全球500强前20强公司简介及发展历史

1ROYALDUTCHSHELLFROMWIKIPEDIA,THEFREEENCYCLOPEDIAJUMPTONAVIGATION,SEARCHROYALDUTCHSHELLPLCLSERDSA,LSERDSB,COMMONLYKNOWNASSHELL,ISAGLOBALOILANDGASCOMPANYHEADQUARTEREDINTHEHAGUE,NETHERLANDSANDWITHITSREGISTEREDOFFICEATTHESHELLCENTREINLONDON,UNITEDKINGDOM2ITISTHESECONDLARGESTENERGYCOMPANYANDTHEFIFTHLARGESTCOMPANY3INTHEWORLDACCORDINGTOFORBESMAGAZINELISTFOR20114ITISVERTICALLYINTEGRATEDANDISACTIVEINEVERYAREAOFTHEOILANDGASINDUSTRY,INCLUDINGEXPLORATIONANDPRODUCTION,REFINING,DISTRIBUTIONANDMARKETING,PETROCHEMICALS,POWERGENERATIONANDTRADINGITALSOHASMAJORRENEWABLEENERGYACTIVITIES,INCLUDINGINBIOFUELS,HYDROGEN,SOLARANDWINDPOWERITHASOPERATIONSINOVER90COUNTRIES,PRODUCESAROUND31MILLIONBARRELSOFOILEQUIVALENTPERDAYANDHAS44,000SERVICESTATIONSWORLDWIDE5SHELLOILCOMPANY,ITSSUBSIDIARYINTHEUNITEDSTATES,ISONEOFITSLARGESTBUSINESSES6ITSPRIMARYLISTINGISONTHELONDONSTOCKEXCHANGEANDITISACONSTITUENTOFTHEFTSE100INDEXITHASSECONDARYLISTINGSONEURONEXTAMSTERDAMANDTHENEWYORKSTOCKEXCHANGEEDITMANAGEMENTON4AUGUST2005,THEBOARDOFDIRECTORSANNOUNCEDTHEAPPOINTMENTOFJORMAOLLILA,CHAIRMANANDCEOOFNOKIAATTHETIME,TOSUCCEEDAADJACOBSASTHECOMPANYSNONEXECUTIVECHAIRMANON1JUNE2006OLLILAISTHEFIRSTSHELLCHAIRMANTOBENEITHERDUTCHNORBRITISHOTHERNONEXECUTIVEDIRECTORSINCLUDEMAARTENVANDENBERGH,WIMKOK,NINAHENDERSON,LORDKERR,ADELBERTVANROXE,ANDCHRISTINEMORINPOSTELASOF1JULY2009,PETERVOSERISCEOOFSHELL20PETER,WHOISSWISS,ISTHEFIRSTNONDUTCH,NONBRITISHCEOOFTHECOMPANYEDITNAMEANDBRANDASHELLSPONSOREDFERRARIF60FORMULAONEMOTORRACINGCARTHENAMESHELLISLINKEDTOTHESHELLTRANSPORTANDTRADINGCOMPANY21IN1833,THEFOUNDERSFATHER,ALSOMARCUSSAMUEL,FOUNDEDANIMPORTBUSINESSTOSELLSEASHELLSTOLONDONCOLLECTORSWHENCOLLECTINGSEASHELLSPECIMENSINTHECASPIANSEAAREAIN1892,THEYOUNGERSAMUELREALIZEDTHEREWASPOTENTIALINEXPORTINGLAMPOILFROMTHEREGIONANDCOMMISSIONEDTHEWORLDSFIRSTPURPOSEBUILTOILTANKER,THEMUREXLATINFORATYPEOFSNAILSHELL,TOENTERTHISMARKETBY1907THECOMPANYHADAFLEETALTHOUGHFORSEVERALDECADESTHECOMPANYHADAREFINERYATSHELLHAVENONTHETHAMES,THEREISNOEVIDENCEOFTHISHAVINGPROVIDEDTHENAMETHESHELLBRANDISONEOFTHEMOSTFAMILIARCOMMERCIALSYMBOLSINTHEWORLDKNOWNASTHE“PECTEN“AFTERTHESEASHELLPECTENMAXIMUSTHEGIANTSCALLOP,ONWHICHITSDESIGNISBASED,THECURRENTVERSIONOFTHEBRANDWASDESIGNEDBYRAYMONDLOEWYANDINTRODUCEDIN1971THEYELLOWANDREDCOLOURSUSEDARETHOUGHTTORELATETOTHECOLOURSOFTHEFLAGOFSPAINASSHELLBUILTEARLYSERVICESTATIONSINTHESTATEOFCALIFORNIAWHICHHADSTRONGCONNECTIONSWITHSPAIN22THESLASHWASREMOVEDFROMTHENAME“ROYALDUTCH/SHELL“IN2004,CONCURRENTWITHMOVESTOMERGETHETWOLEGALLYSEPARATECOMPANIESROYALDUTCHANDSHELLTOTHESINGLELEGALENTITYWHICHEXISTSTODAY23OPERATIONSTHEUPSTREAMPROVIDESTWOTHIRDSOFSHELLSREVENUESSHELLOILDEPOTINKOWLOON,HONGKONGSHELLHASFIVECOREBUSINESSESEXPLORATIONANDPRODUCTIONTHE“UPSTREAM“,GASANDPOWER,REFININGANDMARKETINGTHE“DOWNSTREAM“,CHEMICALS,ANDTRADINGANDSHIPPINGSHELLHASOPERATIONSINOVER140COUNTRIESEDITOILANDGASRELATEDACTIVITIESSHELLSPRIMARYBUSINESSISTHEMANAGEMENTOFAVERTICALLYINTEGRATEDOILCOMPANYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTECHNICALANDCOMMERCIALEXPERTISEINALLSTAGESOFTHISVERTICALINTEGRATION,FROMTHEINITIALSEARCHFOROILEXPLORATIONTHROUGHITSHARVESTINGPRODUCTION,TRANSPORTATION,REFININGANDFINALLYTRADINGANDMARKETINGESTABLISHEDTHECORECOMPETENCIESONWHICHTHECOMPANYWASFOUNDEDSIMILARCOMPETENCIESWEREREQUIREDFORNATURALGAS,WHICHHASBECOMEONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTBUSINESSESINWHICHSHELLISINVOLVED,ANDWHICHCONTRIBUTESASIGNIFICANTPROPORTIONOFTHECOMPANYSPROFITSWHILETHEVERTICALLYINTEGRATEDBUSINESSMODELPROVIDEDSIGNIFICANTECONOMIESOFSCALEANDBARRIERSTOENTRY,EACHBUSINESSNOWSEEKSTOBEASELFSUPPORTINGUNITWITHOUTSUBSIDIESFROMOTHERPARTSOFTHECOMPANYTRADITIONALLY,SHELLWASAHEAVILYDECENTRALISEDBUSINESSWORLDWIDEESPECIALLYINTHEDOWNSTREAMWITHCOMPANIESINOVER100COUNTRIES,EACHOFWHICHOPERATEDWITHAHIGHDEGREEOFINDEPENDENCETHEUPSTREAMTENDEDTOBEFARMORECENTRALISEDWITHMUCHOFTHETECHNICALANDFINANCIALDIRECTIONCOMINGFROMTHECENTRALOFFICESINTHEHAGUENEVERTHELESSTHEREWEREVERYLARGE“EXPLORATIONANDPRODUCTION“COMPANIESINASMALLNUMBEROFMAJOROILANDGASPRODUCTIONCENTRESSUCHASTHEUNITEDKINGDOMSHELLEXPRO,AJOINTVENTUREWITHEXXON,NIGERIA,BRUNEI,ANDOMANDOWNSTREAMOPERATIONS,WHICHNOWALSOINCLUDESTHECHEMICALSBUSINESS,GENERATESATHIRDOFSHELLSPROFITSWORLDWIDEANDISKNOWNITSGLOBALNETWORKOFMORETHAN40,000PETROLSTATIONSANDITS47OILREFINERIESTHEDOWNSTREAMBUSINESS,WHICHINSOMECOUNTRIESALSOINCLUDEDOILREFINING,GENERALLYINCLUDEDARETAILPETROLSTATIONNETWORK,LUBRICANTSMANUFACTUREANDMARKETING,INDUSTRIALFUELANDLUBRICANTSSALESANDAHOSTOFOTHERPRODUCT/MARKETSECTORSSUCHASLPGANDBITUMENTHEPRACTICEINSHELLWASTHATTHESEBUSINESSESWEREESSENTIALLYLOCALANDTHATTHEYWEREBESTMANAGEDBYLOCAL“OPERATINGCOMPANIES“OFTENWITHMIDDLEANDSENIORMANAGEMENTREINFORCEDBYEXPATRIATESINTHE1990S,THISPARADIGMBEGANTOCHANGE,ANDTHEINDEPENDENCEOFOPERATINGCOMPANIESAROUNDTHEWORLDWASGRADUALLYREDUCEDTODAY,VIRTUALLYALLOFSHELLSOPERATIONSINVARIOUSBUSINESSESAREMUCHMOREDIRECTLYMANAGEDFROMLONDONANDTHEHAGUETHEAUTONOMYOF“OPERATINGCOMPANIES”HASBEENLARGELYREMOVED,ASMORE“GLOBALBUSINESSES“HAVEBEENCREATED2EXXONMOBILFROMWIKIPEDIA,THEFREEENCYCLOPEDIAJUMPTONAVIGATION,SEARCHFOROTHERUSES,SEEEXONDISAMBIGUATIONEXXONM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