关于土工合成材料在水利工程中的应用及其施工方法研究中英文对照

关于土工合成材料在水利工程中的应用及其施工方法研究中英文对照ABOUTGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSAPPLICATIONINWATERCONSERVANCYPROJECTANDITSCONSTRUCTIONMETHODTOSTUDYCHINESEANDENGLISHLANGUAGECOMPARED工程中为了起到保护或加强土体的作用一般将土工合成材料置于土体表层或各层土体之间。土工合成材料具有防渗、排水、反滤、防护、加筋和隔离等功能，如今在水利工程中，其规模与作用是其他工程领域无法比拟的。就目前来说，土工合成材料是继木材、钢材与水泥之后的第四种建筑材料。本文主要分析了土工合成材料的施工技术和土工合成材料在工程施工中的应用。PROJECTSINORDERTOPROTECTORENHANCETHEROLEOFTHEGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSAREPLACEDINTHESOILOFSOILSURFACELAYERORBETWEENTHELAYERSOFSOILGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSHASTHESEEPAGECONTROLANDDRAINAGE,FILTER,THEFUNCTIONSUCHASPROTECTION,REINFORCEMENTANDISOLATION,NOWINWATERCONSERVANCYPROJECT,ITSSIZEANDFUNCTIONISUNMATCHEDBYOTHERENGINEERINGFIELDFORNOW,GEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSISTHEFOURTHAFTERWOOD,STEELANDCEMENTBUILDINGMATERIALSTHISARTICLEMAINLYANALYZESTHECONSTRUCTIONTECHNOLOGYOFGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSANDGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSINTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTION1土工合成材料的分类1THECLASSIFICATIONOFTHEGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALS土工合成材料的主要原料有聚乙烯、聚丙烯以及聚氯乙烯等高分子聚合物，主要分为土工织物、土工膜、土工符合材料以及土工特种材料。在近几年的水利工程中土工织物、土工膜以及土工复合材料的使用相对较多。土工织物分为有纺土工织物和无纺土工织物两种类型，在大坝工程中通常使用针刺无纺土工织物作为配水反滤设施，主要是它具有空隙率高、渗透性大以及排水性好的优点。土工膜具有很好的防渗性能，并且价格便宜。但是由于其CBR的顶破强度较弱，因此不适用于防渗要求较高的工程部位。由于土工复合材料将两种或两种以上的土工合成材料组合成了一种产品，不但品种繁多、功能各异，并且还具有防渗和排水两个作用，因此，在大坝工程中土工复合材料应用相对较多。THEMAINRAWMATERIALOFGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSHASTHEPOLYMERSSUCHASPOLYETHYLENE,POLYPROPYLENEANDPVC,MAINLYDIVIDEDINTOGEOTEXTILES,GEOMEMBRANE,GEOTEXTILECOMPOSITEMATERIALANDGEOTECHNICALSPECIALTYMATERIALSINWATERCONSERVANCYENGINEERINGINRECENTYEARSTOGEOTEXTILES,USEOFGEOMEMBRANEANDGEOTECHNICALCOMPOSITEMATERIALISRELATIVELYMOREGEOTEXTILES,DIVIDEDINTOTWOTYPESOFWOVENGEOTEXTILESANDNONWOVENGEOTEXTILES,USUALLYUSEDINDAMACUPUNCTURENONWOVENGEOTEXTILES,USEDASWATERFILTERFACILITIES,MAJORISTHATITHASHIGHPOROSITY,PERMEABILITYANDTHEADVANTAGESOFGOODDRAINAGEGEOMEMBRANEHASTHEVERYGOODANTISEEPAGEPERFORMANCE,ANDCHEAPERPRICESBUTBECAUSEOFTHECBRBURSTINGSTRENGTHISWEAK,SONOTMEETINGTHEREQUIREMENTSOFANTISEEPAGEENGINEERINGPARTSDUETOGEOTECHNICALCOMPOSITEMATERIALWILLTWOORMORETHANTWOKINDSOFCOMBINATIONOFGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSHASBECOMEAKINDOFPRODUCT,NOTONLYMANYVARIETIES,DIFFERENTFUNCTION,ANDALSOHAVEANTISEEPAGEANDDRAINAGETWOEFFECT,THEREFORE,GEOTECHNICALCOMPOSITEMATERIALAPPLICATIONINDAMPROJECTMORE2土工合成材科在水利工程方面的具体应用及其施工2GEOTECHNICALORTIMBERSECTIONINWATERCONSERVANCYENGINEERINGASPECTSOFTHESPECIFICAPPLICATIONANDCONSTRUCTION21混凝土坝防渗方面的应用垂直铺膜防渗和坡面铺膜防渗是防渗土工合成材料应用的两大方面，其施工工艺和铺设工艺由于其铺设结构形式的不同也不一样。土工材料经常受到尖棱物的穿刺而被破坏；土工薄膜在承受水压力和土压力的情况下由于没有约束支持而被鼓破；薄膜在下层气体或液体的顶托作用下产生应力集中而被破坏；铺设在支撑土与混凝土面板之间的土工薄膜由于受到温度、重力、土体位移、浪击和水位变化等因素的影响而导致土工薄膜产生过度拉伸，撕裂或擦伤；在斜面上用土或混凝土面板保护土工薄膜，当水位骤降时，土体中的孔隙水压力和库水位失去平衡而造成失稳滑动。在施工过程中为了有效的避免或减少类似问题的发生一定要按照施工规范和施工组织设计进行施工以保证施工质量。21CONCRETEDAMSEEPAGECONTROLAPPLICATIONSOFVERTICALLYLAYINGOUTLEAKAGEPROOFSLOPESEEPAGECONTROLANDSPREADOFMEMBRANEISIMPERVIOUS,THETWOASPECTSOFTHEAPPLICATIONOFGEOSYNTHETICMATERIALSITSCONSTRUCTIONPROCESSANDTHELAYINGPROCESSBECAUSEOFITSDIFFERENTLAYINGSTRUCTUREISDIFFERENTALSOGEOTECHNICALMATERIALISOFTENSHARPOBJECTSHAVEBEENDESTROYEDBYTHEPIERCINGEARTHWORKFILMINTHECASEOFUNDERWATERPRESSUREANDEARTHPRESSUREDUETONOCONSTRAINTSUPPORTBEBROKENDRUMTHINFILMINTHELOWERGASORLIQUIDUNDERTHEACTIONOFJACKINGHAVEBEENDESTROYEDBYTHESTRESSCONCENTRATIONLAIDBETWEENTHESUPPORTINGSOILANDCONCRETEFACEOFEARTHWORKFILMDUETOTEMPERATURE,GRAVITYWAVE,DISPLACEMENTOFSOIL,ANDWATERLEVELCHANGECAUSEDBYTHEINFLUENCEOFSUCHFACTORSASEARTHWORKFILMHAVEEXCESSIVETENSILE,TEARORSCRATCHEARTHORCONCRETEONTHESLOPEGEOTECHNICALMEMBRANEPANELPROTECTION,WHENWATERLEVELSDROP,THEPOREWATERPRESSUREINSOILANDWATERLOSINGBALANCEANDCAUSEINSTABILITYSLIDINGINCONSTRUCTIONPROCESSINORDERTOEFFECTIVELYAVOIDORREDUCETHEOCCURRENCEOFSIMILARPROBLEMSMUSTBECARRIEDOUTINACCORDANCEWITHTHECONSTRUCTIONSTANDARDANDCONSTRUCTIONORGANIZATIONDESIGNCONSTRUCTIONTOENSURECONSTRUCTIONQUALITY在防渗结构中设置上下垫层以保护土工膜不受破坏，并且下垫层还具有排水和排气的作用。