空调百叶注塑模具设计【含CAD图纸和说明书】
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毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译设计(论文)题目： 某型号空调百叶注塑模具设计 学生姓名： 学 院： 机械与电气工程学院 专 业： 材料成型及控制工程 班 级： 学 号： 指导教师： 外文出处： 年2月24日1外文资料翻译译文（约3000汉字）：材料和表面光洁度AISI M7具有较高的碳和钒含量，这容易提高其切削效率，但不会降低其韧性。否则M7钢与M1类似。热处理时应格外小心，因为材料容易脱碳，建议使用盐浴或控制气氛。其应用包括落料和切边模具、剪刃、螺纹滚压模具和车床工具。AISI M10由于含钒量较高，具有优异的耐磨性。各种刀具和车床工具都是由这种钢制成的，用于冲裁模和冲头、剪切刀片等。AISIM42具有良好的热硬性以及添加钴后产生的常规硬度。成形工具、飞刀、滚丝模、刀头、剃须刀和类似的工具可以都用这种材料制成。所有M40组成员也用于加工低可加工性指数的材料。钨高速工具钢（T组）。在高温工作环境中，这些材料是不可替代的。它们在热处理中也更为允许，具有明显的抗脱碳性，同时不易变形。表14-13中钨基钢的性能及其应用如下：AISIT1也被称为18-4-1型钢；其名称是指一次合金元素的百分比：W-Cr-V。高韧性，加上良好的可加工性和热处理的允许性，使这类钢成为一种优秀的通用材料。它用于所有多叶刀具、螺纹丝锥和模具、机床刀具、车床工具、冲头和模具。AISI T2在机械加工和热处理方面是一种非常令人满意的材料，尽管它的碳含量较高，钒的含量是T1材料的两倍，但它与T1材料相当。由于其耐磨性提高，选择T2时需要更精细和更精确的切割。它是所有精加工工具和成形刀片的最佳选择。一般情况下，它可用于选择T1钢的所有情况。AISI T5具有较高的钴和钒含量，两者的结合产生了优异的耐磨性和极高的热硬度。它的脱碳倾向应在热处理中加以控制，使用稍微还原的气氛。该钢推荐用于所有单槽工具、高速和进给、切削加工指数较低的材料以及去除大块材料。表14-13钨高速工具钢AISI T15具有优异的耐磨性和无与伦比的切削能力，同时提高了热硬度。较高的钒含量，加上很高比例的碳和一些钴，可以生产出高速钢组中工作质量最好的钢。作为热处理的允许材料，T15钢能够承受相当高的热处理温度，通常随后是一个以上的回火道次。这种材料的可加工性指数很高，即使其易磨性受到影响。由于其韧性较低，在需要更大的抗冲击性的地方可能不会使用。否则，它的应用包括冷加工工具，如模具和冲头，或冲裁或成形。14-4-1-2热作或冷作钢（分类为H、D、O和A）。工具钢材料中的另一个区别是将它们分为热加工和冷加工。热作工具钢，包括所有的H型材料，这里没有描述，因为它们的应用范围大多涵盖了工业的模具制造分支，即使在冲压模具领域中肯定可以找到一些边缘用途。冷作工具钢可分为三大类：（1）高碳、高铬型钢，（2）油淬冷作工具钢，（3）中合金、空气淬硬、冷作工具钢。表14-14列出了选定的特性。1、高碳、高铬、冷作工具钢（D组）主要用于模具加工，尽管可能发现其他一般应用。AISID2是一种空气硬化模具钢，具有高硬度、耐磨性和抗变形性。它的可加工性相当好，但在材料成分中加入少量的硫仍有可能改善其加工性能。分散良好的硫化物颗粒可显著改善材料的加工性能和表面光洁度。低硬度热处理对材料的韧性有积极的影响。D2钢通常用于制造各种类型的模具，无论是切割模具、锻造模具或其他与模具相关的工具AISID3油淬硬钢具有优异的耐磨性。它不受变形的影响，在逐渐增加的载荷下表现出优越的抗压强度。它的深层硬化特性使它成为一个很好的选择，频繁地重新研磨工具是必要的。否则，它将用于下料和其他切割冲头和模具，用于长时间的生产运行，建议在需要高耐磨性的地方使用。2、油淬冷作工具钢（O族）中含有大量的锰，但其它合金元素所占比例相当低。这种廉价的工具钢不抵抗磨损和变形，但其硬度穿透深度令人印象深刻。良好的可加工性指标使这种钢成为生产短程零件的良好选择。表14-14 冷作模具钢AISI 01钢在热处理过程中有轻微的翘曲和收缩倾向，但其耐热性不高。它通常用于低速运转的切削工具，如丝锥、钻头和铰刀，以及用于短期或中期生产运行的所有切削和成形模具。AISI 02还显示了前一种类型的非变形特性，加上易于加工、良好的耐磨性和低温硬化的安全性。主要用于中低速范围的切削刀具，螺纹滚压模具、成形刀具、衬套、量规的制造。AISI06是一种石墨型钢，由于石墨碳的小颗粒均匀地分散在钢中。总碳百分比的大约三分之一以游离结节状石墨的形式存在，这补充了加工的简易性。由这种钢制成的零件通常利用这些游离石墨作为润滑剂，从而减少磨损和磨损。O6钢在硬化方面没有问题，利用相当低的淬火温度，同时获得几乎没有尺寸变化的深度硬度穿透。这种钢最常用于衬套、刀具刀片夹持器、刀具柄、刀杆、夹具、量规、切削和成形冲头和模具，以及材料稳定性比耐磨性更重要的地方。3、中合金、空气淬火、冷作工具钢（A组）具有较高的可加工性指数，热处理时具有较高的韧性和不变形性。尽管合金含量较低，但空气淬火硬化是可以接受的。然而，这些材料的耐磨性并不令人印象深刻。AISI A2合金具有低铬含量，使其处于价格具有竞争力的钢范围内，其抗变形能力与高铬材料相当。硫的夹杂提高了可加工性，而降低的耐磨性与增加的韧性相平衡。这种钢最常用于冲头和冲模，无论是切割还是成形，冷热修边模，以及滚丝模。AISIA6可以从低温进行空气硬化，这使得这种钢可以与油硬化类型相媲美，另外一个优点是在热处理过程中提高了稳定性。它的主要用途是在模具制造领域作为成型工具，仪表和工具，不需要高度的耐磨性。14-4-1-3抗冲击模具钢和专用工具钢（分类为S、P、L和F）。这些钢的每一种最初都是为相当特殊的用途而开发的，但逐渐地它们都进入了其他应用领域抗冲击钢（S组）。这些钢的韧性提高，即使耐磨性降低（表14-15）。其含碳量十分低，且它们的合金元素随钢的成分而变化。合金添加剂的多样化会产生不同的性能，如热硬度、可加工性和耐磨性。表14-15抗冲击专用工具钢AISI S1是一种铬钨合金，在其硬化状态下表现出极大的韧性，具有相当的强度和硬度。低碳含量对该材料耐磨性的影响可以通过渗碳得到缓解，但不会降低其良好的抗冲击性能。主要用途是冲孔和成形工具、落锻模镶块、重型剪切刀片、冲击载荷工具等。AISI S2具有中等的耐磨性，具有良好的抗断裂性能。它主要用于制造气动工具、手凿和少量的动火作业。最后一次使用时，必须在中性大气中进行热处理，以避免表面渗碳或脱碳。AISI S5是一种硅锰钢，添加了一些铬、钒和钼，以提高硬度穿透深度和细化内部晶粒结构。这些钢在油中淬火，但也可以在零件形状不包含尖角、厚度严重偏差和其他设计缺陷的情况下使用水淬火。高弹性极限和良好的延展性是这类材料最受欢迎的特性之一。该材料用于重型冲头、弯曲辊、剪切刀片，也用于硬质合金刀具和易受冲击的机械零件的柄部。