热泵技术及冷媒r32在机车司机室空调中的应用分析

热泵技术及冷媒R32在机车司机室空调中的应用分析潘昌林、吴松辉、李学燎、张博学、钟建法A1A2A0A3A4A5A6A7A8A10A9A11A12A13A14A16A2A0A18A15A20A17A17A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26A27A28A29A27A30A31A32A33A34A35A36A37A38A39A40A41A42A43A44A45A46A47A48A49A50A51A52A27A28A31A32A53A34A35A54A55A56A38A57A58A59A60A34A61A62A63A64A65A66A67A38A68A69A70A60A71A72A73A74A75A76A77A78A79A77A78A27A28A29A27A30A31A32A80A42A43A44A45A80A47A48A49A50A51A80A34A35APPLICATIONANALYSISOFHEATPUMPANDR32REFRIGERANTINCABAIRCONDITIONERUNITPANCHANGLINWUSONGHUILIXUELIAOZHANGBOXUEZHONGJIANFAZHEJIANGDUNANARTIFICIALENVIRONMENTALCOLTDZHEJIANGZHUJI311835ABSTRACTTHROUGHAPPLICATIONEXAMPLEOFCABAIRCONDITIONERUNIT,THISPAPERANALYSESTHESTRENGTHANDWEAKNESSOFAPPLICATIONOFHEATPUMPANDR32REFRIGERANTPROPOSESOLUTIONSANDMEASURESFORIMPROVEMENT,ITHASSOMEMEANINGTOTHECONCERNEDPEOPLEKEYWORDSCABAIRCONDITIONERUNITHEATPUMPR32REFRIGERANTAPPLICATION1前言热泵技术在家用、商用空调等领域已应用非常广泛，技术非常成熟。但是在电力机车司机室空调中只是停留在理论和可行性分析阶段，可靠性能需通过具体实例得到进一步验证。环保制冷剂R32冷媒由于其优质的换热效果及低可燃等安全性能，被引起了高度重视，但在轨道车辆空调领域暂无使用先例及应用分析。目前电力机车司机室空调主要为顶置单元式、单冷型空调系统为主。夏天制冷，可调节司机室内温湿度，提高舒适度。冬天空调机组却只能通风，G8821G7389G18331G7274G2163能。冬G4407司机室G18331G7274只能通过G17753G2173电G2164热G6122G13785使用燃G8845等G1268统G18331G7274G7053式，G15441G9994能G3534G7424G9397G17287G1391G7274要G8726，但由于燃G8845和电G2164热的热效G10587G5468低，G17908成了能G9316G990的G5468G3835G9022G17165。为了适应G3281家节能环保、G19489G13803G1955G6502的G7044G5430G2195要G8726，司机室空调需G18331用G7044型冷媒和G18331G7274G7053式，G13792热泵G2474G7274和冷媒R32的使用是一G1022G8616G17751G3921的节能G7053式，G4396在G5468G3835优G2195。2技术可行性11国外热泵式列车空调发展概况G3281G3818G19093G17347热泵式空调G2469G4649G8022G1929G3281G3818G19093G17347空调G4470车G18331用热泵技术进行制冷、G18331G7274已G7389G11468G5415G19283的G2394G2502。G7097G7424G3281G19093G7101在G20G28G252G5192，G4613在为G1008G9035道G7044G5190G13459G16809制的G4470车G990G18331用了热泵式制冷和G18331G7274G1872用的车顶分G6967式机组，机车内G18331用G19610中式机组G727G2528G7114在G1863G1008G3332G2318G12181G19093G10317G5567G2027车G990G1075G18331用了车G991安G16025的热泵式机组G727G20G28G27G24G5192G11752制的G20G19G19系高G17907空调车、G20G28G27G28G5192G11752制的2G19G19系高G17907G2027车等G18129G18331用了热泵式空调机组。G14533G3281G19093G17347G5049G12255G7389G19492G1856司为G23G232型电G2172车组提G1391了由G7043通G3281G19481G1856司G11752制的热泵式空调系统，于G20G28G27G23G5192G14279G20G28G27G24G5192在G16211G10689G10285G3281G19093和G36G80G252G87G85G68G70G78G1856司的G7691车G990进行了G16809验，G20G28G27G26G5192在为RG72G81G73G72G1856司制G17908的2G19辆G2363车G990G20330先G18331用了G16825空调系统，G6521G11540在G232型电G2172车组和G16211G10689G10285G41G72G89G72G1856司的内燃G2172车组G990分G2047G18331用。