高中英语——句子结构

1、.,句 子 结 构,-英语的五种基本句型,.,为什么要学习英语的句子结构？学好句子结构是学好英语的前提,帮助我们学好其他英语语法知识。 帮助我们写出正确的英语句子，形成并提高英 语书面表达的能力。 帮助我们正确使用英语单词，提高单词拼写及选词填空等用词能力。 有助于我们提高阅读能力和其他英语应用能力。,.,英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。 基本句型一： 主谓 基本句型二： 主系表 基本句型三： 主谓宾

2、 基本句型四： 主谓间宾直宾 基本句型五： 主谓宾宾补 定语和状语是句子中的修饰成份，不列 入基本句型中,.,主语：动作发出者 谓语：主语发出的动作 宾语：动作的承受者 补语：补充说明主语或宾语 状语：表示时间、地点、方式、原因、目 的、程度、比较和伴随成分,.,基本句型 一 主谓,此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,.,.,Your father is standing there. His teacher came in with a book in his hand. The bus start

3、ed and arrived there at eight oclock.,.,Flowers come out in spring. The plane has already left. Is the baby dog sleeping?,.,练习,鸟在飞翔。 她的宝宝在哭。 太阳正在落山。 谁也没笑。,Birds are flying.,Her baby is crying.,The sun is setting.,No one laughed.,.,练习,你唱得很美。 我咳了一夜。 我们很少在外边吃饭。 昨天发生了事故。,You sing beautifully.,I coughed

4、all night.,We seldom dine out.,The accident occurred yesterday.,.,练习,一个来自美国的老人午夜时分在他宽大的卧室里快乐地跳着舞。,At midnight, an old man who comes from America was dancing happily in his own big bedroom.,.,基本句型 二,基本句型 二 主系表,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做连系动词。 系动词分两类：be

5、, look, feel, smell, taste, sound等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn, go等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。 其它系动词仍保持其部分词义，如：stay, prove, remain, stand,.,Mr. Brown is an English teacher. 主语 系动词 表语 1). be 动词 解释说明主语的性质或特征等 2). 感官动词： look, sound,feel, taste, smell等 3).表”变化”的词：become, get, turn等； 还有seem,

6、keep, stay等。,.,.,1). His parents are in the kitchen now. 2). You looked happy yesterday. 3). This song doesnt sound beautiful. 4). Did your father get angry?,.,找出下列句子中的表语： The old man was feeling very tired. A B C D Why is he worried? A B The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D They all became intere

7、sted in the subject. A B C D She was the first to learn about it. A B C D,.,练习,今天我感觉不太舒服。 他看上去很累。 你的汤味道很好。 她似乎对计划不感兴趣。,I dont feel very well today.,He looks very tired.,Your soup tastes very good.,She doesnt seem very interested in the plan.,.,练习,天越来越冷了。 孩子不久就睡着了。 他长得相当高了。 听到这消息她脸色变得苍白。,Its getting

8、cold.,Soon the child fell asleep.,She went pale at the news.,He has grown quite tall.,.,基本句型 三 主谓宾,此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,.,., My brother didnt do his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last cla

9、ss? c,., They dont know who Father Christmas is. Some of the students in the school want to go swimming. The old man said he was ill. You will find it when you get home.,.,过去二十年我们取得了很大的成就。 他们很快控制了病情。 他们只是在建空中楼阁。,Weve achieved a lot in the past twenty years.,They soon controlled the disease.,They are

10、 just building castles in the air.,练习,.,我十分欣赏你们的表演。 顾客要求退款。 这会造成错误的印象。 我们总是交换圣诞节礼物的。,I enjoyed every minute of your performance.,The customer demanded a refund.,We always exchange Christmas gifts.,That will create a wrong impression.,练习,.,基本句型 四 主谓间宾直宾,此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。 这两个宾语一个是动作

11、的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。 通常这一间接承受者用一个介词来连接，当动作的间接承受者在动作的直接承受者之前时，这一介词往往被省略。,.,She gave me her telephone number. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 或： She gave her telephone number to me. 主语 谓语 直接宾语 间接宾语 间接宾语放后面时要在其前加”to” 或 “for”,.,1） I showed him the photo yesterday. I showed the photo to him yesterday. 2 ） He passed us t

12、he papers. =,He passed the papers to us.,.,My parents bought me a new bag. = My parents bought a new bag for me. 2）She cooked us a big meal. =,She cooked a big meal for us.,.,常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类） A：动词后加to give , show , send, bring, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, throw, p

13、romise B： 动词后加for make, buy, do, get, play, order, sing, pay,.,她给我们唱了一首英文歌曲。 我去给你沏点新鲜茶。 这会省去你很多麻烦。 请帮我把今天的报纸拿来。,She sang us an English song.,Ill make you some fresh tea.,That will save you a lot of trouble.,Please fetch me todays paper.,练习,.,把车钥匙递给我。 把你们的计划用传真发给我们。 你可否把书单用电子邮件发给我？ 把那本书扔给我。,Hand me t

14、he car key.,Please fax us your plans.,Throw me that book.,Can you e-mail me the book list?,练习,.,基本句型 五 主谓宾宾补,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,.,补语,补语是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。 可以用做补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语等. Everyone calls him Jack. （宾补） He is called Jack.（主补）,.,.,They electe

15、d me captain of the team. We try to make our country strong. We found everything in good order there. I should advise you to get the chance. I saw him going upstairs. They found the house broken in.,名词,形容词,介词短语,to do 不定式,现在分词 doing,done 过去分词,.,主语补足语 如果上述结构变成被动语态，原宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语,I was electe