模具钢（P组）。这些钢的碳含量很低，与其他类型的工具钢不同。因此，他们需要渗碳，而他们的高抗脱碳保护他们从这个过程的逆转。它们的尺寸稳定性非常好，伴随着良好的表面光洁度，并且有可能通过滚齿而不是常规加工来改变它们的形状。这些钢主要用于模具制造。专用工具钢（L和F组）。这些低合金钢具有各种性能，甚至常常是相互矛盾的。这些材料比高合金工具钢便宜。AISI L6具有良好的抗变形性能，与其它油淬钢相比，其韧性相当好。合金含量低，耐磨性差。这种工具钢材料推荐用于需要中等抗冲击和耐磨性的场合，如成型和修边模具、转向节销、离合器部件等。AISI F2是一种碳钨材料，对热变化非常敏感，甚至对热处理也很敏感，在热处理过程中可能会发生变形。这种趋势，加上它在硬化过程中的低抗裂性，使得其应用局限于简单形状的工具。硬化必须非常浅，但它产生一个坚硬的核心。不管有什么缺点，这种材料还是很耐磨的。14-4-1-4水淬工具钢（分类为W）。这些钢含有最少的合金元素，其碳含量因组而异。淬火应是严酷的，使用水或盐水。当碳含量较高时，这种钢对热处理产生的缺陷更为敏感。这种类型的钢随后被用于要求更高的应用。表14-16评价了它们的特性。W-1型水淬硬钢（纯碳）。第一组，碳含量在0.7%到0.9%之间，是坚韧的，可能用于休克或苛刻的治疗预期。应用领域包括冷冲头、夹具元件、砧面、卡盘爪、螺丝刀刀片、凿子等。第二组碳含量为0.9%至1.1%，具有中等的抗冲击能力，同时具有较高的硬度和相当令人满意的韧性。它用于制造手动工具、螺纹模、木螺旋钻、拉伸和镦头模的模具零件、钻套、车床中心、夹头和夹具元件。第三组（1.05-1.20%C）的硬度穿透力和抗冲击性能都得到了改善。其韧性降低，但耐磨性和切削性能力很高。它用于手工工具，如刀具、凿子、慢速切削工具、中心钻、落料、弯曲和压模零件。第四组（1.2%至1.3%C）可进行更大深度的表面硬化。这种钢提高了耐磨性和耐磨性，对冲击载荷和集中应力的应用具有敏感性。这种材料通常用于精加工刀具、成形和抛光工具。表14-16水淬工具钢14-4-2硬质合金在硬质合金从30年代开始广泛应用之前，刀具材料主要依靠热处理来获得加工所需的性能。在更高的速度下，伴随着更高的温度，这些工具受到了另一种热处理的影响，这种热处理后来毁掉了它们。即使在今天，也没有太多的材料能够在不受有害影响的情况下吸收工作循环产生的热量。除了陶瓷，硬质合金可能是唯一的附加工具材料。由碳化物和含钴铁填料的混合物制成，它们被压实和烧结。即使在更高的温度下，它们也显示出更高的硬度，在需要更高的加工速度或必须加工更硬材料的情况下，可以使用这种特性。硬质合金有几种形式。最常见的类型是碳化钨和碳化钛。14-4-2-1碳化钨。这些材料可进一步细分为两类：（1）含钴结合剂（WC-Co）的两相型碳化钨，这是最常用的类型。它显示出极强的硬度和耐磨性，这使得它更容易用于预期磨损的地方。（2） 合金化碳化钨，与碳化钛（TiC）或碳化钽（TaC）或两者都合金化，应在可能因弹坑磨损工具的地方使用。碳化钨工具钢中的钴增加了它的强度；但是，在更大的数量下，它降低了耐磨性、热硬度、抗坑蚀性和由于更高的温度而导致的变形抗力。碳化钛的加入起相反的作用：它增加了材料的耐磨性、热硬度、抗坑蚀性和高温变形倾向，但降低了材料的强度。碳化钨材料中的碳化钽降低了强度和耐磨性，同时增加了材料暴露在高温下所引起的变形抗力。根据钴含量的不同，碳化钨的洛氏A硬度很高，可能在A89和A94之间。14-4-2-2碳化钛。它们通常是由碳化钛与额外的镍和钼（TiC-Ni-Mo）组合而成。商业级洛氏A硬度范围在92到93之间，仅推荐用于高速精密加工或在较高速度和较低切削进给和深度下的精加工操作。钛碳化物显示出优越的强度，能够以高达1500英尺/分钟的高速率工作。它们产生优越的表面光洁度，因为它们不倾向于粘附在工件材料上。一个例外是它们与铝基材料一起使用，没有产生令人满意的结果。由于其优异的侧面耐磨性，可用于获得大公差范围的工作。14-4-3陶瓷陶瓷工具易碎，但其硬度和耐用性令人钦佩。即使在1400F的极端温度下，它们也能保持较高的硬度范围，在该温度下，所有其他工具的热硬度都会失效。因此，陶瓷对于所有需要良好表面光洁度的加工工作或已硬化零件的加工（高达罗克韦尔C 65）都是极好的。陶瓷工具不会在工件和工具之间产生焊接倾向，因为它在加工过程中产生的热量比硬质合金工具少。它们的主要磨损来源是氧化。陶瓷材料最常见的是基于氧化铝（Al2O3），但具有一定的边际利用氧化锆（ZrO2）或氧化镁（MgO），甚至非氧化物，如氮化硅（Si3N4）或碳化硅（SiC）。陶瓷的内部结构致密而多孔。由于其横向断裂强度较低，不应在需要产生间断切割的地方使用。它们对缺口也相当敏感，缺口成为应力集中点，在相当低的张力下使材料破裂材料的低塑性，导致其脆性，往往使陶瓷在某些应用中不合理。此外，它们的低拉伸强度，这使它们容易破裂和失败，由于微小的削片，可能是相当限制性的。为了提高其拉伸性能，陶瓷材料必须保持压缩状态。此外，它们不应受到弯曲、扭曲或拉伸的影响。这种类型的工具也不建议使用大切口。但是，它们优异的耐磨性和低导热性（碳化物工具的一半）的优点往往超过了它们的缺点。在需要更高切割速度及其变化的地方，对于宽面切割或高研磨性材料的切割，它们是不可替代的。表14-17至14-19给出了切割速度、故障排除指南和陶瓷材料的选定特性。增加切削进给量或切削速度可以降低陶瓷的刀具寿命。这是由于温度升高引起的，而温度升高又会对工具的磨损机制产生负面影响。陶瓷的耐磨性随着界面残余化合物的形成而提高，如氧化铝模具材料上的铝酸盐形成或SiAlON上的硅酸盐层。在以更高的切削速度进行的工作循环中，这些保护层开始在工具表面形成，并且这种涂层产生的磨损保护比其形成的基本材料产生的磨损保护更多。据推测，这些保护层的形成通常是由陶瓷的低导热性促进的，在高切削速度下，陶瓷的切削刃局部过热。因此，保护层的形成是材料热滥用的后续反应。