铺设土工膜以后，由于土中排出的气体或产生的沼气过多就会顶托土工膜而造成土工膜的破坏，而膜下也会因为缺陷引发渗漏而产生积水，因此，为了有效的减少土工膜的破坏程度，尤其铺筑膜的面积加大时一定要考虑排水以及排气等措施。SETUPANDDOWNINTHEANTISEEPAGESTRUCTURECUSHIONTOPROTECTTHEGEOMEMBRANEARENOTDESTROYED,ANDTHECUSHIONLAYERHASDRAINAGEANDEXHAUSTAFTERLAYINGGEOMEMBRANE,BIOGASGENERATEDFROMTHEVENTGASDUETOSOILORTOOMUCHWILLJACKINGGEOMEMBRANEANDCAUSETHEDESTRUCTIONOFTHEGEOMEMBRANE,THEFILMWILLBEPRODUCEDBECAUSEOFTHEDEFECTSCAUSEDBYLEAKAGEUNDERWATER,THEREFORE,INORDERTOEFFECTIVELYREDUCETHEDAMAGEDEGREEOFGEOMEMBRANE,ESPECIALLYTHEAREAOFTHEPAVINGMEMBRANEINCREASEMUSTBECONSIDEREDWHENDRAINAGEANDEXHAUSTANDOTHERMEASURES（防渗设计与施工）DESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFSEEPAGECONTROL有毒物质进入水体不但会污染环境，更会危机人畜的生命，根据多年的经验，渠道的防渗土工膜厚度不应小于025MM。如果土工膜太薄不仅容易发生气孔，在施工中也容易受到损害，从而降低防渗效果。由于隧道、洞室的围岩（土）都有渗水，因此为了确保防渗衬砌工作安全进行，必须将渗水通过排水沟排走，这时主要使用复合土工膜或合适的防排水材料。TOXICSUBSTANCESINTOTHEWATERWILLNOTONLYPOLLUTETHEENVIRONMENT,WILLTHECRISISOFHUMANANDANIMALLIFE,ACCORDINGTOMANYYEARSOFEXPERIENCE,CHANNELANTISEEPAGEGEOMEMBRANETHICKNESSSHOULDNOTLESSTHAN025MMIFTHEGEOMEMBRANEISTOOTHINISNOTONLYEASYTOPOROSITY,AREALSOSUSCEPTIBLETODAMAGEINTHECONSTRUCTION,THUSREDUCINGSEEPAGECONTROLEFFECTDUETOTHETUNNEL,THECAVERNSURROUNDINGROCKSOILHASOOZEWATER,THUSTOENSURETHESAFETYOFTHEANTISEEPAGELININGWORK,MUSTBEDISCHARGEDWATERPENETRATIONTHROUGHDRAINAGEANDTHENMAINLYUSETHEWATERPROOFANDDRAINAGEOFCOMPOUNDGEOMEMBRANEORSUITABLEMATERIALS22堆石坝防渗中的应用白云水库大坝为粉土斜墙堆石坝，而坝体是经过两次填筑而成的。由于当时筑坝技术较低并且碾压质量差，因此，斜墙的密实度较差，部分地段出现了较大程度的透水。在内坝坡右侧距坝轴约512M间段中产生了渗透破坏变形，坝体出现了塌陷（长10M，宽8M），虽然后来对此段进行了相应的处理，但是斜墙部位和反滤料质量较差的部分由于没有处理仍然存在着不安全隐患。经过水文地质试验，粘土斜墙部位的透水性已经超过了规程的要求值。22THEAPPLICATIONOFTHEROCKFILLDAMANTISEEPAGEBAIYUNRESERVOIRDAMFORSILTINCLINEDWALLROCKFILLDAM,THEDAMISAFTERTWOFILLINGDUETOLOWERTHEDAMMINGTECHNOLOGYANDROLLINGQUALITYISPOOR,THEREFORE,THECOMPACTNESSOFINCLINEDWALLISPOORER,SECTIONSOFTHELARGERDEGREEOFFLOODING,DAMSLOPEONTHERIGHTSIDEOFABOUT512MDAMAXIS,THESEEPAGEFAILUREPRODUCEDINTHEPERIODBETWEENTHEDEFORMATIONANDDAMINTHECOLLAPSE10MLONG,8MWIDE,ALTHOUGHLATERINTHISSECTIONOFTHECORRESPONDINGPROCESSING,BUTINCLINEDWALLPARTANDTHEPARTOFTHEFILTERMATERIALPOORQUALITYSINCETHEREISNOTREATMENTISSTILLNOTSAFEHIDDENTROUBLETHROUGHHYDROGEOLOGICALTEST,THEPERMEABILITYOFCLAYINCLINEDWALLPARTSISMORETHANTHEVALUEOFCODEREQUIREMENTS（处理方案选择及施工）TREATMENTSCHEMESELECTIONANDCONSTRUCTION在处理大坝病险中先后提出过四种处理方案，分别为换土重做粘土斜墙、就地翻压处理、复合土工膜防渗以及灌浆。由于复合土工膜具有防渗性能好、应变形能力强以及施工方便等优点，在结合工程的实际情况以及透水性超过规程规定的要求值等选择复合土工膜防渗铺盖方案进行处理。INTHEPROCESSOFDAMSEEPAGEPATHHASPROPOSEDFOURKINDSOFTREATMENTSCHEME,REDOINSOILCLAYINCLINEDWALLRESPECTIVELY,INTURNPRESSUREPROCESSING,COMPOSITEGEOMEMBRANEANTISEEPAGEANDGROUTINGDUETOTHEDEFORMATIONOFCOMPOSITEGEOMEMBRANEINSEEPAGECONTROLPERFORMANCEISGOOD,SHOULDBESTRONGABILITYASWELLASTHEADVANTAGESOFCONVENIENTCONSTRUCTION,INCOMBINATIONWITHTHEACTUALSITUATIONOFENGINEERINGANDWATERPERMEABILITYTHANTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHERULESOFVALUECHOICEOFCOMPOSITEGEOMEMBRANEIMPERVIOUSBLANKETSOLUTIONFORPROCESSING为了不影响水库正常蓄水，土工膜的施工安排在第二年3月初5月底进行，总工期92天。主要施工步骤是拆除原护坡石基础开挖铺膜坝面开挖清理并夯实防滑槽开挖周边接合槽开挖铺下垫层土工膜铺设、薄膜连接铺上垫层回填防滑槽及保护层周边接合槽回填铺反滤过渡层护坡支砌检查验收。INORDERNOTTOAFFECTTHENORMALWATERSTORAGERESERVOIRS,CONSTRUCTIONOFGEOMEMBRANEARRANGEMENTINTHESECONDYEARINEARLYMARCHTOTHEENDOFMAY,TOTALDURATIONOF92DAYSMAINCONSTRUCTIONPROCEDUREISTHEDEMOLITIONOFTHEORIGINALSTONESLOPEPROTECTIONFOUNDATIONEXCAVATIONMEMBRANEDAMSURFACECLEANANDRAMMINGTOANTISKIDGROOVEEXCAVATION,EXCAVATIONPERIPHERALJOINTGROOVEEXCAVATIONTOLAYTHECUSHION,GEOMEMBRANELAYING,FILMCONNECTEDTOTHECUSHIONONTHESHOP,BACKFILLANTISKIDSLOTANDPROTECTIVELAYERPERIPHERALJOINTGROOVEBACKFILLTOFILTERTHETRANSITIONALLAYER,BUILDBYLAYINGBRICKSORSTONESINSPECTIONACCEPTANCEOFSLOPEPROTECTION23加筋土挡墙的应用极限平衡法和有限元法是目前加筋土挡墙设计的两种类型。由于不能够准确协调的建立紧材和填土两者之间的本构关系，而加筋土挡墙采用的筋材有两种，因其抗拉模量不同并缺乏破坏准则，工程中几乎都采用极限平衡法。而有限元法仅作为一种辅助的对比方法。