G17829G5192来，G7043通G3281G19481G1856司已为G41G72G89G72G1856司的米轨G2172车组G11752制成G2163车顶热泵式空调机组。另G3818，在机冷车的应用G7053面，前苏联和前民德G1075在2O世纪G26G19G5192代G17751多G3332G18331用了热泵式机组，且使用效果G17751G3921。12国内热泵式列车空调发展概况我G3281在2G19世纪G24G19G5192代开始热泵式空调机组的G11752究G5049作，G25G19G5192代曾进行过空调G4470车运用热泵G18331G7274的G16809验G11752究，但由于G5049业G3534础薄弱以及燃料价格等G7053面的原因G2469G4649缓慢。自G26G19G5192代后期，我G3281实行改革开放以来，G3281民经济飞G17907G2469G4649，G3281G3818的先进技术和产品不断引入G3281内，使热泵的普遍应用成为可能。现在生产的G2027车均为空调G2027车，冬G4407G18331用电热G18331G7274。但在车辆中布置电G2164热器G4396在G11540安全隐患，且换热效果低。如果G18331用热泵式空调机组G1391G7274，则可以从根G7424G990解决安全问题。13冷媒R32技术概况R32的热G5049性能G8616RG23G20G19G36G3921，市场可获得性G3921，价格便宜，充注量少，使用安全，G3281内G7389G3835量厂家生产，且无侵权问题。冷媒R32是一种统筹G1872顾G1955G6502、安全、节能和市场诸G7053面要G8726的、G5468G7389前景的替代R22的制冷剂。3热泵型机车空调工作原理热泵型机车空调是蒸汽压缩式制冷G16025置，冷热G9316G18129是空气，又称为空气G252空气式热泵。通过安G16025四通阀实现制冷制热G2163能的切换。空调制冷G7114，冷媒流G2172顺序是压缩机G252冷凝器G252节流G16025置G252蒸G2469器G252压缩机。室内蒸G2469器制冷，离心风机向室内吹冷风，G13792实现司机室内温湿度的G991G19489G727冬天需要空调G1391G7274G7114，制热模式启G2172，G4613需要通过四通阀改变原来的冷媒流G2172的G7053向。冷媒流G2172顺序改为压缩机一蒸G2469器G252节流G16025置G252冷凝器G252压缩机。这G7691原G7424室内蒸G2469器制冷改成了制热，离心风机向室内吹热风。这G4613是热泵型机车空调的G5049作原理，G13792实现热泵技术的G1863键G4613是四通阀。4热泵型机车空调应用实例盾安人G5049环境股份G7389G19492G1856司G11752G2469的机车空调为顶置式机电一体化热泵型机车空调，机组节流G16025置使用的是电子膨胀阀节流，控制精度高。在G16809验过G12255中分G2047选用R32、RG23G20G19G36冷媒在G2528G7691结构系统机组进行G16809验，对G8616得出R32的性能G10317性，G991面是空调机组的具体实例31顶置式机车空调工作示意图图1顶置式机车空调工作示意图32机组系统原理图321制冷系统原理图G5415夏天需要制冷G7114，四通阀不G2172作，蒸G2469器吸热，离心风机向司机室内吹冷风，实现司机室内G19489温除湿，如图2所示图2制冷系统原理图322制热系统原理图G5415G2283G7053冬天温度低需要G2474G7274G7114，四通阀吸G2524换向，冷媒流向改变，蒸G2469器放热，离心风机向司机室内吹热风，实现司机室内G2331温，如图3所示图3制热系统原理图5热泵技术及制冷剂R32试验结果及分析分G2047选用R32、RG23G20G19G36冷媒对G1016G2500G2528G7691结构系统的机组进行制冷和制热G16809验，电子膨胀阀进行调节，由于压缩机对R32和RG23G20G19G36G18129适用，压缩机选用一G14280。G6365G10043G55G37G18G55G20G27G19G23G162G19G19G28G5049G1929进行G8991G16809，G2520冷媒的热G5049性能如G99141额定工况试验结果及分析表1额定制冷工况热工性能对比A81A82A83A84A85A86A87A88A89A90A91A92A93A94A95A96A97A98A99A100A101A102A103A87A104A90A105A106A103A87A104A90A107A101A102A103A87A104A90A107A101A93A94A95A96A97A98A99A105A82A103A87A104A90A108A109A110A111A87A88A112A90A81A82A86A87A88A112A90A113A114A115A116A117A118A119A120A121A119A120A118A119A122A120A119A121A120A123A122A121A117A120A119A119A124A123A120A125A125A118A120A118A124A118A125A120A119A126A122A118A120A118A126A122A116A121A119A127A128A119A120A123A119A120A119A121A123A118A121A120A117A119A118A120A122A123A122A120A118A117A120A127A122A125A120A122A118A120A118A117A121A120A126A117A118A120A118A129A130A131A132A