2外文资料原文（与课题相关，至少1万印刷符号以上）：MATERIALS AND SURFACE FINISHAISI M7 has a higher carbon and vanadium content, which readily raises its cutting effi- ciency but without lowering its toughness. Otherwise M7 steel is similar to M1. Greater care should be exercised in heat treatment, where a salt bath or a controlled atmosphere is recommended because of the materials proneness to decarburization. Applications include blanking and trimming dies, shear blades, thread rolling dies, and lathe tooling.AISI M10 has excellent wear resistance owing to its higher vanadium content. Various cutters and lathe tooling are made from this type of steel, with usage for blanking dies and punches, shear blades, and similar.AISI M42 has good hot hardness as well as regular hardness produced by the addition of cobalt. Forming tools, fly cutters, thread rolling dies, tool bits, shaving tools, and simi- lar tools may be made from this type of material. All M40 group members are also utilized for tooling on materials with a low machinability index.Tungsten High-Speed Tool Steels (T group). These materials are irreplaceable where a high-temperature working environment is encountered. They are also more permissible in heat treatment, having a distinct resistance to decarburization while not being excessively prone to distortion.Properties of tungsten-based steels from Table 14-13 and their applications are as follows:AISI T1 is also known as the 18-4-1 type of steel; its designation refers to the percent- ages of the primary alloying elements: W-Cr-V. A high toughness, combined with better machinability and permissibility in heat treatment, makes this type of steel an excellent general-purpose material. It is used in all multiflute cutters, threading taps and dies, machine knives, lathe tooling, and punches and dies.AISI T2 is a very agreeable material with regard to machining and heat treatment, where it is comparable to T1 material, in spite of its higher carbon content and twice the percent- age of vanadium. Because of its improved wear resistance, T2 is chosen where finer and more precise cutting is needed. It is an excellent choice for all finishing tools and forming inserts. Generally it may be used in all situations where T1 steel would be selected.AISI T5 has a higher cobalt and vanadium content, the combination of which produces excellent wear resistance combined with a very high hot hardness. Its tendency to decar- burization should be controlled in heat treatment, utilizing a slightly reducing atmosphere. This steel may be recommended for all single-fluted tooling, for high speeds and feeds, for cutting of materials with lower machinability index, and for removal of larger chunks of material.TABLE 14-13 Tungsten High-Speed Tool SteelsT1,T2T4T5,T6T8,T15Depth of hardening5555Decarburization resistance5434Safety in hardening3222Shape stability in heat treatment (air)3333Shape stability in heat treatment (oil)2222Machinability221212Wear resistance44445Toughness1111Hot hardness4555Relative evaluation, where 1 is the lowest rating and 5 is the greatest.628CHAPTER FOURTEENAISI T15 boasts excellent wear resistance and unsurpassed cutting ability, along with increased hot hardness. The higher vanadium content, aided by a very high percentage of carbon and some cobalt, produces a steel of the best working qualities within the high- speed steel group. As a permissible