[毕业论文]基于单片机控制“航标灯”的控制系统设计与调试

1毕业设计（论文）作者学号作者学号作者学号系部电气工程系专业电机与电器题目单片机控制“航标灯”的控制系统的设计与调试指导者评阅者2009年4月2摘要单片微型计算机简称单片机。它是把组成微型计算机的各功能部件中央处理器、CPU、随机存取存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、I/O接口电路、定时器/计数器以及串行通信接口等制作在一块集成芯片中，构成一个完整的微型计算机。单片机主要应用于控制领域，由于其具有可靠性高、体积小、价格低、易于产品化等特点，因而在智能仪器仪表、实时工业控制、智能终端、通信设备、导航系统、家用电器等自控领域获得广泛应用1。步进电机是一种能将电脉冲信号转换成角位移或线位移的机电元件,实质G990是一种数G4395/角G5242转换器步进电机控制系统主要由步进控制器,功G10587G6930G3835器及步进电机等组成步进控制器由G13543冲G4504存器,G10627G5430G2010G18209器,控制G17935G17765及G8503,G2465转控制G19388等组成,能把G17767G1849的脉冲转换成G10627G5430脉冲,以G1427控制步进电机,G5194能进行G8503G2465G2533控制G1306由于步进控制器线路G3809G7446成G7424高G18331用单片机控制,用G17731件G1207G7379G990G17860步进控制器,G1363得线路简单,成G7424低,可靠性G3835G3835G3698G2164,G9801G8975G6925G2476步进电机的控制G7053G7708,G7092G19668G17935G17765电路组成时G5219G2469G10995器G17731件G13546G12255可G9801G8975产G10995G993G2528G12879型步进电机G2181G11925G5219G2027G7481控制各种步进电机的G17828行G7053G5347G5194可实G10628一G2500单片机控制G3822G2500电机G6564G1391G9801G8975G3822G7691的控制G6175G8585G2656G6564高控制G12946G5242G4557G3809G7446G13333G10724的控制易于实G10628,G4600其在G7424系统中G7368G7186G12046G1998微机控制的G1260G17246性。G7424设计G18331用G1952G1946316位单片机SPCE061AG4557步进电机进行控制，通G17819IO口G17767G1998的具有时G5219的G7053G8886作G1038步进电机的控制信号，信号G13475G17819芯片L298NG20549G2172步进电机G727G2528时，用4X4的G19202G11436G7481G4557电机的G10378G5589进行控制，G5194用数G11733G12661G7186G12046电机的转G17907，G18331用74LS164作G10384位单个数G11733G12661的G7186G12046G20549G2172，G1186单片机G17767G1849信号G727G2045用G1952G19463单片机的G16833G19911功能G6785G6265电机的转G17907。G1863G19202G16801单片机步进电机ABSTRACT2THESINGLESLICEOFMICROCOMPUTERSISABBREVIATEDASTHEONECHIPCOMPUTERITISEVERYFUNCTIONPARTWHICHMAKESUPTHEMICROCOMPUTERCENTRALPROCESSINGUNIT,CPU,ARBITRARYACCESSMEMORYRAM,READONLYMEMORYROM,I/OINTERFACECIRCUIT,TIMER/COUNTERANDSERIALCOMMUNICATION3INTERFACE,ETCMAKEINTHEINTEGRATEDCHIPTOGETHER,FORMANINTACTMICROCOMPUTERONECHIPCOMPUTERAPPLYCONTROLLEDFIELDTOMAINLY,BECAUSEITHAVEDEPENDABILITYHIGH,SMALL,PRICELOW,EASYCOMMERCIALIZATION,ETCCHARACTERISTIC,THEREFOREWONEXTENSIVEAPPLICATIONINFIELDSOFAUTOMATICCONTROLSUCHASINTELLECTUALINSTRUMENTANDAPPARATUS,REALTIMEINDUSTRIALCONTROL,INTELLIGENTTERMINAL,COMMUNICATIONEQUIPMENT,NAVIGATIONSYSTEM,HOUSEHOLDAPPLIANCES,ETCITISTHATONEKINDCANCHANGETHEELECTRICPULSESIGNALINTOAELECTROMECHANICALCOMPONENTOFANGLEDISPLACEMENTORLINEDISPLACEMENTTOWALKINTOTHEELECTRICALMACHINERY,ITISAKINDOFFIGURE/ANGLECONVERTERTHATISWALKEDINTOTHECONTROLSYSTEMOFTHEELECTRICALMACHINERYTOMAINLYWALKINTOTHECONTROLLERINFACT,POWERAMPLIFIERANDWALKINGINTOTHEELECTRICALMACHINERY,ETCMAKEUPWALKEDINTOTHECONTROLLERTOBUFFERTHEREGISTER,THEANNULARDISTRIBUTOR,CONTROLLOGICAND,OVERTURN,CONTROLDOOR,ETCMAKEUP,CANCHANGETHEPULSEINPUTINTOINTOANANNULARPULSE,INORDERTOCONTROL,WALKINTOELECTRICALMACHINERY,CANCARRYONPOSITIVEANDNEGATIVETOCONTROLBUTBECAUSEWALKINTOTHECONTROLLERCIRCUITCOMPLICATEDLYWITHHIGHCOSTSADOPTONECHIPCOMPUTERCONTROL,REPLACEWITHSOFTWAREDESCRIBEDABOVETOWALKINTOTHECONTROLLER,MAKETHECIRCUITSIMPLE,WITHLOWCOSTS,DEPENDABILITYINCREASESGREATLY,CHANGETHECONTROLSCHEMEOFWALKINGINTOTHEELECTRICALMACHINERYFLEXIBLY,DONOTNEEDLOGICALCIRCUITTOMAKEUPTHETIMESEQUENCEGENERATORSOFTWAREPROGRAMMINGVERYFLEXIBLETOPRODUCE,WALKINTOELECTRICALMACHINERYEXCITATIONARRAYCOME,CONTROLVARIOUSOPERATIONWAYTOWALKINTOELECTRICALMACHINERYANDCANREALIZEONEMACHINECONTROLMANYSETSOFELECTRICALMACHINERYWHILEBEINGDIFFERENTKINDSOFITISEASYTOREALIZETOOFFERTHEFLEXIBLECONTROLMEANSANDIMPROVINGTHEPRECISIONOFCONTROLLINGTOCOMPLICATEDANDTEDIOUSCONTROL,DEMONSTRATETHESUPERIORITYTHATTHECOMPUTERCONTROLSESPECIALLYINTHISSYSTEMEVENMOREDESIGN,ADOPT,INSULTMALEGENITAL16ONECHIPCOMPUTERSPCE061ATOWALKINTOELECTRICALMACHINERYCONTROLORIGINALLY,SQUAREWAVEWITHTIMESEQUENCEASTHECONTROLSIGNALOFWALKINGINTOTHEELECTRICALMACHINERYTHROUGHWHATIOMOUTHISOUTPUTTED,THESIGNALDRIVESANDWALKSINTOTHEELECTRICALMACHINERYTHROUGHTHECHIPL298NMEANWHILE,COMESTATEINELECTRICALMACHINERYGOON,CONTROLWITHKEYBOARDOF4X4,INCHARGEOFROTATIONALSPEEDTOREVEALELECTRICALMACHINERYWITHNUMBER,ADOPT74LS164URGEAS4SINGLENUMBERDISPLAYTHATINCHARGEOF,FROMTHEINPUTSIGNALOFTHEONECHIPCOMPUTERUTILIZETHEPRONUNCIATIONFUNCTIONOFINSULTINGTHEOPENONECHIPCOMPUTERTOREPORTTHEROTATIONALSPEEDOFTHEELECTRICALMACHINERYKEYWORDONECHIPCOMPUTERWALKINTOTHEELECTRICALMACHINERY绪论4近十几年来，单片机在生产过程控制、自动检测、数据采集与处理、科技计算、商业管理和办公室自动化等方面获得了广泛的应用。单片机具有体积小、重量轻、耗能省、价格低、可靠性高和通用灵活等优点，因此也广泛应用于卫星定句、汽车火花控制、交通白动管理和微波炉等专用控制上。近几年来，单片机的发展更为迅速，它已渗透到诸多学科的领域，以及人们生活的各个方面。单片机不求规模大，只求小而全。厂家在G980个G14467片上制G6116了G38G51G56和G980定G4493量的程G5219G4396G1660G3132和数据G4396G1660G3132以及G980定数量的G17767G1849G18G17767G1998G6521G2487G11G44G81G87G72G79G12。在G980个大规模集G6116G11017G17347G14467片上G7512G17908了G4448G6984的计算机G13479G7512，G6937G12228G1055为单片机G48G38G54G16G24G20G13007G2027G1025的G980片G27G26G24G20G14467片G62G22G64，G1881G18108G7512G17908了G4448G6984的计算机G11840G1226G13007G13491。G1186G38G51G56、G4396G1660G3132到G17767G1849G17767G1998G12483G2487，G980应G1477全。只G16213G1901G1849程G5219，G4613可G4448G6116G1025G3842控制G6122数据采集、处理及通G1461G1268G17767的G1461G5699处理机，G48G38G54G16G24G20单片机G6363G1208G13007G13491G1025为G17878应控制的G19668G16213G16786有G7509G5390的G1313处理G2163能，具有G2164、G1955、G1068、G19512G6363G1208G30G38G51G56G7114G19059高G17810G20G21G48G43G93，G4448G6116单G4395G14422G1068G8873G6122G19512G8873G17828算G1177G19668G16213G23G49G86G30具有多机通G1461G2163能，可G1328为多机G13007G13491G1025的G980个G4388G13007G13491。