITY,WHICHCANBERECORDEDINANELECTROENCEPHALOGRAMTHEELECTRICCURRENTSGENERATEDBYMOSTLIVINGCELLSAREEXTREMELYSMALLOFTENSOSMALLTHATSENSITIVEINSTRUMENTSARENEEDEDTORECORDTHEMBUTINSOMEANIMALS,CERTAINMUSCLECELLSHAVEBECOMESOSPECIALIZEDASELECTRICALGENERATORSTHATTHEYDONOTWORKASMUSCLECELLSATALLWHENLARGENUMBERSOFTHESECELLARELINKEDTOGETHER,THEEFFECTSCANBEASTONISHINGTHEELECTRICEELISANAMAZINGSTORAGEBATTERYITCANSEEDAJOLTOFASMUCHASEIGHTHUNDREDVOLTSOFELECTRICITYTHROUGHTHEWATERINWHICHITLIVEANELECTRICHOUSECURRENTISONLYONEHUNDREDTWENTYVOLTSASMANYASFOURFIFTHSOFALLTHECELLSINTHEELECTRICEELSBODYARESPECIALIZEDFORGENERATINGELECTRICITY,ANDTHESTRENGTHOFTHESHOCKITCANDELIVERCORRESPONDSROUGHLYTOLENGTHOFITSBODY05THEBEGINNINGOFDRAMATHEREAREMANYTHEORIESABOUTTHEBEGINNINGOFDRAMAINANCIENTGREECETHEONMOSTWIDELYACCEPTEDTODAYISBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONTHATDRAMAEVOLVEDFROMRITUALTHEARGUMENTFORTHISVIEWGOESASFOLLOWSINTHEBEGINNING,HUMANBEINGSVIEWEDTHENATURALFORCESOFTHEWORLDEVENTHESEASONALCHANGESASUNPREDICTABLE,ANDTHEYSOUGHTTHROUGHVARIOUSMEANSTOCONTROLTHESEUNKNOWNANDFEAREDPOWERSTHOSEMEASURESWHICHAPPEAREDTOBRINGTHEDESIREDRESULTSWERETHENRETAINEDANDREPEATEDUNTILTHEYHARDENEDINTOFIXEDRITUALSEVENTUALLYSTORIESAROSEWHICHEXPLAINEDORVEILEDTHEMYSTERIESOFTHERITESASTIMEPASSEDSOMERITUALSWEREABANDONED,BUTTHESTORIES,LATERCALLEDMYTHS,PERSISTEDANDPROVIDEDMATERIALFORARTANDDRAMATHOSEWHOBELIEVETHATDRAMAEVOLVEDOUTOFRITUALALSOARGUETHATTHOSERITESCONTAINEDTHESEEDOFTHEATERBECAUSEMUSIC,DANCE,MASKS,ANDCOSTUMESWEREALMOSTALWAYSUSED,FURTHERMORE,ASUITABLESITEHADTOBEPROVIDEDFORPERFORMANCESANDWHENTHEENTIRECOMMUNITYDIDNOTPARTICIPATE,ACLEARDIVISIONWASUSUALLYMADEBETWEENTHE“ACTINGAREA“ANDTHE“AUDITORIUM“INADDITION,THEREWEREPERFORMERS,AND,SINCECONSIDERABLEIMPORTANCEWASATTACHEDTOAVOIDINGMISTAKESINTHEENACTMENTOFRITES,RELIGIOUSLEADERSUSUALLYASSUMEDTHATTASKWEARINGMASKSANDCOSTUMES,THEYOFTENIMPERSONATEDOTHERPEOPLE,ANIMALS,ORSUPERNATURALBEINGS,ANDMIMEDTHEDESIREDEFFECTSUCCESSINHUNTORBATTLE,THECOMINGRAIN,THEREVIVALOFTHESUNASANACTORMIGHTEVENTUALLYSUCHDRAMATICREPRESENTATIONSWERESEPARATEDFROMRELIGIOUSACTIVITIESANOTHERTHEORYTRACESTHETHEATERSORIGINFROMTHEHUMANINTERESTINSTORYTELLINGACCORDINGTOTHISVIESTALESABOUTTHEHUNT,WAR,OROTHERFEATSAREGRADUALLYELABORATED,ATFIRSTTHROUGHTHEUSEOFIMPERSONATION