material in heat treatment, T15 steel can withstand quite high heat-treating temperatures, followed usually by more than one tempering pass. The machinability index of this material is very high, even though its grindability suffers. Because of its lower toughness, it may not be used where greater shock resistance is required. Otherwise its applications include cold-work tooling such as dies and punches, either blanking or forming.14-4-1-2Hot- or Cold-Work Steels (categorized as H, D, O, and A). Another distinc- tion within tool steel materials divides them into hot- and cold-working.Hot-work tool steels, including all H-type materials, are not described here since their application range covers mostly the mold-building branch of industry, even though some marginal uses within the field of stamping dies may certainly be found.Cold-work tool steels can be grouped into three major categories: (1) high-carbon, high- chromium type steels, (2) oil-hardening cold-work tool steels, and (3) medium-alloy, air- hardening, cold-work tool steels. A list of selected properties is enclosed in Table 14-14.1.High-carbon, high-chromium, cold-work tool steels (D group) were mainly intended for die work, even though other general applications may be found.AISI D2 is an air-hardening die steel, high in hardness, abrasion resistance, and resis- tance to deformation. Its machinability is quite good and may still be improved by a slightly greater amount of sulfur within the material makeup. Well-dispersed particles of sulfide considerably improve the materials machinability and surface finish. Heat treating to a lower hardness positively affects the materials toughness. D2 steel is frequently used for making all types of dies, be it cutting dies, forging dies, or other die-related tooling.AISI D3 oil-hardened steel offers excellent resistance to abrasion and wear. It is immune to deformation and displays a superior compressive strength under a gradually increasing load. Its deep-hardening properties make it an excellent choice where frequent regrinding of tools is necessary. Otherwise it is utilized for blanking and other cutting punches and dies intended for long production runs, and it is recommended wherever a high resistance to wear is required.2.Oil-hardening, cold-work tool steels (O group) contain a significant amount of man- ganese, but the percentage of other alloying elements is quite low. This inexpensive tool steel does not resist wear and deformation, but the depth of its hardness penetration is impressive. A good machinability index makes this type of steel a good choice where short runs of parts are produced.TABLE 14-14 Cold-Work ToolSteelsD2D3D4, D5O1, O2O6A2,A3A6Depth of hardening5554455Decarburization resistance4445545Safety in hardening5354455Shape stability in heat treatment5454455Machinability1113421Wear resistance443422342Toughness1112222Hot hardness3331132Relative evaluation, where 1 is the lowest rating and 