近年来，在G3281G19481上G1998G10628了G48G72G70G75G68G81G76G70G86和G72G79G72G70G87G85G82G81G76G70G86G3809G2524G6116G48G72G70G75G87G85G82G81G76G70G86G17837个G7044G16801，G6117G3281G16805为G5机G11017G980体化G5。G17837G12193机G7812和G11017G4388技G7427、G1461G5699技G7427G13051G4506G13479G2524的G7044的学科领域G7171G1820G17839制G17908技G7427G11752G12362和G7234及的G13479G7536。机G11017G980体化产G2709G16213G4466G10628G11017G3132控制的G4466G7114性、高可靠性、可G13546程和G980定的人G5049G7246能。同G7114追求体积小、价格低，甚至低G2163耗等。正G7171针对上述G12193G12193G16213求而G16786计的单片机白然G6116为机G11017G980体化控制G3132的最佳选择。单片机G1998G10628的历史并不长，它的产生与发展与微处理G3132的产生与发展大体上同步，也经历了四个阶段G62G23G64第G980阶段G209G26G20G209G26G23年，G23G1313微处理G3132G5049G76G81G87G72G79G2300G23及G27G1313微处理G3132G5049G76G81G87G72G79G2700G27，G17837些计算机价格便宜、G2163能有限，只用于消耗类G11017G4388产G2709。第二阶段G209G26G23G209G26G27年，初级单片机阶段，以G5049G76G81G87G72G79公司的G48G38G54G16G23G27为代表，G27G1313单片机。第三阶段G209G26G27G209G27G22年，高性能单片机阶段。以G5049G44G81G87G72G79公司的G48G38G54G16G24G20,G48G82G87G82G85G82G79G68公司的6G270G20和ZG76G79G82G公司的ZG27等为代表。G17837G980阶段推G1998的单片机G7234遍带有串行G2487，有多级G1025断处理G13007G13491、G206G1313定G7114G3132G18计数G3132，有的片G1881还带有AG18D转换G3132G6521G2487，片G1881RAG48,ROG48G4493量G2164大，寻址范围可G178106G23KG4395G14422。广泛应用于G5049业控制、外G18108G16786备控制、宏观控制、局G18108网络及家用计算机G1025。第四阶段G209G27G22年至今，G27G1313单片机巩固发展及G206G1313单片机推G1998阶段。例如G48G82G86G87G72K公司的G48K6G2700、G44G81G87G72G79公司的G48G38G54G1696等。G48G38G54G1696集G6116度为G20G21万只G2709体管G18片，寻址范围6G23KG4395G14422、G24个G27G1313并行G2487、G980个全双G5049串行G2487、G23个G206G1313定G7114G3132、G27通道G200G1313AG18D转换G3132等，另外G48G38G54G1696G6363G1208能处理G1313、G4395G14422、G4395，有G206G1313G1068G206G1313G1068G8873、G22G21G1313G19512G206G1313G19512G8873G6363G1208，G980块单片计算机的G2163能可以和G980台多片G13007G13491机相媲美。单片机己经G17839G1849G980个崭G7044的阶段。步G17839G11017动机上个世纪G4613G1998G10628了，它的组G6116、动G1328原理和今天的反应式步G17839G11017动机没有什么本质区别，也G7171依靠气隙间的磁导变化来产生G11017磁转矩。G270年代以后，由于廉价的微型计算机以多G2163能的姿态G1998G10628，步G17839G11017动机的控制方式变得更G2164灵活多样。原来的步G17839G11017机控制G13007G13491采用分立元G1226G6122者集G6116G11017G17347组G6116的控制回G17347，不G1177调试安装G3809杂，G16213消耗大量元G3132G1226，而且G980G7098定型G1055后，G16213G6925变控制方G7708G4613G980定G16213重G7044G16786计G11017G17347，不G2045于G13007G13491的G6925G17839G2331级。G3534于微型计算机的控制G130075G13491G2029通过G17731G1226来控制步G17839G11017机，能G3827更G3921G3332发G6393步G17839G11017机的G9520G2159，因此，用微型计算机控制步G17839G11017机已经G6116为了G980G12193G5529然的G17247G2195，也G12538G2524数G4395化的G7114代发展G16213求。