,ACTION,ANDDIALOGUEBYANARRATORANDTHENTHROUGHTHEASSUMPTIONOFEACHOFTHEROLESBYADIFFERENTPERSONACLOSELYRELATEDTHEORYTRACESTHEATERTOTHOSEDANCESTHATAREPRIMARILYRHYTHMICALANDGYMNASTICORTHATAREIMITATIONSOFANIMALMOVEMENTSANDSOUNDS06TELEVISIONTELEVISIONTHEMOSTPERVASIVEANDPERSUASIVEOFMODERNTECHNOLOGIES,MARKEDBYRAPIDCHANGEANDGROWTHISMOVINGINTOANEWERA,ANERAOFEXTRAORDINARYSOPHISTICATIONANDVERSATILITY,WHICHPROMISESTORESHAPEOURLIVESANDOURWORLDITISANELECTRONICREVOLUTIONOFSORTS,MADEPOSSIBLEBYTHEMARRIAGEOFTELEVISIONANDCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGIESTHEWORD“TELEVISION“,DERIVEDFROMITSGREEKTELEDISTANTANDLATINVISIOSIGHTROOTS,CANLITERALLYBEINTERPRETEDASSIGHTFROMADISTANCEVERYSIMPLYPUT,ITWORKSINTHISWAYTHROUGHASOPHISTICATEDSYSTEMOFELECTRONICS,TELEVISIONPROVIDESTHECAPABILITYOFCONVERTINGANIMAGEFOCUSEDONASPECIALPHOTOCONDUCTIVEPLATEWITHINACAMERAINTOELECTRONICIMPULSES,WHICHCANBESENTTHROUGHAWIREORCABLETHESEIMPULSES,WHENFEDINTOARECEIVERTELEVISIONSET,CANTHENBEELECTRONICALLYRECONSTITUTEDINTOTHATSAMEIMAGETELEVISIONISMORETHANJUSTANELECTRONICSYSTEM,HOWEVERITISAMEANSOFEXPRESSION,ASWELLASAVEHICLEFORCOMMUNICATION,ANDASSUCHBECOMESAPOWERFULTOOLFORREACHINGOTHERHUMANBEINGSTHEFIELDOFTELEVISIONCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIESDETERMINEDBYITSMEANSOFTRANSMISSIONFIRST,THEREISBROADCASTTELEVISION,WHICHREACHESTHEMASSESTHROUGHBROADBASEDAIRWAVETRANSMISSIONOFTELEVISIONSIGNALSSECOND,THEREISNONBROADCASTTELEVISION,WHICHPROVIDESFORTHENEEDSOFINDIVIDUALSORSPECIFICINTERESTGROUPSTHROUGHCONTROLLEDTRANSMISSIONTECHNIQUESTRADITIONALLY,TELEVISIONHASBEENAMEDIUMOFTHEMASSESWEAREMOSTFAMILIARWITHBROADCASTTELEVISIONBECAUSEITHASBEENWITHUSFORABOUTTHIRTYSEVENYEARSINAFORMSIMILARTOWHATEXISTSTODAYDURINGTHOSEYEARS,ITHASBEENCONTROLLED,FORTHEMOSTPART,BYTHEBROADCASTNETWORKS,ABC,NBC,ANDCBS,WHOHAVEBEENTHEMAJORPURVEYORSOFNEWS,INFORMATION,ANDENTERTAINMENTTHESEGIANTSOFBROADCASTINGHAVEACTUALLYSHAPEDNOTONLYTELEVISIONBUTOURPERCEPTIONOFITASWELLWEHAVECOMETOLOOKUPONTHEPICTURETUBEASASOURCEOFENTERTAINMENT,PLACINGOURROLEINTHISDYNAMICMEDIUMASTHEPASSIVEVIEWER07ANDREWCARNEGIEANDREWCARNEGIE,KNOWNASTHEKINGOFSTEEL,BUILTTHESTEELINDUSTRYINTHEUNITEDSTATES,AND,INTHEPROCESS,BECAMEONEOFTHEWEALTHIESTMENINAMERICAHISSUCCESSRESULTEDINPARTFROMHISABILITYTOSELLTHEPRODUCTANDINPARTFROMHISPOLICYOFEXPANDINGDURINGPERIODSOFECONOMICDECLINE,WHENMOSTOFHISCOMPETITORSWEREREDUCINGTHEIRINVESTMENTSCARNEGIEBELIEVEDTHATINDIVIDUALSSHOULDPROGRESSTHROUGHHARDWORK,BUTHEALSOFELTSTRONGLYTHATTHEWEALTHYSHOULDUSETHEIRFORTUNESFORTHEBENEFITOFSOCIETYHEOPPOSEDCHARITY,PREFERRINGINSTEADTOPROVIDEEDUCATIONALOPPORTUNITIESTHATWOULDALLOWOTHERSTOHELPTHEMSELVES“HEWHODIESRICH,DIESDISGRACED,“HEOFTENSAIDAMONGHISMORENOTEWORTHYCONTRIBUTIONSTOSOCIETYARETHOSETHATBEARHISNAME,INCLUDINGTHECARNEGIEINSTITUTEOFPITTSBURGH,WHICHHASALIBRARY,AMUSEUMOFFINEARTS,ANDAMUSEUMOFNATIONALHISTORYHEALSOFOUNDEDASCHOOLOFTECHNOLOGYTHATISNOWPARTOFCARNEGIEMELLONUNIVERSITYOTHERPHILANTHROPHICGIFTSARETHECARNEGIEENDOWMENTFORINTERNATIONALPEACETOPROMOTEUNDERSTANDINGBETWEENNATIONS,THECARNEGIEINSTITUTEOFWASHINGTONTOFUNDSCIENTIFICRESEARCH,ANDCARNEGIEHALLTOPROVIDEACENTERFORTHEARTSFEWAMERICANSHAVEBEENLEFTUNTOUCHEDBYANDREWCARNEGIESGENEROSITYHISCONTRIBUTIONSOFMORETHANFIVEMILLIONDOLLARSESTABLISHED2,500LIBRARIESINSMALLCOMMUNITIESTHROUGHOUTTHECOUNTRYANDFORMEDTHENUCLEUSOFTHEPUBLICLIBRARYSYSTEMTHATWEALLENJOYTODAY08AMERICANREVOLUTIONTHEAMERICANREVOLUTIONWASNOTASUDDENANDVIOLENTOVERTURNINGOFTHEPOLITICALANDSOCIALFRAMEWORK,SUCHASLATEROCCURREDINFRANCEANDRUSSIA,WHENBOTHWEREALREADYINDEPENDENTNATIONSSIGNIFICANTCHANGESWEREUSHEREDIN,BUTTHEYWERENOTBREATHTAKINGWHATHAPPENEDWASACCELERATEDEVOLUTIONRATHERTHANOUTRIGHTREVOLUTIONDURINGTHECONFLICTITSELFPEOPLEWENTONWORKINGANDPRAYING,MARRYINGANDPLAYINGMOSTOFTHEMWERENOTSERIOUSLYDISTURBEDBYTHEACTUALFIGHTING,ANDMANYOFTHEMOREISOLATEDCOMMUNITIESSCARCELYKNEWTHATAWARWASONAMERICASWAROFINDEPENDENCEHERALDEDTHEBIRTHOFTHREEMODERNNATIONSONEWASCANADA,WHICHRECEIVEDITSFIRSTLARGEINFLUXOFENGLISHSPEAKINGPOPULATIONFROMTHETHOUSANDSOFLOYALISTSWHOFLEDTHEREFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESANOTHERWASAUSTRALIA,WHICHBECAMEAPENALCOLONYNOWTHATAMERICAWASNOLONGERAVAILABLEFORPRISONERSANDDEBTORSTHETHIRDNEWCOMERTHEUNITEDSTATESBASEDITSELFSQUARELYONREPUBLICANPRINCIPLESYETEVENTHEPOLITICALOVERTURNWASNOTSOREVOLUTIONARYASONEMIGHTSUPPOSEINSOMESTATES,NOTABLYCONNECTICUTANDRHODEISLAND,THEWARLARGELYRATIFIEDACOLONIALSELFRULEALREADYEXISTINGBRITISHOFFICIALS,EVERYWHEREOUSTED,WEREREPLACEDBYAHOMEGROWNGOVERNINGCLASS,WHICHPROMPTLYSOUGHTALOCALSUBSTITUTEFORKINGANDPARLIAMENT09SUBURBANIZATIONIFBY“SUBURB“ISMEANTANURBANMARGINTHATGROWSMORERAPIDLYTHANITSALREADYDEVELOPEDINTERIOR,THEPROCESSOFSUBURBANIZATIONBEGANDURINGTHEEMERGENCEOFTHEINDUSTRIALCITYINTHESECONDQUARTEROFTHENINETEENTHCENTURYBEFORETHATPERIODTHECITYWASASMALLHIGHLYCOMPACTCLUSTERINWHICHPEOPLEMOVEDABOUTONFOOTANDGOODSWERECONVEYEDBYHORSEANDCARTBUTTHEEARLYFACTORIESBUILTINTHE1840SWERELOCATEDALONGWATERWAYSANDNEARRAILHEADSATTHEEDGESOFCITIES,ANDHOUSINGWASNEEDEDFORTHETHOUSANDSOFPEOPLEDRAWNBYTHEPROSPECTOFEMPLOYMENTINTIME,THEFACTORIESWERESURROUNDEDBYPROLIFERATINGMILLTOWNSOFAPARTMENTSANDROWHOUSESTHATABUTTEDTHEOLDER,MAINCITIESASADEFENSEAGAINSTTHISENCROACHMENTANDTOENLARGETHEIRTAXBASES,THECITIESAPPROPRIATEDTHEIRINDUSTRIALNEIGHBORSIN1854,FOREXAMPLE,THECITYOFPHILADELPHIAANNEXEDMOSTOFPHILADELPHIACOUNTYSIMILARMUNICIPALMANEUVERSTOOKPLACEINCHICAGOANDINNEWYORKINDEED,MOSTGREATCITIESOFTHEUNITEDSTATESACHIEVEDSUCHSTATUSONLYBYINCORPORATINGTHECOMMUNITIESALONGTHEIRBORDERSWITHTHEACCELERATIONOFINDUSTRIALGROWTHCAMEACUTEURBANCROWDINGANDACCOMPANYINGSOCIALSTRESSCONDITIONSTHATBEGANTOAPPROACHDISASTROUSPROPORTIONSWHEN,IN1888,THEFIRSTCOMMERCIALLYSUCCESSFULELECTRICTRACTIONLINEWASDEVELOPEDWITHINAFEWYEARSTHEHORSEDRAWNTROLLEYSWERERETIREDANDELECTRICSTREETCARNETWORKSCRISSCROSSEDANDCONNECTEDEVERYMAJORURBANAREA,FOSTERINGAWAVEOFSUBURBANIZATIONTHATTRANSFORMEDTHECOMPACTINDUSTRIALCITYINTOADISPERSEDMETROPOLISTHISFIRSTPHASEOFMASSSCALESUBURBANIZATIONWASREINFORCEDBYTHESIMULTANEOUSEMERGENCEOFTHEURBANMIDDLECLASS,WHOSEDESIRESFORHOMEOWNERSHIPINNEIGHBORHOODSFARFROMTHEAGINGINNERCITYWERESATISFIEDBYTHEDEVELOPERSOFSINGLEFAMILYHOUSINGTRACTS10TYPESOFSPEECHSTANDARDUSAGEINCLUDESTHOSEWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSUNDERSTOOD,USED,ANDACCEPTEDBYAMAJORITYOFTHESPEAKERSOFALANGUAGEINANYSITUATIONREGARDLESSOFTHELEVELOFFORMALITYASSUCH,THESEWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSAREWELLDEFINEDANDLISTEDINSTANDARDDICTIONARIESCOLLOQUIALISMS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,AREFAMILIARWORDSANDIDIOMSTHATAREUNDERSTOODBYALMOSTALLSPEAKERSOFALANGUAGEANDUSEDININFORMALSPEECHORWRITING,BUTNOTCONSIDEREDAPPROPRIATEFORMOREFORMALSITUATIONSALMOSTALLIDIOMATICEXPRESSIONSARECOLLOQUIALLANGUAGESLANG,HOWEVER,REFERSTOWORDSANDEXPRESSIONSUNDERSTOODBYALARGENUMBEROFSPEAKERSBUTNOTACCEPTEDASGOOD,FORMALUSAGEBYTHEMAJORITYCOLLOQUIALEXPRESSIONSANDEVENSLANGMAYBEFOUNDINSTANDARDDICTIONARIESBUTWILLBESOIDENTIFIEDBOTHCOLLOQUIALUSAGEANDSLANGAREMORECOMMONINSPEECHTHANINWRITINGCOLLOQUIALSPEECHOFTENPASSESINTOSTANDARDSPEECHSOMESLANGALSOPASSESINTOSTANDARDSPEECH,BUTOTHERSLANGEXPRESSIONSENJOYMOMENTARYPOPULARITYFOLLOWEDBYOBSCURITYINSOMECASES,THEMAJORITYNEVERACCEPTSCERTAINSLANGPHRASESBUTNEVERTHELESSRETAINSTHEMINTHEIRCOLLECTIVEMEMORIESEVERYGENERATIONSEEMSTOREQUIREITSOWNSETOFWORDSTODESCRIBEFAMILIAROBJECTSANDEVENTSITHASBEENPOINTEDOUTBYANUMBEROFLINGUISTSTHATTHREECULTURALCONDITIONSARENECESSARYFORTHECREATIONOFALARGEBODYOFSLANGEXPRESSIONSFIRST,THEINTRODUCTIONANDACCEPTANCEOFNEWOBJECTSANDSITUATIONSINTHESOCIETYSECOND,ADIVERSEPOPULATIONWITHALARGENUMBEROFSUBGROUPSTHIRD,ASSOCIATIONAMONGTHESUBGROUPSANDTHEMAJORITYPOPULATIONFINALLY,ITISWORTHNOTINGTHATTHETERMS“STANDARD“COLLOQUIAL“AND“SLANG“EXISTONLYASABSTRACTLABELSFORSCHOLARSWHOSTUDYLANGUAGEONLYATINYNUMBEROFTHESPEAKERSOFANYLANGUAGEWILLBEAWARETHATTHEYAREUSINGCOLLOQUIALORSLANGEXPRESSIONSMOSTSPEAKERSOFENGLISHWILL,DURINGAPPROPRIATESITUATIONS,SELECTANDUSEALLTHREETYPESOFEXPRESSIONS11ARCHAEOLOGYARCHAEOLOGYISASOURCEOFHISTORY,NOTJUSTABUMBLEAUXILIARYDISCIPLINEARCHAEOLOGICALDATAAREHISTORICALDOCUMENTSINTHEIROWNRIGHT,NOTMEREILLUSTRATIONSTOWRITTENTEXTS,JUSTASMUCHASANYOTHERHISTORIAN,ANARCHAEOLOGISTSTUDIESANDTRIESTORECONSTITUTETHEPROCESSTHATHASCREATEDTHEHUMANWORLDINWHICHWELIVEANDUSOURSELVESINSOFARASWEAREEACHCREATURESOFOURAGEANDSOCIALENVIRONMENTARCHAEOLOGICALDATAAREALLCHANGESINTHEMATERIALWORLDRESULTINGFROMHUMANACTIONOR,MORESUCCINCTLY,THEFOSSILIZEDRESULTSOFHUMANBEHAVIORTHESUMTOTALOFTHESECONSTITUTESWHATMAYBECALLEDTHEARCHAEOLOGICALRECORDTHISRECORDEXHIBITSCERTAINPECULIARITIESANDDEFICIENCIESTHECONSEQUENCESOFWHICHPRODUCEARATHERSUPERFICIALCONTRASTBETWEENARCHAEOLOGICALHISTORYANDTHEMOREFAMILIARKINDBASEDUPONWRITTENRECORDSNOTALLHUMANBEHAVIORFOSSILIZESTHEWORDSIUTTERANDYOUHEARASVIBRATIONSINTHEAIRARECERTAINLYHUMANCHANGESINTHEMATERIALWORLDANDMAYBEOFGREATHISTORICALSIGNIFICANCEYETTHEYLEAVENOSORTOFTRACEINTHEARCHAEOLOGICALRECORDSUNLESSTHEYARECAPTUREDBYADICTAPHONEORWRITTENDOWNBYACLERKTHEMOVEMENTOFTROOPSONTHEBATTLEFIELDMAY“CHANGETHECOURSEOFHISTORY,“BUTTHISISEQUALLYEPHEMERALFROMTHEARCHAEOLOGISTSSTANDPOINTWHATISPERHAPSWORSE,MOSTORGANICMATERIALSAREPERISHABLEEVERYTHINGMADEOFWOOD,HIDE,WOOL,LINEN,GRASS,HAIR,ANDSIMILARMATERIALSWILLDECAYANDVANISHINDUSTINAFEWYEARSORCENTURIES,SAVEUNDERVERYEXCEPTIONALCONDITIONSINARELATIVELYBRIEFPERIODTHEARCHAEOLOGICALRECORDISREDUCETOMERESCRAPSOFSTONE,BONE,GLASS,METAL,ANDEARTHENWARESTILLMODERNARCHAEOLOGY,BYAPPLYINGAPPROPRIATETECHNIQUESANDCOMPARATIVEMETHODS,AIDEDBYAFEWLUCKYFINDSFROMPEATBOGS,DESERTS,ANDFROZENSOILS,ISABLETOFILLUPAGOODDEALOFTHEGAP12MUSEUMSFROMBOSTONTOLOSANGELES,FROMNEWYORKCITYTOCHICAGOTODALLAS,MUSEUMSAREEITHERPLANNING,BUILDING,ORWRAPPINGUPWHOLESALEEXPANSIONPROGRAMSTHESEPROGRAMSALREADYHAVERADICALLYALTEREDFACADESANDFLOORPLANSORAREEXPECTEDTODOSOINTHENOTTOODISTANTFUTUREINNEWYORKCITYALONE,SIXMAJORINSTITUTIONSHAVESPREADUPANDOUTINTOTHEAIRSPACEANDNEIGHBORHOODSAROUNDTHEMORAREPREPARINGTODOSOTHEREASONSFORTHISCONFLUENCEOFACTIVITYARECOMPLEX,BUTONEFACTORISACONSIDERATIONEVERYWHERESPACEWITHCOLLECTIONSEXPANDING,WITHTHENEEDSANDFUNCTIONSOFMUSEUMSCHANGING,EMPTYSPACEHASBECOMEAVERYPRECIOUSCOMMODITYPROBABLYNOWHEREINTHECOUNTRYISTHISMORETRUETHANATTHEPHILADELPHIAMUSEUMOFART,WHICHHASNEEDEDADDITIONALSPACEFORDECADESANDWHICHRECEIVEDITSLASTSIGNIFICANTFACELIFTTENYEARSAGOBECAUSEOFTHESPACECRUNCH,THEARTMUSEUMHASBECOMEINCREASINGLYCAUTIOUSINCONSIDERINGACQUISITIONSANDDONATIONSOFART,INSOMECASESPASSINGUPOPPORTUNITIESTOSTRENGTHENITSCOLLECTIONSDEACCESSINGORSELLINGOFFWORKSOFARTHASTAKENONNEWIMPORTANCEBECAUSEOFTHEMUSEUMSSPACEPROBLEMSANDINCREASINGLY,CURATORSHAVEBEENFORCEDTOJUGGLEGALLERYSPACE,ROTATINGONEMASTERPIECEINTOPUBLICVIEWWHILEANOTHERISSENTTOSTORAGEDESPITETHECLEARNEEDFORADDITIONALGALLERYANDSTORAGESPACE,HOWEVER,“THEMUSEUMHASNOPLAN,NOPLANTOBREAKOUTOFITSENVELOPEINTH
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 深度解析(2026)《GBT 33411-2025酶联免疫分析试剂盒通则》
- 2026届高三生物二轮复习课件:大单元2 细胞的生存需要能量和营养物质 层级1 主干知识落实清单
- Unit 1 Section A(2a2e) 七年级英语上册(人教版2024)
- 医疗数据安全治理区块链化的政策法规风险
- 医疗数据安全技术在医疗检验数据管理中的应用
- 医疗数据安全成熟度:区块链全球视野
- 医疗数据安全应急演练的场景驱动型设计方法
- 医疗数据安全共享的区块链激励生态演化
- 胆小鬼课件教学课件
- 医疗数据安全人才案例库建设课程
- 公司员工管理制度
- 2024年陶瓷展示中心建设项目可行性研究报告
- Unit5 (单元卷)人教PEP版 英语六年级上册
- 【MOOC】制药分离工程-郑州大学 中国大学慕课MOOC答案
- 中级微观经济学复习试题和答案解析
- 酒店行业的信息安全培训方法
- 青岛版二年级上册除法单元复习课ppt
- 2023届高考专题复习:小说专题训练群体形象与个体形象(含答案)
- 等腰三角形复习课教案
- GB/T 19278-2018热塑性塑料管材、管件与阀门通用术语及其定义
- GB/T 15823-1995氦泄漏检验
评论
0/150
提交评论