最新考研英语模拟试卷（1）（附答案及详解）

1、最新考研模拟试卷section i use of englishdirections: read the following text. choose best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on answer sheet 1. ( 10 points) anthropology is the study of human beings as creatures of society. it 1 its attention upon those physical characteristics and industria

2、l techniques, those conventions and values, which 2 one community from all others that belong to a different tradition.the distinguishing mark of anthropology among the social sciences is that it includes for serious study other societies 3 our own. for its purposes any social 4 of mating and reprod

3、uction is as significant as our own. to the anthropologist our customs and those of a new guinea tribe are two possible social schemes for 5 a common problem, and in so far as he remains an anthropologist he is 6 to a-void any weighting of one 7 the other. he is interested in human behavior, not as

4、it is shaped by one tradition, our own, but as it has been shaped by any tradition 8 . he is interested in a wide 9 of custom that is found in various cultures, and his object is to understand the way in which these cultures change and 10 , the different forms through which they express themselves a

5、nd the 11 in which the customs of any peoples function in the lives of the 12 .now custom has not been commonly regarded as a 13 of any great moment. the inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely 14 of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking ,is behavior at its most common

6、place. 15 , it is the other way round. traditional custom is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than 16 any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. yet that is a rather 17 aspect of the matter. the fact 18 first rate importance is the predominant role that custom 19 in experience

7、 and belief, and the very great varieties it may 20. 1. a pays b revolves c fastens d draws 2. a distinguish b prohibit c dispel d exempt 3. a of b from c for d than 4. a regulation b execution c prosecution d disposition 5. a meditating on b imposing on c tangling with d dealing with 6. a acknowled

8、ged b authorized c bound d credited 7. a in favor of b instead of c rather than d in contrast with 8. a however b though c whatsoever d indeed 9, a option b span c prototype d range 10. i a deviate b fluctuate c differentiate d segregate 11. a manner b means c case d context 12. a personnel b locali

9、ty c natives d individuals 13. a subject b object c objective d subjective 14. a worth b worthwhile c worthy d rewarding 15. a as a matter of fact b on the whole c in general d on the other hand 16. a that b why c how d what 17. a vulgar b lofty c grim d trivial 18. a in b of c at d to 19. a functio

10、ns b plays c makes d leads 20. a manifest b illustrate c reveal d indicatesection reading comprehensionpart adirections: read the following four texts .answer the questions below each text by choosing a,b,c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1 .(40 points) text 1researchers in the field of psyc

11、hology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decis

12、ions to see how similar they are. proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheet can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. worksheets require defining the

13、 problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. next, the permanent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration of consequence is determined. each consideration is assigned a numerical

14、 value to reflect its relative importance. a decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. the alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision. since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with

15、 unique advantages and disadvantages. one of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. on the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. a workshee

16、t can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. a realistic example for many college students is the question what will i do after graduation? a graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree or

17、 travel abroad for a year.a decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow lt. it is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-rang

18、es ones. focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to what will i do after graduation that will lead to a successful career? 21. what is the passage mainly about.? a a tool to assist in making complex decisions. b a comparison of actual decisions and ideal de

19、cisions. c a research on how people make decisions. d differences between long-range and short-range decision making. 22. of the following steps, which is the first step towards an optimal decision? a listing the consequences of each solution. b calculating a numerical summary of each solution. c de

20、ciding which consequences are most important. d writing down all possible solution. 23. according to decision-making worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that a has the fewest variables to consider. b uses the most decision worksheets. c carries the greatest value assigned to it.

21、d is agreed to by the greatest number of people. 24. the word succinct in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to a creative. b satisfactory. c personal. d concise. 25. toward the decision worksheet, the writers attitude can be said to be a neutral. b approving c ambiguous d biased. text 2as the

22、 21st century begins, a number of leaders in politics, education, and other professions believe that the united states must adopt some new values to go along with the older traditional ones. what new values should americans adopt.? this is very difficult question to answer. certainly, a greater valu

23、e should be placed on the conservation of natural resources; americans should learn to use less and waste less. but conservation has never been a strong value to americans, who have believed that their country offered an endless, abundant supply of natural resources. recently, progress has been made

24、-more and more americans are recycling their paper, cans, bottles, and other goods-but old wasteful habits die hard. furthermore, the need to protect the environment may conflict with the need for jobs, as in the northwest, where conservationists battle lumber companies that want to cut down ancient

25、 redwood trees. a belief in the value of conservation is still compared with other american values; it can become stronger only as americans see the need for it more clearly.in addition, americans may need to place a strong value on cooperation on a national scale to achieve important national objec

26、tives. the american idea of the national good has never been based on national cooperation but rather on the freedom of the individual, maintaining those conditions that provide the greatest freedom and prosperity for the individual. it is far more difficult for americans to accept shared sacrifice

27、for the common good and well-being of the entire country. for example, although the majority of americans believe that it is extremely important to balance the national budget and reduce the deficit, they do not want to see cuts in government programs that benefit them personally.the american value