步G17839G11017机控制技G7427和G7234通G11017动机控制技G7427的不同G1055处G7171步G17839G11017机G6521G2475G14045G1926G1461G2507的控制。G7101G7411的步G17839G11017机靠G980G12193G2495G10627G5430分G18209G3132的G11017G4388G5332G1863G3132G1226，通过G2163G10587G6930大G3132G1363G2181磁G13481组G6365G10043G20046G5219G17730G8981G6521通G11464G8981G11017G9316。由于G2181磁G13481组在G12366间G1025G6365G980定的规G5471G6502G2027，G17730G8981与G11464G8981G11017G9316G6521通后，G4613G1262在间隙G1025G5430G6116G980G12193阶G17303变化的G7071转磁G3342，G1363转G4388步G17839式的转动，G19555G11540G6521通G2011换G20069G10587的G3698高，转速G4613G1262G3698大。步G17839G11017机的G7071转同G7114与相数、分G18209数、转G4388G21843G17730数有G1863，G10628在G8616G17751G5132用的步G17839G11017机G2265G6336反应式步G17839G11017机、G8716磁式步G17839G11017机、G9163G2524式步G17839G11017机和单相式步G17839G11017机等。步G17839G11017机广泛应用在生产G4466G17353的各个领域。它最大的应用G7171在G1363用数控机G5214的生产制G17908G1025，因为步G17839G11017机不G19668G16213AG18D转换，能G3827G11464G6521G4570数G4395G14045G1926G1461G2507转化G6116为G16294G1313G12239，G6164以G15999G16760为G7171理G5831的数控机G5214的G6203行元G1226。G7101G7411的步G17839G11017机G17767G1998转矩G8616G17751小，G7092G8873G9397G17287G19668G16213，在G1363用G1025和G9094G2399G6209矩G6930大G3132G980同组G6116G9094G2399G14045G1926G20544G17810。G19555G11540步G17839G11017动机技G7427的发展，步G17839G11017动机已经能G3827单G10432在G13007G13491上G17839行G1363用，G6116为了不可G7379代的G6203行元G1226。G8616如步G17839G11017动机用G1328数控G19127G5214G17839G13485G1294G7393机G7512的G20549动G11017动机，在G17837个应用G1025，步G17839G11017动机可以同G7114G4448G6116G1016个G5049G1328，G1866G980G7171G1268G17894转矩，G1866二G7171G1268G17894G1461G5699。步G17839G11017机也可以G1328为数控G15595G7450G11734G17730G11964G17805机同步G13007G13491的G20549动G11017动机。G19512了在数控机G5214上的应用，步G17839G11017机也应用在G1866G1194方面，G8616如G1328为自动G17877G7021机G1025的G20544G17810，G1328为通用的G17731G11436G20549动G3132的G20544G17810，也可以应用在G6183G2372机和G13484G3282G1214G1025等等。微G11017G4388技G7427的G20146速发展，带动了机G7812G2164G5049技G7427的G20146速发展。而在G1866发展过程G1025，最G7186G14891的G10317点G7171机G7812制G17908G4570G17246来G17246G4506G2011G3332依G17194于G11017G4388技G7427、检测技G7427、自动控制技G7427、计算机技G7427、G13007G13491G16782、G1461G5699G16782等G10628代科学技G7427。G19555G11540G10628代G11017G4388科学的不断发展与G17839步，G11017G4388计算机已G9157G9157G1183G1849机G7812制G17908的各个领域，G16818生了G980G13007G2027机、G11017、计算机G980体化的G7044产G2709G62G24G64。同G7114微G11017G4388技G7427的不断发展，数控G13007G13491也在不断G3332更G7044换代，G1820后经历了G11017G4388管G708G209G24G21年G709、G7242体管G708G209G249年G709、小规模集G6116G11017G17347G708G2096G24年G709、大规模集G6116G11017G17347及小型计算机G708G209G260年G709和微处理机G6122微型计算机G708G209G26G23年G709等G1128代数控G13007G13491。