133A119A123A120A124A125A134A135A121A120A124A134A133A118A125A120A125A134A133A124A117A120A117A134A135A123A120A121A134A135A119A120A119A123A134A135A117A127A120A118A134A135A119A120A121A134A135A125A120A121A134A135A121A120A121A125A134G20081G4462制冷G5049G1929室内G5190G107112G28G263，湿G1071123G263G727室G3818G5190G107113G24G263表2额定制热工况热工性能对比A81A82A83A84A85A86A87A88A89A90A91A92A93A94A95A96A97A98A99A100A101A102A103A87A104A90A105A106A103A87A104A90A107A101A102A103A87A104A90A107A101A93A94A95A96A97A98A99A105A82A103A87A104A90A108A109A110A111A87A88A112A90A81A106A86A87A88A112A90A113A114A115A116A117A118A119A120A121A127A120A122A117A122A125A120A125A117A120A119A124A123A120A122A118A120A122A123A121A126A120A122A118A120A118A119A121A120A121A119A120A126A126A116A121A119A127A128A119A120A123A127A120A122A121A120A124A121A120A124A121A124A118A120A118A118A120A122A125A119A118A120A121A126A118A120A119A122A121A120A127A125A123A119A120A122A124A129A130A131A132A133A119A123A120A124A125A134A135A121A120A123A125A134A135A119A126A120A125A124A134A133A117A117A120A118A134A135A126A134A135A127A120A122A134A133A118A119A120A125A134A135A119A120A121A134A135A122A120A121A125A134A135A123A134G20081G4462制热G5049G1929室内G5190G107112G19G263，湿G10711G20G24G263G727室G3818G5190G10711G26G263，湿G10711G25G263分析表1、表2中的数据1R32的冷媒充注量少于RG23G20G19G36，调G14279G7380G1351G10378G5589G7114R32的充注量G1177为RG23G20G19G36的G272G173G24G705G7272G20081G4462G5049G1929G991，R32制冷量和制热量G8616RG23G20G19G36高G24G8G5050G2503，且能效G8616G7138G7186高于RG23G20G19G36G7273G20081G4462G5049G1929G991，R32的G6502气温度G8616RG23G20G19G36高G24度G5050G2503，G6502气压力G1075G8616RG23G20G19G36高。42最大负荷工况试验结果及分析表3最大负荷制冷工况热工性能对比A136A137A138A139A140A141A142A143A144A145A146A147A148A149A150A151A152A153A154A155A156A157A158A142A159A145A160A161A158A142A159A145A162A156A157A158A142A159A145A162A156A148A149A150A151A152A153A154A160A137A158A142A159A145A163A164A165A166A142A143A167A145A136A137A141A142A143A167A145A168A169A170A171A172A173A174A175A176A174A175A176A173A177A175A172A178A175A174A178A177A175A174A172A175A177A179A176A180A173A175A179A176A172A176A175A181A178A182A174A175A182A176A182A171A176A174A181A183A174A175A177A174A175A177A172A173A176A175A178A179A175A182A177A178A175A173A172A175A179A182A173A174A181A175A176A172A173A175A179A176A176A175A176A174A179A174A175A179A177A184A185A186A187A188A174A177A175A179A182A189A188A174A180A189A174A181A189A173A176A175A179A189A190A174A174A175A172A178A189A190A174A175A174A177A189A190A172A189A190A181A175A174A189A188A177A175A182A189A188A177A175A182A189G7380G3835G17139G14667制冷G5049