美国保护动物法发展（Protection of animal law in the United States ）

1、美国保护动物法发展1（Protection of animal law in the United States 1）The early history of the animal protection movement in the United States (1866-1975) - one(source: For the Prevention of Cruelty)the areaAt the beginning of,The animal protection movement in the United States has been around since 1866, when

2、 the American Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals (ASPCA) was foundedOne hundred and fifty years of history. The author of prevention of cruelty is a sociological point of view, from the founding of the ASPCA to the 1975The development of the animal protection movement in the United Sta

3、tes during the one hundred and nine years between animal liberation and publication.1 era backgroundAs early as in 1641, when the Massachusetts local government was founded, the laws passed contained provisions on animals:For example, ninety-second: no one should be cruel to animals, and the ninety-

4、third one is to move the cattle from one place to anotherOne should give them proper rest when they are in the ground. However, these two decrees are entirely from the interests of mankind, and their existence is alsoSimilar laws were not made in other states outside massachusetts. The animal protec

5、tion movement in the United States must wait more than 200 more quietlyBy the middle of nineteenth Century, the social base for its thriving growth was really mature.In the social environment at that time, several factors contributed to the development of the animal protection movement in the United

6、 states.First, walking in front of the British animal protection movement provides a good example. Second, a lot of theoretical and strategicExperience can be gained from the abolitionist movement. Third, the influence of Darwins theory of evolution. Fourth, some societies brought about by the indus

7、trial revolutionEthical apprehension.The animal protection movement in Britain is several decades earlier than in the United states. In 1749, the British newspapers and magazines once criticized the fightCruel entertainment such as chickens. In 1789, the philosopher Jeremy, Bentham, Jeremy, Benthams

8、 book, morality andIntroduction to legislative principles An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation first timeApply the theory of rights to animals. He believes that laws should provide protection for non-human animals based on StandardsThe question is not: can they reason? Not rea

9、lly: can they talk? But: will they suffer? BenthamThis article has inspired many people, many abolitionist movements and womens rights campaigners, for the protection of animals as other means of LiberationNatural extension of motion. In 1800 and 1802, they began promoting animal protection legislat

10、ion in the British Parliament, but all because of the anti - animal legislationThe rejection of the faction failed. In 1809, Benthams friend Thomas Kaine, Earl of Lord Thomas Erskine Mr biasIn Congress, the bill to promote animal protection ended in failure. It wasnt until 1822 that Richard DeMartin

11、 Richard MartinThe successful adoption of the so-called Martin Act stipulates that cattle, horses, sheep and mules should not be subjected to excessive abuse. Although thisThe protection provided by the law is very limited, but it is an important precedent. Once certain animals are formally protecte

12、d by the law,In the future, more and more animals will be included in the scope of protection.Although the Martin act was passed, the success of the legislation does not mean that the law enforcers will seriously pursue the illegal activitiesResponsibility for. To this end, Martin and his friends su

13、ggested to set up an organization, to investigate animal abuse incidents and the lawsuitLawsuit and arouse public awareness of animal protection. In 1824, the worlds first animal protection organization: the prevention of cruelty to animalsAssociation Society, for, the, Prevention, of, Cruelty, to,

14、Animals, or SPCA, was established!The organization quickly attracted the support of many people in the upper and middle classes of society. It was in 1833, 1835, 1849And the four successful revision of the Martin act in 1854, expanding the scope of the bill, adding dogs, cats, chickensAll poultry an

15、d livestock, such as pigs, are forbidden to hunt animals, cut pigs ears and so on.For the first more than 10 yearsSPCA, also of hundreds of animal abuse were successfully sued out hundreds of thousands of propaganda, set up animal medicineHospital, Animal Ambulance Service and shelter for stray cats

16、 and dogs. In 1840, because of the sponsorship of the queen of England, Vitoria, SPCARenamed Royal SPCA or RSPCA for short.By 1860, RSPCA had encountered unprecedented difficulties. The problem is a widely debated topic: AnimalsExperiment。 The animal protection community in Britain is divided into t

17、wo sides. The school believes animal experimentation is necessary, but it shouldA certain amount of supervision was provided to protect the welfare of animals; the other was totally opposed to animal experimentation. Finally, RSPCA leaders pickedTook a more moderate attitude. In 1876, RSPCA successf

18、ully persuaded the British Parliament to adopt the cruel treatment of animalsCruelty to Animals Act. The law does not ban animal experimentation, but tries to supervise and control it.However, the medical community soon succeeded in weakening the law to almost zero. Even RSPCA was deeply disappointe

19、d with the final resultLook. The adoption of the law has again provided a precedent for the protection of animal law, but it is also a signal against animal protectorsPowerful energy and debates about the emergence of radicals within the animal protection movement and conservatives.The early animal

20、protection movement in the United States inspired animal protection in the United states. With the British example, the northeastern United StatesSeveral states have passed some similar laws. The state of New York in 1828, Massachusetts, passed the law in 1835, against crueltyPoultry or livestock ar

21、e fined or given a few days imprisonment. These laws are still based on the animal as human serviceBut it also shows that people are gradually accepting the idea that animals should be treated humanely.Continued,Around 1860, two famous people living in Philadelphia, Caroline White, Caroline, White a

22、nd MorrisWang En Morris Waln began negotiating with friends in private, setting up RSPCA like organizations in the United states. However, 1861The Civil War (the American Civil War) and the abolition movement led to a postponement of the animal protection group in the United States for several years

23、. But anotherIn Britain, as in Britain, the abolition movement indirectly stimulated the rise of animal protection movement. If the skin color can not be used asWithout the standards of innate human rights, one naturally wonders why the species is such an insurmountable divide.The abolition movement

24、 not only stimulated peoples thinking about where the basic rights came from, but also for other social movements laterIt provides reference for talent and strategy and tactics. Those who had been active in the abolitionist movement soon joined a large number of animal protectionThe movement to be o

25、ppressed, because human animal servitude is not slave? In 1890, Anna Seaver (AnnaSewell (black) Black Beauty (Note: this book tells the story of a dark horse life, this black horseYou can keep a firm and gentle heart even in adversity, and dare to test it. The publication of this book has changed so

26、cietyAttitudes towards animals also encourage people to take good care of their horses. The book is known as the animal protection movement. Many animal conservation pioneers believe that although they were not understood by the public, they were slavesThe liberation of the prisoners will inevitably

27、 lead to the liberation of non-human animals.Animal protection movement is adopted and the abolitionist movement is very similar to the strategy: first launched a propaganda offensive to animal (slave)The tragic experience won the support of the masses. Use the public support to promote the legislat

28、ive process. Early animal protection groups sent peopleGo to schools and churches to give speeches, publish newsletters, and send out mass flyers. When the time is ripe, they beginUse public opinion to exert pressure on political figures in order to achieve the purpose of legislation. Moreover, the

29、leaders of these organizations soon became awareRecognizing that a national coalition is essential for national animal protection legislation is essential. But it is similar to the abolition movementOnce the animal protection movement began to take part in politics, it immediately led to differences

30、 between the inside radicals and the conservatives. Because of the root depthThere is also the opposition of traditional thinking, and the improved nature of animal protection legislation often has to be done to rivalsMake a big concession. Although these laws have a very important educational signi

31、ficance, the practical effect they can achieve is often less than that of human beingsItaly. Adopt moderate improvement or radical revolution? This is a problem that every liberation movement will face. Until nowGod, its still a topic of debate in the animal protection movement.The early animal prot

32、ection movement, like the abolition movement, suffered not only from ridicule and ridicule, but also to face itA direct threat of force; paid for the cost of bleeding. People who intervened in cruelty to animals were beaten and abused. Animal advocates follow the example of the abolitionist movement

33、 and believe that their beliefs will be understood by most people one day. DarwinThe rise of the concept of origin of species and return to nature published in 1859 provided an opportunity to change the attitudes of the public.One major obstacle to public acceptance of animal protection is the gulf

34、between humans and non-human animals. Beyond the boundaries of speciesThe line that puts non-human animals into the realm of care must allow people to identify with other animals and human beings. enterThe theory provides an excellent theoretical basis for this, because it definitely illustrates the

35、 human and other non-human animalsA common ancestor. If we turn the clock back, the gap between human beings and animals will become smaller and smaller, until.Disappear in the invisible. The publication of evolution and the western animal protection movement almost occurred at the same time, not by

36、 accident. enterAs a scientific theory, the theory itself does not directly explain what is right or what is wrong, yet it provides people with a viewA new perspective on the relationship between yourself and other lives. Darwin himself, although often donated to RSPCA, but it is supportedExperiment

37、ing with animals.Eighteen, the industrial revolution of nineteenth Century brought great wealth to Europe and the United States, and a large number of people left the landInto the city, the so-called middle class also came into being. These city dwellers are no longer worried about food and clothing

38、, and they dont need to be straightThe ground uses animal. After the improvement of living conditions, many people have nostalgic feelings about nature and animalsThe rapid growth of industry and Commerce and the consequent social upheaval created fear. Thoreau in Walden on the lake It is the repres

39、entative work of this emotion. The famous Central Park in New York is also the result of the citys desire to reach out to nature in this period. If people show such great affection for wild animals, they should have similar feelings towards other animals. howeverThe reality is not so simple. Althoug

40、h most people yearn for nature, they do not want to abandon industrializationHigh standard of living. Mass production allowed people to afford many of the previously addicted commodities of the aristocracy. At the same time, businessPeople use public advertising more and more actively to influence t

41、he tastes of ordinary people. To satisfy this stimulated consumptionA large number of animals were slaughtered; two best examples were clothing and meat.At the end of the nineteenth Century, the two fashionable fashions pursued by the upper class in Europe and America were fur and feathered lady hat

42、s.A New York feather dealer in a season on the massacre of forty thousand birds (tern). During the period from 1850 to 1900,Seal hunters in Norway and Newfoundland each year kill an average of eight hundred thousand seals, harp, seal. Animal protectors from one to the otherIt began to spend huge res

43、ources against the fashion. Even so, the slaughter of seals has existed until today. andDuring the same period, the meat industry developed rapidly,So far, nine billion animals are slaughtered every year in the United States alone. In the United StatesThe early development of the meat industry in Ch

44、ina was prompted by the development of railway transportation, especially frozen trains. Great Plains of central United StatesThe raised cattle and sheep were transported to Chicago for slaughter and then sold by rail to the big, affluent cities of the east. The meat changed from then onAn American

45、staple for dinner. Between 1870 and 1890, the volume of railway revolving freight traffic in Chicago increased by 900%! in order toMeet the increasing demand, the industry gradually abandoned the traditional family breeding, the development of machinery instead of artificial factory farmingColonizat

46、ion technique.Therefore, with industrialization and urbanization, people are ambivalent about nature and animals. They are hopingEnjoy the natural scenery, love animals, and do not want to give up a comfortable life and meat and clothing from the slaughter of animals. Most peopleThe hope is that fully controlled nature and animals are like manicured lawns, gardens, and cle