23THEAPPLICATIONOFREINFORCEDSOILRETAININGWALLLIMITEQUILIBRIUMMETHODANDFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMARETHETWOTYPESOFREINFORCEDSOILRETAININGWALLDESIGNBECAUSECANTACCURATECOORDINATETHEESTABLISHMENTOFATIGHTMATERIALFILLINGANDTHECONSTITUTIVERELATIONBETWEENTHETWO,ANDTHEREARETWOKINDSOFREINFORCEDSOILRETAININGWALLUSINGREINFORCEMENTMATERIALS,BECAUSEOFITSDIFFERENTTENSILEMODULUSANDFAILURECRITERION,THELACKOFALMOSTALLTHELIMITEQUILIBRIUMMETHODISADOPTEDINENGINEERINGTHEFINITEELEMENTMETHODFEMONLYASAKINDOFAUXILIARYCONTRASTMETHOD（加筋土垫层设计与施工）DESIGNANDCONSTRUCTIONOFREINFORCEDCUSHION采用圆弧法计算加筋垫层的抗深层滑动，根据实践我们看出提高的稳定平安系数较小，表明现有的稳定分析方法不能反映筋材起到的全部作用。相关研究认为，潜在的滑动面在加筋后可能会往深处发展，受到局部限制以及地基中应力分布的变化，地基土的侧向位移也会发生相应变化，但在计算中没有计入这些有利因素，因此分析方法有待改进。REINFORCEDCUSHIONISOBTAINEDBYUSINGTHECIRCULARARCMETHODOFDEEPSLIDINGRESISTANCE,ACCORDINGTOTHEPRACTICEWESEETHATIMPROVINGTHESTABILITYOFTHESAFECOEFFICIENTISSMALL,SHOWSTHATTHESTABILITYOFTHEEXISTINGANALYSISMETHODCANTREFLECTALLTHEREINFORCEMENTMATERIALRELATEDRESEARCHTHINKS,THEPOTENTIALSLIPSURFACEAFTERREINFORCEMENTMAYBEDEEPERDEVELOPMENT,AFFECTEDBYTHECHANGESOFSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONINLOCALCONSTRAINTSANDFOUNDATION,THELATERALDISPLACEMENTOFFOUNDATIONSOILWILLHAVECORRESPONDINGCHANGE,BUTNOTINCLUDEDINTHESEFAVORABLEFACTORSINTHECALCULATION,SOTHEMETHODNEEDSTOBEIMPROVED24反滤方面的应用在水利工程中一定要注意水土流失的问题，如果土粒过量的流失就会造成管涌和流土破坏，当土中的水从细粒土流向粗粒土或从土内向外溢出的时候，如果没有反滤层的保护，土粒就会随着水流的作用被带出土体以外。传统的反滤材料采用的是砂砾粒，由于砂砾的粒径不同一般要分23层进行铺设，因此施工工艺相对而言比较复杂。工程上经常采用土工织物代替传统的颗粒层，主要是由于两者的过滤功能是一样的。在地下水的渗流作用下，采用土工织物不但有效的防止了土颗粒过量流失而造成的破坏，同时还能达到顺利排泄水流的效果，有效的避免了由于孔隙水压升高而造成的土体失稳。24FILTERAPPLICATIONSINWATERCONSERVANCYENGINEERINGMUSTPAYATTENTIONTOTHEPROBLEMOFSOILEROSION,IFSOILGRAINLOSSWILLCAUSEEXCESSIVEPIPINGANDFLOWSOILDAMAGE,WHENTHEWATERINTHESOILFINEGRAINTOCOARSEGRAINEDSOILORINTROVERTEDSPILLINTHESOIL,WITHOUTTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEFILTERLAYER,SOILPARTICLESWILLBEASTHEROLEOFWATERISOUTOFTHESOILWITHTRADITIONALFILTERMATERIALUSEDSANDGRAIN,DUETODIFFERENTPARTICLESIZEOFGRAVELINGENERALHAVETOBELAID23LAYERS,THEREFORETHECONSTRUCTIONPROCESSISRELATIVELYCOMPLEXFREQUENTLYUSEDINENGINEERINGOFGEOTEXTILES,INSTEADOFTHETRADITIONALPARTICLELAYERISMAINLYDUETOTHEFILTERFUNCTIONOFTHETWOISTHESAMEUNDERTHEEFFECTOFGROUNDWATERSEEPAGE,ADOPTINGGEOTEXTIL