G2081三代数控G13007G13491G7171G4658于采用专用控制计算机的G11840G6521G13459G708G11840G13459G709数控G13007G13491，G980G14336G12228为G7234通数控G13007G13491，G12628G12228G49G38。G260年代初，G19555G11540计算机技G7427的发展，G1363小型计算机的价格G5625G2107G991G19489，采用小型计算机代G7379专用控制计算机的第四代数控G13007G13491，不G1177在经G8994上更为G2524算，而且许多G2163能可用G13546制的专用程G5219来G4466G10628，G4570它G4396G1660在小型计算机的G4396G1660G3132G1025，G7512G6116G6164谓控制G17731G1226，提高了G13007G13491的可靠性和G2163能G10317色。G17837G12193数控G13007G13491又G12228为G17731G6521G13459G708G17731G13459G709数控，即计算机数控G13007G13491，G12628G12228G38G49G38。G209G26G23年制G6116以微处理机为核心的数控G13007G13491，G12228为第G1128代微型机数控G13007G13491，G12628G12228G48G49G38。G19555G11540机G11017产G2709对负载精度G16213求的提高，原有的G51LG38控制G13007G13491的步G17839G11017机已很难G9397G17287不断发展的机G11017产G2709的G16213求。G51LG38控制G13007G13491的步G17839G11017机G4396在G6116本高，G5049G1328方式单G980和人机交互不便等缺点。为解决此问题，G6117们G11752制了G980G12193能代G7379G51LG38控制G13007G13491的G7044的控制G13007G13491G16G16G16G3534于单片机的步G17839G11017机控制G13007G13491。本文G16782述了G3534于单片机的步G17839G11017机控制G13007G13491的G16786计方G8873和G11752制过程，G2265G6336G11840G1226G16786计、G17731G1226G16786计、可靠性G16786计等方面。G11840G1226G11017G17347用凌阳G206G1313G54G51G38E06G20A单片机、G1820G17839的G6521G2487技G7427和大规模集G6116G11017G17347G16786计而G6116。G17731G1226程G5219用G54G51G38E06G20A汇G13546语言G1901G6116。G2045用G17731G11840G1226G13479G2524，G4466G10628对步G17839G11017机G5049G1328状态的自动控制和精确控制。G2045用单片机G17767G1998的G38G51G140456G1926和方向G1461G2507，G6925变对步G17839G11017机G13481组的通G11017方式和通G11017G20046G5219，来准确控制步G17839G11017机的正转、反转，步距精度等G5049G1328状态，方便良G3921的人机界面G7171用G23XG23键G11436G18数码管G7186示来G4466G10628的。单片机控制G13007G13491的步G17839G11017机，自动化程度高、G6116本低、体积小、控制精确等优点，有很G3921的经G8994效益和广阔的发展G2081景。单片机控制G13007G13491的G11752制G6116G2163，G7171步G17839G11017机发展G1025的G980次G17751大的G17839步，它表明了目G2081正在G1363用的许多G51LG38控制G13007G13491G4448全可以由单片机控制G13007G13491G6164代G7379。目录7摘G16213第G20章绪G16782G20第G21章方G7708G16782证G8616G17751G16786计G24G21G20单片机概述G24G21G21步G17839G11017机的G5049G1328原理6G21G22单片机控制步G17839G11017机的G16786计思G173479第G22章控制G13007G13491的G11840G1226G11017G17347G16786计G200G22G20G54G51G38E06G20A的G1183绍G200G22G20G20性能G20G20G22G20G21G13479G7512G20G21G22G20G22G14467片的引脚G6502G2027和说明G20G21G22G20G23G54G51G38E06G20A单片机G11840G1226G13479G7512G20G23G22G20G24G49G86PTG48的核心G13479G7512G20G24G22G21步G17839G11017机的选择G20G26G22G22步G17839G11017机的G20549动G11017G17347G16786计G20G27G22G23数码管G7186示G11017G17347的G16786计G210G22G24G23XG23键G11436G11017G17347的G16786计G21G20第G23章控制G13007G13491的G17731G1226G16786计G21G23G23G20控制G14045G1926的产生G21G23G23G21步G17839G11017机的G7071转方向和G7114G5219G14045