G1929室内G5190G1071132G17G24G263，湿G107112G25G263G727室G3818G5190G10711G23G24G263表4R32高温试验热工性能对比A136A137A138A191A192A139A140A141A142A143A144A145A146A147A148A149A150A151A152A153A154A155A156A157A158A142A159A145A160A161A158A142A159A145A162A156A157A158A142A159A145A162A156A148A149A150A151A152A153A154A137A193A157A158A142A159A145A163A164A165A166A142A143A167A145A136A137A141A142A143A167A145A168A169A170A171A176A174A181A183A191A192A174A174A175A177A174A175A173A178A182A172A173A175A180A174A176A175A172A180A177A172A175A180A179A174A175A178A173A173A175A179A178A172A175A180A182A173A174A175A176A177A171A172A173A174A175A176A174A175A176A176A173A178A175A174A180A175A177A180A176A175A176A172A175A180A174A178A182A180A175A176A173A175A179A176A176A172A175A173A174A182A174A175A173A174A182A171A176A174A181A183A191A192A173A174A175A177A174A175A173A180A178A173A177A175A176A178A175A177A179A180A182A175A182A176A175A181A179A179A179A173A175A177A179A172A175A177A176A178A174A175A172A179A171A172A173A174A175A176A174A175A176A178A176A173A180A175A172A180A175A182A180A176A176A175A181A173A179A179A174A175A176A173A175A177A174A179A173A175A178A178A174A174A175A181A179高温G5049G1929G20室内G5190G1071132G17G24G263，湿G107112G25G263G727室G3818G5190G10711G23G27G263高温G5049G19292室内G5190G1071132G17G24G263，湿G107112G25G263G727室G3818G5190G10711G24G19G263分析表3、表4中的数据1G7380G3835G17139G14667制冷G5049G1929及高温制冷运行G7114，冷凝温度G17751高，R32G16809验制冷量及能效G8616G7138G7186低于RG23G20G19G36，制冷量为G20081G4462制冷量的G25G19G8G5050G2503，高温G7114G1017重不G17287，换热效果G5058。由于冷媒R32的G1032G11040温度为G24G28G17G24G263，G17840G17840低于R22的G1032G11040温度G28G25G17G203G263。G5415R32冷凝温度G17241过G1032G11040温度G24G28G17G24G263，G2375使压力G1889高，气体G5049质R32不G1889冷凝G7272高温G5049G1929G991，冷媒R32及RG23G20G19G36G6502气压力及G6502气温度G18129G17751高，G6521G17829压缩机G7509G19492G1552，需G18331G2474G6526G7057G19489压G19489温。6应用中需解决的问题及相应对策51热泵制热问题及对策问题1热泵除霜时，反向循环除霜法吹出的冷风使司机室内温度锐减，造成人体不适。G2283G7053冬天天气G4518冷，G5415室G3818空气温度G5468低G7114，G5468G4493G7143G17908成蒸G2469器G708室G3818换热器G709冷媒温度过低，G13792使换热器G19120G12661G15932面温度低于G19658度。空气中的G8712分在换热器G15932面凝结G13792结G19696。目前机车空调机组G8616G17751常用G7389效的G7053G8873为G2465向G5502环除G19696G8873，G2375除G19696G7114，机组制热运行改为制冷运行，蒸G2469器变冷凝器，换热器吸热改为放热运行G13792实现除G19696的目的。除G19696期G19400，室内换热器G5415蒸G2469器使用，离心风机向室内吹冷风G708温度G17751低G709，由于除G19696G7114G19400G7380G19283可G17810到G20G19分G19059，司机室内温度G19172G1955G13792G17908成司机G17535体不适。对策G2465向G5502环除G19696G8873，压缩机运行，离心风机、G17736流风机不开启。G2465向G5502环除G19696G8873，压缩机运行，离心风机、G17736流风机不开启。由于风机不运行，冷凝器G708室G3818换热器G709G17817G17907G2331温，除G19696效果G7138G7186，司机室内G8821G7389冷风吹入，室内温度G19489低不多。