5 is the greatest.MATERIALS AND SURFACE FINISH629AISI 01 steel has a minimal tendency to warpage and shrinking during the heat-treating process, but its resistance to high heat is not commendable. It is often used for slow-running cutting tools such as taps, drills, and reamers, and for all cutting and forming die tooling for short or medium production runs.AISI 02 also displays nondeforming properties of the previous type, coupled with an ease of machining, good wear resistance, and safety in hardening at low temperatures. It is mainly used for cutting tools of low- and medium-speed ranges, for making of thread rolling dies, forming tools, bushings, and gauges.AISI 06 is a graphitic type of steel, owing to small particles of graphitic carbon equally dis- persed throughout its content. Approximately one-third of the total percentage of carbon is present in the form of free nodular graphites which supplement ease of machining. Parts made from this type of steel often utilize these free graphites as a sort of lubricant, with subsequent reduction in wear and galling. O6 steel presents no problems in hardening, utilizing quite low quenching temperatures while attaining a deep-hardness penetration with almost no dimen- sional change. This steel is most often used for bushings, for holders of tool cutters inserts, for shanks of cutting tools, for arbors, jigs, gauges, cutting and forming punches and dies, and where stability of the material is of greater importance than its wear resistance.3.Medium-alloy, air-hardening, cold-work tool steels (A group) have a high machin- ability index accompanied by high toughness and nondeformity in heat treatment. Even though the alloy content is low, hardening by air quenching is acceptable. However, wear resistance of these materials is not impressive.AISI A2 alloy has a low chromium content that places it within a competitively priced range of steels, with its resistance to deformation equal to that of high-chromium materials. An inclusion of sulfur improves the machinability, while a reduced wear resistance is bal- anced by an increased toughness. This type of steel is most often used for punches and dies, either cutting or forming, for cold and hot trimming dies, and for thread rolling dies.AISI A6 may be air hardened from a low temperature, which makes this steel compara- ble to oil-hardening types, with an additional advantage of improved stability in the heat- treating process. Its main usage is within the die-building field as forming tools, gauges, and tooling that does not need a high degree of wear resistance.14-4-1-3Shock-Resisting, Mold, and Special-Purpose Tool Steels (categorized as S, P, L, and F). Each of these steel types was originally developed for quite a specific use, but gradually they all advanced into additional fields of application.Shock-Resisting Steels (S group). These are steels of increased toughness, even though suffering from lowered wear resistance (Table 14-15). Their carbon content isTABLE 14-15 Shock-Resistant and Special-Purpose Tool SteelsS1S2S5L2L6F2Depth of hardening444443Decarburization resistance433555Safety in hardening313231Shape stability in heat treatment2121231Machinability222322Wear resistance1212121234Toughness455441Hot hardness211111Relative evaluation, where 1 is the lowest rating and 5 is the greatest.630CHAPTER FOURTEENquite low, and their alloying elements vary with each steels composition. The diversifi- cation in alloying additives produces different properties, such as hot hardness, machin- ability, and abrasion resistance.AISI S1 is a chromium-tungsten alloy, demonstrating in its hardened condition a great toughness, with considerable strength and hardness. The influence of low carbon content on the wear resistance of this material may be alleviated by carburizing, which will not diminish its generous shock-resisting qualities. Main uses are for piercing and forming tools, drop forging die inserts, heavy shear blades, tooling for shock loads, and the like.AISI S2, with its moderate wear resistance, presents good resistance to rupturing. It is mainly used in the manufacture of pneumatic tools, hand chisels, and a limited amount of hot work. For this last application it must be heat-treated in a neutral atmosphere in order to avoid either carburization or decarburization of its surface.AISI S5 is a silicon-manganese steel with some chromium, vanadium, and molybdenum added to obtain an improvement in the depth of hardness penetration and a refinement of the inner grain structure. These steels are quenched in oil, although a water quench may also be used where the shape of a part does not contain sharp corners, drastic deviations in thickness, and other designing faults. High elastic limit and good ductility are among the most sought after properties of this type. The material is used for heavy-duty punches, bending rolls, shear blades, and also for shanks of carbide tools and machine parts that are subject to shock.Mold Steels (P group). These steels have a quite low carbon content, in which they differ from other types of tool steels. They therefore require carburizing, while their high resistance to decarburization protects them from the reversal of this process. Their dimen- sional stability is very good, accompanied by an excellent surface finish and the possibil- ity of altering their shape by hobbing instead of regular machining. These steels are mostly used in mold-making.Special-Purpose Tool Steels (L and F group). These low-alloyed steels have various prop- erties, often even conflicting ones. These materials are cheaper than higher-alloyed tool steels. AISI L6 is resistant to deformation, and its toughness is quite good in comparison with that of other oil-hardening types of steel. The alloy content and abrasion resistance is low. This tool steel material is recom
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