28、of competition also hinders the development of a spirit of national cooperation. competition sometimes encourages feelings of suspicion rather than the mutual trust that is necessary for successful national cooperation. although americans often cooperate successfully on the local level-in neighborho

29、od groups and churches, for example - they become suspicious when the national government becomes involved. for example, on the national level, they may see themselves as part of an interest group that is competing with other interest groups for government funds. a request by the national government

30、 for shared sacrifice may be seen as coercive and destructive rather than voluntary and constructive. however, the demands of the 21st century may compel americans to place a greater value on national cooperation to solve problems that affect them all, directly and indirectly. 26. the best title of

31、this passage could be a which is better, new value or old value? b conservation vs. need for jobs. c the need for new national values. d cooperation and competition. 27. which of the following is not true, according to the passage? a some americans would not accept the value of conservation and envi

32、ronment protection, because this value would probably make them unemployed. b many americans have been used to wasting, so it will be difficult for them to accept the new value of conservation. c some old values are stilling having a very strong influence on american people, although they are harmfu

33、l in this new age. d most americans have fully realized the need to protect the environment, so they have taken measures to recycle junked goods. 28. what is the basis for the american notion of national good? a individual freedom. b personal property. c national cooperation. d both a and b. 29. the

34、 author gave an example in the second paragraph in order to a emphasize the need to place a stronger value on national cooperation. b explain why the american idea has been based on individual freedom. c illustrate the fact that americans will not sacrifice their personal interest for the good of th

35、e entire country. d support the idea that america needs the spirit of national cooperation to achieve important national objectives in the 21 st century. 30. the value of competition works against the spirit of national cooperation in that a it makes people not believe in the government. b it causes

36、 people to suspect but not to trust each other. c it makes people even unable to cooperate well on local levels. d it encourages people to gain success through individual hard work.text 3the issue of online privacy in the internet age found new urgency following the sept. 11 terrorist attacks, spark

37、ing debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. while preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant.in response to the attacks, congress quickly passed

38、legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investigators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. civil liberties groups expressed concern over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result

39、in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of u. s. citizens. nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the department of justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. on oct. 30, attorney general john ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that wo

40、uld permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been detained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism.in light of this

41、 broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be off-limits, the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. congress has taken some legislative steps toward ensuring online privacy, including the childrens online privacy protection act, and provi

42、ded privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the financial services modernization act. the legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own

43、measures. but much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. moreover. it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the internet does not know geographic boundaries, and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting,

44、 privacy rules.an analysis earlier this year of 751 u.s. and international web sites conducted by consumers international found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what rights consumers have over their own

45、 information. at a minimum, congress should pass legislation requiring web sites to display privacy policies prominently, inform consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection, and provide customer access to their own data that has alread

46、y been collected. although various internet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the terrorist attacks. plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. exactly how these exigent circumstances chan

47、ge the nature of the online privacy debate is still to be seen. 31. concerning the protection of privacy and increased surveillance of communication, the author seems to insist on a the priority of the former action. b the execution of the latter at the expense of the former. c tightening both polic

48、ies at the same time. d a balance between the two actions. 32. the author implies in the second paragraph that a the proposal of the department of justice is unjustified. b surveillance of any suspect communication is necessary. c civil liberties groups should not have shown such great concern. d ex

49、ceptions should be made in intercepting communications. 33. in the eyes of the author, the financial service modernization act a serves no more than as a new patch on an old robe. b indicates the congress admirable move to protecting privacy. c invades online consumer privacy rather than protect it.

50、 d is deficient in that it leaves many sectors unshielded. 34. privacy standards made by individual states are ineffective because a the standards of different states contradict each other. b online communication is not restricted to any state. c these standards ignore the federal law on the matter.

51、 d these standards are only applicable to regional web sites. 35. the expression opt out of such data collection (in the last paragraph) probably means a pick out from such data the information one needs. b sift through such data to collect ones own information. c evaluate the purpose for such data

52、collection. d choose not to be involved in such data collection. text 4urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. opportunities to make money mean competition and competition is stressful;

53、 it is often at its most intense in the largest cities, where opportunities are greatest. the presence of huge numbers of people inevitably involves more conflict, more traveling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of gr

54、eat cities. crime has always flourished in the relative anonymity of urban life, but todays ease of movement makes its control more difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of communities. city dwellers may become trapped in their homes by the

55、 fear of crime around them.as a defense against these developments, city dwellers tend to use various strategies to try and reduce the pressures upon themselves: contracts with other people are generally made brief and impersonal; doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; journey

56、s outside the home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure. there are other strategies, too, which are positively harmful to the individual, for example, reducing awareness through drugs or alcohol. furthermore, all these defensive forms of behavior are harmful to society in general; they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the communitys concern for its members. lack of informal social contact and indifference to the misfortunes of others, if they are not personally known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.inner areas of cities tend to be aband