经过多G8437G16809验，G5415除G19696G7380G19283G7114G19400G17810到G202分G19059G708不G3835于制热运行G7114G194002G19G8G709G7114，G54G54A194型机车司机室内温度G19489低G23度G5050G2503。52R32冷媒使用过程中的问题及对策问题1冷凝温度较高时，R32换热效果差；冷媒R32G708G38G43A195G41A195G709的G1032G11040温度G5468低，只G7389G24G28G17G24G263，G5415冷凝温度G6521G17829G6122G17241过G1032G11040温度G7114，冷凝效果不G3921，换热效果G5058。对策在保证换热量的G5785G1929G991，G7368改系统及换热器结构，G19489低冷凝温度。G7380G3835G17139G14667G5049G1929G991，冷凝温度不G17241过G24G24G263为宜。问题2排气压力排气温度较高，机组易保护易泄漏；冷媒R32G8616RG23G20G19G36G6502气压力和G6502气温度G8616RG23G20G19G36G18129高，G5529G20047G18331G2474G11468G1863G6526G7057G19462G8502G7380G3835G17139G14667G5049G1929G991机组系统G12661G17347G8856G9443、压力保G6264及G9082G9381G8845变质。对策适G5415G2164G2414G12661G3733G2414度，G7472G13489G8975G2172G17842G6521及G1955少G12661G17347G9950G6521G9869G6980量，G19489低G8856G9443风G19517。G18331用G2955G4568G8873G19489低G6502气压力及G6502气温度。问题3适应R32的压缩机较少，影响R32的使用和推广。冷媒R32为G7044型制冷剂，目前适应于R32的压缩机G17751少，R32压缩机生产厂家G8616G17751G19602G6226。对策R32是冷媒RG23G20G19G36的一种成分，适应于RG23G20G19G36的压缩机G18129可以使用R32，使用R32G7114，可以选用RG23G20G19G36压缩机生产厂家。7应用优势61热泵技术在机车司机室空调中的应用优势611经济性G3921G7081G709、G994G4445G16025G17753G2173G11017G2164热的空调G11468比，G13803G11017G18339少。G7609G16822G11468G1863G17176料，热泵型机车空调机组的G5191均性能系G6980G708G38OG51G709为2G17G20G28，以一G2500制热量为G24G78G58的热泵型机车空调和一G2500安G16025G24G78G58G17753G2173电G2164热的机车空调G13803电量G11468G8616，热泵型机组G8611G4579G7114G13803电量为2G172G27G11G78G58G43G12G15由于G17753G2173电G2164热型机车空调机组制热G7114，室内风机运行，G17753G2173电G2164热型机车空调G8611G4579G7114G13803电量G14279少为G24G11G78G58G43G12。由以G990分析可G11705，热泵型机车空调G8616G17753G2173电G2164热型机车空调G11477电G5468多。G7082G709、热泵G3423机车空调G1227G7696G1427G4464。空气G252空气式热泵机组G1177G8616单冷型机车空调多一G1022四通阀和G1972根G19120G12661，G3281产四通阀价格G1972G2325元G19077，G17840G17840低于G2528G7691制热量的G17753G2173电G2164热价格，G24G78G58的G3281产电G2164热器价格G1972G11346G10990G14279G990G2327元。612G14310适性G3921G994G17753G2173电G2164热型机车空调G11468G8616，热泵型空调机组G18331用热风G18331G7274，司机室内温度场均G2260，G18331G7274质量G3921，G9177G8917G2367生G727613G4445G1852性高热泵型机车空调，G9177G8917G2367生，安全可靠。G13792G17753G2173电G2164热器电气元G1226如果选用不G3921可能G1262产生G7138G9791，G14116G15444性气体，G10990G14279G10202G9868G727614机组内G18108排G5079空G19400大机车空调G17892步向G4579型化、G17743量化G7053向G2469G4649。G4579型化机车空调内部空G19400G4579，G19658部G1226安G16025紧凑，如果选用体积G3835的电G2164热器，其他G19658部G1226安G16025G4396在G5468G3835麻烦，G10990G14279G8821G7389空G19400G6502布G727热泵型机车空调选用四通阀，G8821G7389电G2164热器，由于四通阀体积G4579，其他G19658部G1226G4613G7389G6502布空G19400。62R32冷媒在机车司机室空调中的应用优势621G1227G7696G1427G