防火安全矩阵 （给排水专业毕业设计中英文对照）

本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目THEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGS文献、资料来源著作文献、资料出版日期2001院（部）市政与环境工程学院专业给水排水工程班级姓名学号指导教师翻译日期20086外文文献THEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGS13FIRESAFETYMATRIXTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHISFIRESAFETYMATRIXISTOPROVIDEAGUIDEFORTHEFIREENGINEERINGDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGSTHEMATRIXISONLYINTENDEDFORGUIDANCEANDANAPPROPRIATELYQUALIFIEDFIRESAFETYENGINEERSHOULDVERIFYTHEFINALDESIGNTHETHREEMAINFIRESCENARIOSTHATSHOULDBECONSIDEREDINTHEDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGSAREASMOULDERINGFIREINANAPARTMENT,AFLAMINGFIREINANAPARTMENTANDAFIREINCOMMONSPACESIESTAIRSANDCORRIDORSIRRESPECTIVEOFTHEBUILDINGANDOCCUPANTCHARACTERISTICS,SOMEMINIMALFIRESAFETYMEASURESSHOULDBEIMPLEMENTEDINALLAPARTMENTSTHEFOLLOWINGISALISTOFESSENTIALFIRESAFETYMEASURESTHATSHOULDBEPROVIDEDINALLAPARTMENTBUILDINGSSMOKEDETECTORSHEATING,VENTILATIONANDAIRCONDITIONINGHVACSYSTEMTOSHUTDOWNONFIREALARMA30MINUTEMINIMUMFIRERESISTANCEBETWEENAPARTMENTS,VERTICALSHAFTSANDFLOORS131EMERGENCYSTRATEGYBRIEFDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEEMERGENCYSTRATEGY,OREMERGENCYPLANSUSEDINTHEMATRIXAREPROVIDEDBELOWEVACUATIONONALARMALLOCCUPANTSEVACUATETHEBUILDINGNONEVACUATIONOCCUPANTSINTHEROOMOFFIREORIGINEVACUATETHEBUILDINGOTHEROCCUPANTSREMAININTHEIRROOMS,WAITINGFORFIREBRIGADEASSISTANCEANDADVICE,ANDCARRYOUTPROTECTINPLACEACTIVITIESSTAGEDEVACUATIONOCCUPANTSINTHEROOMOFFIREORIGINANDONTHEFIREFLOOREVACUATEFIRSTTHEREMAININGOCCUPANTSAREDIRECTEDTOEVACUATEAUTOMATICALLYINTHEFOLLOWINGSEQUENCEUNTILTHEFIREBRIGADEINTERVENESOCCUPANTSIMMEDIATELYABOVETHEFIREFLOOREVACUATEAFTERTHOSEONTHEFIREFLOOR,FOLLOWEDBYTHEFLOORSABOVEOCCUPANTSONLEVELSBELOWTHEFIREFLOORAREEVACUATEDLASTFIREBRIGADEINTERVENTIONCANALTERTHESEQUENCEOFEVACUATION,ORHALTTHEEVACUATIONINRESPONSETOCURRENTCONDITIONSORANYCHANGES132OCCUPANTSATRISKFORTHETHREEFIRESCENARIOSANDTHETHREEEMERGENCYSTRATEGIES,THEFOLLOWINGMATRIXOUTLINESTHEOCCUPANTSTHATAREMOSTATRISK133MATRIXVARIABLESTHEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGSCONSISTSOFNUMEROUSVARIABLESANDINTERDEPENDENCIESTHESEVARIABLESHAVETOBECONSIDEREDCONCURRENTLYTOPROVIDETHEMOSTEFFECTIVEDESIGNTHESELECTIONOFFIRESAFETYMEASURESINMANYCASESRESULTSINATRADEOFFBETWEENVARIOUSALTERNATIVESFOREXAMPLE,SPRINKLERPROTECTIONCANPERMITAREDUCTIONINFIRERESISTANCERATINGREQUIREDFORBUILDINGSANDMAYALLOWEXTENDEDTRAVELDISTANCESTHESETRADEOFFSANDINTERRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENFIRESAFETYMEASURESNEEDTOBECONSIDEREDTOOBTAINTHEMOSTEFFICIENTANDEFFECTIVEFIRESAFETYDESIGNTABLE14LISTSSOMEOFTHEFIRESAFETYMEASURESTHATSHOULDBECONSIDEREDFORAPARTMENTBUILDINGSTHEVARIABLESPRESENTEDARENOTACOMPREHENSIVELIST,ANDOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESMAYBEMOREAPPROPRIATEFORMORECOMPLEXDESIGNSTABLE14MATRIXVARIABLES134BUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MTHEFIRESAFETYMATRIXFORBUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MHIGHISPRESENTEDINTABLE15THEMATRIXPROVIDESTHERECOMMENDEDFIRESAFETYMEASURESFORAPARTMENTBUILDINGSWITHRESPECTTOSPRINKLERPROTECTIONANDTHEEMERGENCYSTRATEGYTHEMATRIXPROVIDESASIMPLEMETHODOFDETERMININGSOMEOFTHEMINIMUMFIRESAFETYREQUIREMENTSOFANAPARTMENTBUILDINGITCANALSOBEUSEDTOEVALUATEWHICHTYPEOFEMERGENCYSTRATEGYWOULDBEMOSTEFFECTIVE,ORWHENSPRINKLERSWOULDBEBENEFICIALGIVENCERTAINBUILDINGCONDITIONSTHEJUSTIFICATIONOFTHERECOMMENDEDFIRESAFETYMEASURESISPVIDEDINSECTION141TABLE15FIRESAFETYMATRIXBUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MTHEABOVEMATRIXAREDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEATLEASTTWOLEVELSOFPROTECTIONFORTHEOCCUPANTSASTHEBUILDINGHEIGHTINCREASES,THENUMBEROFFIREPROTECTIONMEASURESALSOINCREASESTOPROVIDEADDITIONALLEVELSOFPROTECTIONANDMAINTAINTHELEVELOFSAFETYFORTHEOCCUPANTSTABLE16SUMMARISESTHEOCCUPANTSWHOAREMOSTATRISKANDTHELEVELSOFFIRESAFETYPROVIDEDBYTHEABOVEFIRESAFETYMATRIXTABLE17PROVIDESTHECELLKEYFORIDENTIFYINGTHEDESIGNATEDCELLSINTABLE16THISKEYREMAINSTHESAMEFORALLCASESPRESENTEDTABLE16LEVELSOFFIRESAFETYBUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MTABLE17CELLKEY135BUILDINGSGREATERTHANTHREESTOREYSANDLESSTHAN25MTHEFIRESAFETYMATRIXFORBUILDINGSGREATERTHANTHREESTORIESANDLESSTHAN25MHIGHISPRESENTEDINTABLE18THEJUSTIFICATIONOFTHERECOMMENDEDFIRESAFETYMEASURESISPROVIDEDINSECTION142TABLE18FIRESAFETYMATRIXBUILDINGSGREATERTHANTHREESTOREYSANDLESSTHAN25MTABLE19LEVELSOFFIRESAFETYBUILDINGSGREATERTHANTHREESTOREYSANDLESSTHAN25M136BUILDINGSLESSTHANTHREESTOREYSTHEFIRESAFETYMATRIXFORBUILDINGSLESSTHANTHREESTORIESISPRESENTEDINTABLE20THEJUSTIFICATIONOFTHERECOMMENDEDFIRESAFETYMEASURESISPROVIDEDINSECTION143TABLE20FIRESAFETYMATRIXBUILDINGSLESSTHANTHREESTOREYSTABLE21LEVELSOFFIRESAFETYBUILDINGSLESSTHANTHREESTOREYS14DISCUSSIONOFFIRESAFETYMATRIXTHEFIRESAFETYMATRIXCONSIDERSTHEBUILDINGHEIGHT,SPRINKLERPROTECTIONANDTHEEMERGENCYSTRATEGYASTHEPRIMARYVARIABLESTHISISDUETOTHEHIGHINFLUENCETHATTHEINTERACTIONSOFTHESEVARIABLESHAVEONOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESINADDITIONTOTHIS,THEFIREENGINEERCANSPECIFYTHEEMERGENCYSTRATEGYANDSPRINKLERPROTECTIONFORTHEBUILDINGTHATWILLPROVIDEFLEXIBILITYTOTHEMATRIXTHEREFOREONCETHEEXTENTOFTHESETHREEVARIABLESHASBEENDETERMINEDTHEREMAININGFIRESAFETYSYSTEMSCANBESELECTEDTOSUITTHEBUILDINGTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEFIRESAFETYRECOMMENDATIONSISTOADDRESSKEYISSUESTHATRESULTFROMAGIVENSETOFBUILDINGCHARACTERISTICS,WHILEPROVIDINGMULTIPLELEVELSOFPROTECTIONFOROCCUPANTSINTHEEVENTOFAFIRETHISPROVIDESABACKUPORREDUNDANCYINTHEDESIGNINTHEEVENTOFONEPARTOFTHESYSTEMFAILINGFOREXAMPLE,IFTHESPRINKLERSYSTEMFAILSTHEOCCUPANTSWILLBEPROTECTEDWITHPASSIVEPROTECTIONANDSMOKECONTROLSYSTEMSTHEFOLLOWINGSECTIONSDISCUSSTHETHREEBUILDINGHEIGHTLIMITSWITHRESPECTTOTHEFIRESAFETYMEASURESTHATHAVEBEENRECOMMENDEDTHESTAGEDEVACUATIONSTRATEGYHASNOTBEENDISCUSSEDSEPARATELYASITISACOMBINATIONOFTHEOTHERTWOSTRATEGIESANDTHESAMEFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESAPPLY141BUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MINHEIGHTONCEBUILDINGSEXCEED25MINHEIGHT,THEABILITYOFTHEFIREBRIGADETORESCUEOCCUPANTSEXTERNALLYBECOMESLIMITEDTHEREFORE,AHIGHERLEVELOFFIRESAFETYNEEDSTOBEPROVIDEDTOTHESTAIRSANDESCAPEPATHSEMERGENCYLIFTSAREALSOCONSIDEREDANOPTIONTOPROVIDERAPIDACCESSFORTHEFIREBRIGADEANDEGRESSFORDISABLEDOCCUPANTSASBUILDINGSBECOMETALLERTHELEVELOFFIREPROTECTIONNEEDSTOINCREASETHISISDUETOFURTHERTRAVELDISTANCES,RESULTINGINAHIGHERCHANCEOFEXPOSURETOFIREANDFIREPRODUCTS,ANDLONGEREXPOSURETIMETHEREDUCEDABILITYOFTHEFIREBRIGADETORESCUEPEOPLEEXTERNALLYTHEINCREASEDTIMEFORTHEFIREBRIGADETOREACHUPPERLEVELSMOREOCCUPANTS,RESULTINGINAHIGHERRISKOFINJURYANDDEATHSTHEREISAGREATERVARIABILITYINOCCUPANTABILITIESANDHUMANBEHAVIOUR,DUETOTHEGREATERNUMBEROFOCCUPANTSTHEREAREMORESOURCESOFIGNITIONANDFIRE1411EVACUATIONINBUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MANEVACUATIONSTRATEGYRELIESONTHEPROTECTIONOFEGRESSPATHS,ASWELLASTHEPROTECTIONOFOCCUPANTSINTHEIRAPARTMENTSBEFOREEVACUATIONTHEPROTECTIONOFEGRESSPATHSISCRITICALTOENSUREOCCUPANTSARENOTEVACUATINGTHROUGHUNTENABLECONDITIONSINBUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MHIGH,EGRESSDISTANCESCANBECONSIDERABLEANDTHEREFORE,THETIMEOCCUPANTSSPENDINESCAPEPATHSCANBESIGNIFICANTINASPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDING,PROTECTIONISPROVIDEDBY1THESPRINKLERSYSTEMTHESPRINKLERSWILLACTIVATEANDEXTINGUISHORCONTROLTHEFIRE,REDUCINGTHETHREATTOOCCUPANTS2COMPARTMENTATIONANDMECHANICALSYSTEMSROOMS,CORRIDORSANDSTAIRSHAFTSARERECOMMENDEDTOHAVEAFRROFATLEAST30MINUTESTHISWILLCONTAINTHEFIREINTHEROOMOFORIGINANDPROTECTOCCUPANTSBEFOREANDDURINGEGRESSSELFCLOSERSPROVIDEDONDOORSARETOENSURETHEFIREDOESNOTSPREADTOTHECORRIDORTHESTAIRSARETOBEPRESSURISEDTOLIMITSMOKESPREAD,PROVIDEAPARTIALSAFEEGRESSPATHSANDPROVIDEASMOKEFREEAREAFORTHEFIREBRIGADE3THEFINALLEVELOFPROTECTIONISTHEFIREBRIGADETHEFIREBRIGADESROLEWOULDBETOASSISTANYREMAININGOCCUPANTSANDEXTINGUISHTHEFIREACONNECTIONNTOTHEFIREBRIGADEWILLBEPROVIDEDTOACHIEVEAFASTERRESPONSEINANONSPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHESYSTEMSOFPROTECTIONARE2AND3,ASLISTEDABOVE,HOWEVERTHEFOLLOWINGOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESWILLBEINTRODUCEDTOINCREASETHELEVELOFPROTECTION1ANINCREASEDFRRTO60MINUTESMINIMUMTHISISTOPROVIDEADDITIONALTIMEFOROCCUPANTEVACUATIONANDFIREBRIGADEINTERVENTIONIFOCCUPANTSCHOOSETOSTAYINTHEIRAPARTMENTSTHEINCREASEDFRRWILLPROVIDEAHIGHERLEVELOFPROTECTION2CONNECTIONTOTHEFIREBRIGADETOENSUREAFASTERRESPONSEBYTHEBRIGADETOAFIRE3EMERGENCYLIFTSTOAIDEGRESSANDFIREBRIGADEACCESS4ZONEDSMOKECONTROLSYSTEMTHISISTOENSURESMOKESPREADTHROUGHTHEBUILDINGISMINIMISEDTHISSHOULDINCLUDESTAIRANDCORRIDORPRESSURISATIONTOREDUCETHECHANCEOFSMOKESPREADINTOTHEESCAPEPATHS5LIFTANDSTAIRLOBBIESTOPROVIDEANADDITIONALBARRIERAGAINSTSMOKEANDANAREAWHEREOCCUPANTSCANWAITFORLIFTSORFURTHERINSTRUCTIONSTHESEAREASCANBEUSEDASREFUGEAREASOROTHERPRESSURISEDREFUGEAREASSHOULDBEPROVIDED6EMERGENCYWARNINGANDINTERCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMTHISWILLALLOWOCCUPANTSTOCOMMUNICATEWITHTHEFIREBRIGADEANDINFORMTHEMIFASSISTANCEISREQUIRED7ADDITIONALPROTECTEDSTAIRSORREDUCEDTRAVELDISTANCES,ASATRADEOFFFORTHELIMITEDABILITYOFTHEFIREBRIGADETOEXTERNALLYRESCUEOCCUPANTS1412NONEVACUATIONINBUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MANONEVACUATIONSTRATEGYRELIESONTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEOCCUPANTSINTHEIRAPARTMENTSTHEREISAGREATERRELIANCEONTHEFIREBRIGADETOEXTINGUISHTHEFIREANDASSISTOCCUPANTS,IFEVACUATIONISNECESSARY,DURINGANDAFTERTHEFIREISEXTINGUISHEDINASPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDING,PROTECTIONISPROVIDEDBY1THESPRINKLERSYSTEM2COMPARTMENTATIONANDMECHANICALSYSTEMSTHEROOMSARERECOMMENDEDTOHAVEAFRROFATLEAST60MINUTESANDTOPROTECTTHEOCCUPANTSTHEFIRERESISTANCERATINGSHOULDBEDESIGNEDSOCOMPLETEBURNOUTOFTHEAPARTMENTWILLNOTRESULTINFURTHERFIRESPREADSELFCLOSERSANDSMOKESEALSSHOULDBEPROVIDEDONALLDOORSOPENINGINTOCORRIDORSTHISISTOCONTAINTHEFIREINTHEAPARTMENTOFORIGINANDREDUCESMOKESPREADTOOTHERAPARTMENTSINTHEORY,THEREWILLBEATLEASTTWODOORSWITHSMOKESEALSBETWEENTHEFIREANDOCCUPANTS3THEFINALLEVELOFPROTECTIONISTHEFIREBRIGADETHEBUILDINGALARMSHOULDBECONNECTEDTOTHEFIREBRIGADETOREDUCETHERESPONSETIMEINANONSPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHESYSTEMSOFPROTECTIONARE2AND3,ASLISTEDABOVE,HOWEVERTHEFOLLOWINGOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESWILLBEINTRODUCEDTOINCREASETHELEVELOFPROTECTION1INCREASEFRRTO90MINUTESMINIMUMTHISISTOENSURECOMPLETEBURNOUTOCCURSBEFOREFURTHERFIRESPREAD2EMERGENCYLIFTSTOAIDEGRESSANDFIREBRIGADEACCESS3LIFTANDSTAIRLOBBIESTOPROVIDEPROTECTIONFORTHEFIREBRIGADE,ORAREASOFREFUGEIFOCCUPANTSCHOOSETOESCAPE4STAIRPRESSURISATIONTOPROVIDEASMOKEFREEPATHFORTHEFIREBRIGADE5EMERGENCYWARNINGANDINTERCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMTHISWILLALLOWOCCUPANTSTOCOMMUNICATEWITHTHEFIREBRIGADEANDINFORMTHEMOFANYASSISTANCETHATISREQUIREDITWILLALSOPROVIDEAMEANSFORTHEFIREBRIGADETOINSTRUCTTHEOCCUPANTS142BUILDINGSGREATERTHANTHREESTOREYSANDLESSTHAN25MBUILDINGSTHATAREGREATERTHANTHREESTOREYSANDLESSTHAN25M,HAVEDIFFERENTFIRESAFETYISSUESTHANBUILDINGSGREATERTHAN25MTHEMOSTNOTABLEOFTHESEISTHEFIREBRIGADEISABLETORESCUEOCCUPANTSANDFIGHTTHEFIREEXTERNALLY,PROVIDEDADEQUATEACCESSISPROVIDEDANDAWINDOWEXISTSTHETRAVELDISTANCESAREALSOREDUCED,DECREASINGTHETIMEFOROCCUPANTSTOEVACUATEANDTHEFIREBRIGADETOREACHTHEFIRETHETRANSFEROFINFORMATIONMAYALSOINCREASE,ASOCCUPANTSARERELATIVELYCLOSERTOGETHERTHISINCREASESTHEIRABILITYTOCOMMUNICATEWITHOTHEROCCUPANTSANDTOPERCEIVEVISUALANDAUDIBLECUES1421EVACUATIONINBUILDINGSGREATERTHANTHREESTOREYSANDLESSTHAN25MTHISEMERGENCYSTRATEGYRELIESONTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEEGRESSPATHSASWELLASTHEPROTECTIONOFTHEOCCUPANTSINTHEIRCOMPARTMENTSBEFORETHEYEVACUATETHEPROTECTIONOFTHEEGRESSPATHSISCRITICALTOENSUREOCCUPANTSARENOTEVACUATINGTHROUGHUNTENABLECONDITIONSEGRESSTRAVELDISTANCESARELESSANDTHEREFORE,THEDURATIONOFOCCUPANTEXPOSURETOSMOKEISREDUCEDINASPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDING,PROTECTIONISPROVIDEDBY1THESPRINKLERSYSTEM2COMPARTMENTATIONANDMECHANICALSYSTEMSTHEAPARTMENTS,CORRIDORSANDSTAIRSHAFTSARERECOMMENDEDTOHAVEAFRROFATLEAST30MINUTESTHISWILLPROTECTOCCUPANTSBEFOREANDDURINGEGRESSSELFCLOSERSANDSMOKESEALSSHOULDBEPROVIDEDONALLESCAPEPATHDOORS3THEFINALLEVELOFPROTECTIONISTHEFIREBRIGADEINANONSPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHELEVELSOFPROTECTIONARE2AND3,HOWEVERTHEFOLLOWINGOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESWILLBEINTRODUCEDTOINCREASETHELEVELOFPROTECTION1INCREASEFRRTOATLEAST60MINUTESTOALLOWTHECOMPLETEBURNOUTOFTHEAPARTMENTWITHOUTFIRESPREADINTOTHECORRIDORSORADJACENTROOMS2SELFCLOSERSONDOORSTOCONTAINTHEFIREANDSMOKESPREAD3REFUGEAREASINSTAIRSFORDISABLEDOCCUPANTS4STAIRLOBBIESTOPROVIDETWOSMOKEANDFIREBARRIERSFOROCCUPANTSINTHESTAIRREFUGEAREAS1422NONEVACUATIONINBUILDINGSGREATERTHANTHREESTOREYSANDLESSTHAN25MANONEVACUATIONSTRATEGYRELIESONPROTECTIONOFOCCUPANTSINTHEIRAPARTMENTSTHEREISAGREATERRELIANCEONTHEFIREBRIGADETOEXTINGUISHTHEFIREANDASSISTINTHEEVACUATIONAFTERTHEFIREISEXTINGUISHEDTHEFIREBRIGADECANRESCUEOCCUPANTSEXTERNALLYVIALADDERSANDFIGHTTHEFIREEXTERNALLYINASPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHELEVELSOFPROTECTIONARE1THESPRINKLERSYSTEM2COMPARTMENTATIONANDMECHANICALSYSTEMSTHEROOMSWILLHAVEARECOMMENDEDFRROFATLEAST60MINUTESTOPROTECTTHEOCCUPANTSTHEFIRERESISTANCERATINGSHOULDBEDESIGNEDSOTHATTHECOMPLETEBURNOUTOFTHEAPARTMENTWILLNOTRESULTINFURTHERFIRESPREADSELFCLOSERSANDSMOKESEALSSHOULDBEPROVIDEDONALLDOORSTHISISTOCONTAINTHEFIREINTHEAPARTMENTOFORIGINANDREDUCESMOKESPREADINTOOTHERAPARTMENTS3THEFINALLEVELOFPROTECTIONISTHEFIREBRIGADETHEBUILDINGALARMWILLBECONNECTEDTOTHEFIREBRIGADETOREDUCETHEFIREBRIGADERESPONSETIMEINANONSPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHELEVELSOFPROTECTIONARE2AND3,ASLISTEDABOVE,HOWEVERTHEFOLLOWINGOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESWILLBEINTRODUCEDTOINCREASETHELEVELOFPROTECTION1THEFIRERESISTANCERATINGWILLBEINCREASEDTOATLEAST90MINUTESTHISWILLENSURETHECOMPLETEBURNOUTOFTHEAPARTMENTCANOCCURWITHOUTFURTHERFIRESPREAD143BUILDINGSLESSTHANTHREESTOREYSBUILDINGSLESSTHANTHREESTOREYSAREGENERALLYTHEMAXIMUMSIZEOFABUILDINGWITHOUTLIFTSTHEEGRESSDISTANCESINTHESEBUILDINGSWOULDTYPICALLYBEWITHINTHEBUILDINGCODESMAXIMUMALLOWABLETRAVELDISTANCES,ANDMAYNOTREQUIREFIRERATEDSTAIRSHAFTSTHERELATIVELYSHORTTRAVELDISTANCESRESULTINSHORTMOVEMENTTIMES,ANDAFASTRESPONSEFROMTHEFIREBRIGADEONTHEARRIVALIFNECESSARY,OCCUPANTSCOULDALSOUSEUNCONVENTIONALESCAPEROUTES,FOREXAMPLEGARDENLADDERSORCLIMBINGDOWNBALCONIESTHEFIREBRIGADECANALSORESCUEOCCUPANTSEXTERNALLYVIALADDERANDFIGHTTHEFIREEXTERNALLYTHELACKOFLIFTSINBUILDINGSOFTHISSIZEMAYLIMITTHENUMBEROFMOBILITYIMPAIREDOCCUPANTSTHATWOULDBEPRESENTINGENERAL,MOBILITYIMPAIREDOCCUPANTSWOULDBELOCATEDONTHEGROUNDFLOOR,WHERETHEYWOULDBEABLETOESCAPEDIRECTLYTOSAFETYIFDISABLEDTHEFIRESAFETYDESIGNOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGSDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERINGPAGE92UNIVERSITYOFCANTERBURYOCCUPANTSAREPRESENT,ITISRECOMMENDEDTHATTHEYREMAININTHEIRAPARTMENTSANDWAITFORRESCUETHEREFORE,THEYWOULDUSEANONEVACUATIONSTRATEGY1431EVACUATIONINBUILDINGSLESSTHANTHREESTOREYSTHISEMERGENCYSTRATEGYRELIESONOCCUPANTSESCAPINGQUICKLYWITHOUTFIRERATEDSTAIRSHAFTSTHEOCCUPANTSHAVETOTRAVELARELATIVELYSHORTUNPROTECTEDDISTANCETOMAKEFINALESCAPEOCCUPANTSALSONEEDTOBEPROTECTEDINTHEIRAPARTMENTSBEFORETHEYATTEMPTTOESCAPEINASPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHELEVELSOFPROTECTIONARE1THESPRINKLERSYSTEM2COMPARTMENTATIONANDMECHANICALSYSTEMSTHEAPARTMENTSARERECOMMENDEDTOHAVEAFRROFATLEAST30MINUTESTOPROTECTTHEOCCUPANTSBEFOREANDDURINGTHEIREGRESSTHERESHOULDALSOBEAFRROF30MINUTESINTHECORRIDORSANDSTAIRS,IFEGRESSDISTANCEISINEXCESSOFTHEBUILDINGCODESPRESCRIPTIVEREQUIREMENTS3THEFINALLEVELOFPROTECTIONISTHEFIREBRIGADEINANONSPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHELEVELSOFPROTECTIONARE2AND3,ASLISTEDABOVE,HOWEVERTHEFOLLOWINGOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESWILLBEINTRODUCEDTOINCREASETHELEVELOFPROTECTION1THEFRRWILLBEINCREASEDTOATLEAST60MINUTESTHISWILLENSURETHEFIREDOESNOTSPREADFURTHERTHANTHEAPARTMENTOFORIGIN2SELFCLOSERSANDSMOKESEALSWILLBEPROVIDEDONALLDOORSTHISISTOCONTAINTHEFIREINTHEAPARTMENTOFORIGINANDREDUCESMOKESPREADINTOOTHERAPARTMENTS3ACONNECTIONTOTHEFIREBRIGADEWILLBEPROVIDEDTOACHIEVEAFASTERRESPONSE1432NONEVACUATIONINBUILDINGSLESSTHANTHREESTOREYSANONEVACUATIONSTRATEGYRELIESONTHEPROTECTIONOFOCCUPANTSINTHEIRAPARTMENTSFORBUILDINGSLESSTHAN3STOREYSTHEFIREBRIGADECANRESCUEOCCUPANTSEXTERNALLYVIALADDERSANDFIGHTTHEFIREEXTERNALLYINASPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHELEVELSOFPROTECTIONARE1THESPRINKLERSYSTEM2COMPARTMENTATIONANDMECHANICALSYSTEMSTHEROOMSARERECOMMENDEDTOHAVEAFRROFATLEAST60MINUTESANDTOPROTECTTHEOCCUPANTSTHEFIRERESISTANCERATINGWILLBEDESIGNEDSOTHATTHECOMPLETEBURNOUTOFTHEAPARTMENTWILLNOTRESULTINFURTHERFIRESPREADSELFCLOSERSANDSMOKESEALSWILLBEPROVIDEDONALLDOORSTHISISTOCONTAINTHEFIREINTHEAPARTMENTOFORIGINANDREDUCESMOKESPREADINTOOTHERAPARTMENTS3THEFINALLEVELOFPROTECTIONISTHEFIREBRIGADETHEBUILDINGWILLBECONNECTEDTOTHEFIREBRIGADETOREDUCETHETIMEFORFIREBRIGADEARRIVALINANONSPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGTHELEVELSOFPROTECTIONARE2AND3,HOWEVERTHEFOLLOWINGOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESWILLBEINTRODUCEDTOINCREASETHELEVELOFPROTECTION1THEFIRERESISTANCERATINGWILLBEINCREASEDTOAMINIMUMOF90MINUTESTOENSURETHEFIREDOESNOTSPREADFURTHERTHANTHEAPARTMENTOFORIGIN144RISKANDRELIABILITYTHEASSESSMENTOFTHEABSOLUTERISKTOLIFESAFETYTOAPARTMENTBUILDINGOCCUPANTSISANEXTREMELYDIFFICULTTASKTHENUMEROUSSCENARIOS,VARIABLES,LIMITEDDATAANDCHANGESINTHERISKTOLIFESAFETYDURINGAFIREINCIDENT,MAKESANASSESSMENTOFOCCUPANTRISKVERYDIFFICULTEACHOFTHEEIGHTELEMENTSINFIGURE1WILLHAVEANIMPACTONTHERISKTOLIFESAFETYANDTHISLEVELOFRISKWILLCHANGEDURINGAFIREINCIDENTFOREXAMPLEOCCUPANTSONLEVELOFFIREORIGINWILLHAVEARELATIVELYHIGHRISK,BUTIFTHEYMOVEBELOWTHELEVELOFFIREORIGINTHEIRRISKTOLIFESAFETYWILLDECREASEANASSESSMENTOFTHERELATIVERISKTOLIFESAFETYISAMOREFEASIBLEOPTION,BUTAGAINTHENUMEROUSVARIABLESANDLIMITEDDATAMAKESTHISDIFFICULTPREVIOUSRESEARCHBYBECKANDYUNG1990USEDARISKASSESSMENTMODELTOASSESSTHEEXPECTEDRISKTOLIFEANDFIRECOSTEXPECTATIONSOFAPARTMENTBUILDINGSRELATIVETOTHEBUILDINGCODEANASSESSMENTOFTHERELATIVELIFESAFETYISSIMPLER,ANDINSOMECASESINTUITIVEINMANYINSTANCES,AQUALITATIVERELATIVERISKASSESSMENTCANBEMADEFOREXAMPLE,GIVENTHESAMEBUILDING,SPRINKLERPROTECTIONWOULDBESAFERTHANNOSPRINKLERPROTECTIONHOWEVER,ARELATIVEASSESSMENTOFLIFESAFETYBECOMESMORECOMPLEXIFDIFFERENTFIRESAFETYSYSTEMSAREASSESSEDAGAINSTEACHOTHERFOREXAMPLE,ISABUILDINGWITHAFRR60SAFERTHANABUILDINGWITHAFRR30ANDPRESSURISATIONTHEABSOLUTERISKTOLIFESAFETYINTHEMATRIXCELLSISEXPECTEDTODIFFERENTANDTHEYHAVENOTBEENDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEANEQUIVALENTLEVELOFSAFETYFORALLOCCUPANTSINTUITIVELY,ITCANBEENSEENTHATOCCUPANTSINATHREESTOREYSPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGWOULDHAVEARELATIVELYHIGHERLEVELOFLIFESAFETYTHANOCCUPANTSINATHIRTYSTOREYSPRINKLERPROTECTEDBUILDINGIRRESPECTIVEOFTHEOTHERFIRESAFETYMEASURESBOTHBUILDINGSCANBEDESIGNEDTOBESAFE,BUTTHEYMAYNOTHAVEANEQUIVALENTLEVELOFRISKTOLIFESAFETYTHERELIABILITYOFFIRESAFETYMEASURESISANOTHERIMPORTANTASPECTTHATNEEDSTOBECONSIDEREDINAQUANTITATIVERISKASSESSMENTPREVIOUSSECTIONSINTHISREPORT,CONTAINRELIABILITYVALUESFORSOMEOFTHEFIRESAFETYMEASURESTHISDATAHASBEENINCLUDEDTOPROVIDEANINDICATIONOFTHERELIABILITYOFTHEFIRESAFETYMEASURESANDTHEIRFAILUREMODESRELIABILITYDATAFORSOMESYSTEMSISAVAILABLE,BUTTHISISPRETTYLIMITEDANDTHEREISNOCORRELATIONSBETWEENTHERISKTOLIFESAFETYANDTHERELIABILITYOFASYSTEMFOREXAMPLEASTAIRPRESSURISATION