G1926的G1863G13007G21G24G23G22步数的确定G21G26G23G23步G17839G11017机的变速控制G219G23G24语音报数G22G22第G24章G13479G16782G22G24参考文献G226致谢G22G27附录G2298A1A0A2A3A4A5A6A7A2A8A9A10A11A5A6A7A2A3A4A12A13A15A14A16A17A19A20A21A18A23A22A24A25A26A28A1A0A2A27A29A30A31A32A3A4A20A34A8A33A35A20A37A36A38A39A40A41A42A20A44A43A45A46A20A48A47A49A42A50A52A51A53A34A8A54A55A56A57A58A59A60A61A62A11A63A64A66A1A0A2A65A67A68A69A70A20A72A71A73A20A75A74A76A20A78A77A79A20A81A82A80A83A50A85A84A86A87A88A89A90A91A92A93A94A95A96A97A84A98A99A100A101A102A103A104A105A106A107A108A109A103A110A85A111A112A113A114A115A116A117A118A88A119A84A108A109A120A121A122A123A124A125A91A126A127A128A129A130A131A132A133A134A135A91A136A137A138A139A140A141A142A143A144A129A145A146A91A147A148A149A150A151A87A129A152A153A154A155A121A126A127A128A156A157A158A159A160A161A162A163A164A165A114A166A129A167A168A128A129A169A170A171A172A115A173A174A165A175A91A176A177A178A179A98A97A84A140A132A95A180A129A181A182A173A183A108A109A103A184A185A186A187A103A188A189A190A191A103A192A193A194A195A103A104A105A192A108A103A196A128A103A197A192A198A199A200A201A202A203A129A108A109A121A136A204A205A206A207A208A91A209A205A210A176A211A121A212A197A213A214A153A215A127A120A109A216A217CPUA115A214A101A218A219A129A220A221A222A223A224A115A184A225A222A223A224A147A148A214A101A184A219A129A226A227/A226A228A229A230INTERFACEA121A213A214A153A208A206A207A231A216A192A232A215A127A120A170A233A217A234A235A129A167A168A128A169A170A91A236A237A238A133A126A127A1285A121MCS51A239A240A241A129A214A1278751A215A127A91A242A243A170A233A217A234A235A129A167A168A128A244A245A239A246A121A247CPUA103A222A223A224A140A226A227A226A228A248A230A91A214A97A249A211A121A209A250A251A227A220A221A91A252A253A234A216A241A254A108A109A255A184A225A208A231A103A42A114A148A85A0A1A226A129A0A12A42A114A128A91MCS51A126A127A128A2A3A239A246A241A133A4A97A108A109A129A5A250A194A158A6A7A129A8A42A114A9A189A91A203A158A222A103A223A103A224A103A225A2A3CPUA226A10A11A1312MHZA91A234A216A126A185A192A224A14A255A225A14A15A168A16A5A2504NSA203A158A142A128A85A0A9A189A91A253A174A133A142A128A239A246A241A129A214A153A193A239A246A121A214A19A116A42A114A224A115A158A17A18A224A245A20A21A84A115A22A84A23A24A91A22A84A238A25A26A250A84A98A27A28A29A148A128A30A31A32A91A173A174A246A33A2130A140700A248,A21A84A238A25A250A205A213A237A34A31A32A35A245A166A36A101A173A174A91A173A174A246A33A21365A140125A248A173A183A24A238A25A129A49A189A37A98A147A120A23A38A238A39A91A21340A14085A248A246A33A31A32A253A40A41A173A174A121A173A183A238A25A253A144A49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