16、d captain of the team. Our country will be made strong.,.,They called their daughter Alice. His new job was found boring. She was seen chatting with Nancy. I want you to help me with the housework.,宾语补足语,宾语补足语,主语补足语,主语补足语,.,我们把窗框漆成了黄色。 她把连衣裙染成淡蓝色。 3 他发现这工作很有意思。 4 什么使你这样生气？,We painted the window fram

17、es yellow.,She dyed her dress light blue.,He found the job quite interesting.,What made you so angry?,练习,.,我们必须在半小时内把晚饭做好 你们必须保持房间干净。 我认为这没有必要。 不久他们就把她释放了。,We must get the supper ready in half an hour.,You must keep the room clean.,Soon they set her free.,I dont think it necessary.,练习,.,在此句型中有时可以有“i

18、t”作形式宾语，把真正的宾语放到最后。 此时作宾语的常是动词不定式“to do”, 动词的 “ing” 形式或宾语从句; I still find it hard to make good friends with her. We thought it no use doing that. Didnt I make it clear to you that I was not coming?,.,He found it difficult to stop smoking I think it best that you should do more exercise. She thought

19、it no good worrying about him,.,it 用作形式宾语,当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在句子中作宾语时，为保持平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。此时it只起引导作用，无意义。,S + v + it+,adj. n,(for sb) to do sth. 从句 doing sth,+, find possible S+ think + it + necessary +( for sb. ) to do sth. /clause. feel important ,Sentence patterns:,形式宾语, a rule

20、2. S+ V + it + ones duty + ( for sb. ) to do sth. /clause an honour ,3. S + V + it + no good + doing sth. no use,.,完成句子,（1） They _（发觉难） to finish their work in two days. （2） We _（认为是我们的职责） to clean our classroom every day. （3） It is important _（对她来说） to cometo the party.,found it difficult,think it

21、our duty,for her,.,为了记忆方便我们把该句型总结为6123结构。,6 指主句中常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel； 1 指的是形式宾语 it； 2 指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名词； 3 指的是真正宾语的三种形式：to do，v-ing或从句,We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day. He felt it important learning English well. They found it difficult that they woul

22、d finish their work in two days.,.,缺乏耐心使得她很难在英语上取得进步。,我认为掌握一门外语没有足够的练习是不可能的。,Lacking patience made it difficult for her to make progress in English learning.,I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without enough practice.,.,1.They work hard. 主 + 谓 2.The flower is dead. 主 + 系 + 表 3.Pla

23、nts need water. 主 + 谓 + 宾 4.He gives me some seeds. 主 + 谓 + 直宾 + 间宾 5.We should keep the plants in the shade. 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 谓,.,7. He kept me a dictionary. 主+谓+间宾+直宾 8. Shall I leave you the camera? 主+谓+间宾+直宾 9. We find the book very interesting. 主+谓+宾+宾补 10. My un

24、cle bought me an e-dictionary. 主+谓+间宾+直宾 11. Singing makes me happy. 主+谓+宾+宾补 12. Daming calls his cat Mimi . 主+谓+宾+宾补 13. Youmustlistentoher. 主+谓+宾 14. Heisascientist. 主+系+表,.,7.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal. 主+谓+间宾+直宾 8.Hebroughtadictionary for you. 主+谓+直宾+间宾 9.Theyappointedhimmanager. 主+谓+宾+宾

25、补 10. HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish. 主+谓+形式宾语+宾补+宾语 11.Theboyintheclassroomsat there quietly . 主+谓 12. Learningnewwordsisveryuseful. 主+系+表,.,定语：用来修饰限定_.用来修饰名词或 代词的，形容词、代词、数词、名词、 介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的 词或短语都可以担任定语。 定语的位置很灵活。 单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。,定语,名词,.,They are woman workers. Tom

26、s father didnt write home until yesterday. Mary is a beautiful girl. The play has three acts. This is her first trip to Europe. China is a developing country. I have nothing to eat. Those who want to go to Tibet are to sign their names here.,名词,名词所有格,形容词 adj,数词,形容词 /序数词 /to do 不定式,现在分词 doing,to do 不

27、定式,从句,.,1.Guilin is a beautiful city. 2.China is a developing country; America is a developed country. 3.There are thirty women teachers in our school. 4.His rapid progress in English made us surprised.,.,5.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. 6.The teaching plan for next term has

28、 been worked out. 7.He is reading an article about how to learn English. 8.She is the girl who sings best in my class.,.,用来修饰动词、形容词或副词.一般表示发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义。一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。,状语,.,9种状语种类如下：,1. How about meeting again at six? 2.Last night she didnt go to the danc

29、e party because of the rain. 3.I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 4.Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 5.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,.,5.She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.

30、He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 8.She works very hard though she is old. 9.I am taller than he is.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,.,1. The best fish swim near the bottom. 2. I left the village five years ago. 3. I arrived late because of the traffic jam . 4. Well send a car to f

31、etch you. 5. The fish can eat a person in two minutes , leaving only bones 6. The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. 7. If he goes, so will I . 8. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.,地点状语,时间状语,原因状语,目的状语,结果状语,伴随状语,条件状语,让步状语,.,对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任; This is Mr. Zhou,

32、our headmaster. The president of America, Obama, will visit China next month.,同位语 （Appositive）,.,对一句话做一些附加的解释，不影响句子成分； 通常有to be honest , I think /suppose / believe)等; To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.,插入语 （Parenthesis）,.,一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He hande

33、d me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning.,主语 定语,间 接 宾 语,谓语 状语,定语,状语 状语,.,6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight.,定语 表语,宾语 状语,主语,.,9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English.,谓 语,主语 表语,谓语 宾语,状 语,形式宾语 真正宾语,.,14. Do you have anythi