Grammar

1、Unit 1,Unit 1 Women of achievement,主谓一致,Look at the following two sentences from the text and observe the differences between them.,Examples: Our group are all going to visit them in the forest. Our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon.,If the word group refers to different mem

2、bers, use a plural verb. If the word group is considered as a whole, use a singular verb. Here are some other nouns that can be used in the same way: class, family, the public, team, police, group, government, college, school, crowd, audience, etc.,主谓一致是指主语要和谓语动词保持人称和数的一致。,主谓一致,主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：,语法一致是指

3、句子的主语和谓语在语法形式上一致，即谓语动词的单复数形式依主语的单复数形式而定。主语为单数时谓语动词用单数，主语为复数时谓语动词也用复数。,语法一致原则,1. and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候, 谓语动词有以下两种情况： 1) 如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事 物的时候, 谓语动词用复数。 He and I _ both students of this school. 我和他都是这个学校的学生。,are,The singer and dancer _ going to give us a performance. 那个歌唱家兼舞蹈演员要给我们表演。 The knife a

4、nd fork _ on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。,is,is,2) 但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同 一个人或物, 或者指同一概念的时候, 谓语要用单数。,2. 如果主语是不定式、 动词ing形式或主语从句的时候, 谓语动词用单数。 What he is doing _very important. 他正在做的事情看起来很重要。 Collecting stamps _his hobby. 收集邮票是他的爱好。,seems,is,3. 定语从句的关系代词who, which, that 在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓 语动词要与先行词的人称和数保持一 致。 Those who _

5、 singing may join us. 喜欢唱歌的人可以加入我们。 Tom, who _ your friend, should help you. 汤姆是你的朋友，他应该帮助你。,enjoy,is,4. 如果句子中有这些连接词(with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, like, without, except, but, including)和主语连用, 谓语动词的数随主语的变化而变化。 The teacher, together with his students, _ trees in the street. 老师和

6、他的学生们正在街上植树。,is planting,就近一致是指谓语动词的人称和数与它 最邻近的名词或代词保持一致。 either . or; neither . nor; not only . but also, whether.or 在句子中连接主语的时候或者在there be句型中, 谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。,就近原则,e.g. Neither you nor I am wrong. There is a cup of tea and some apples on the table. Not only the students but also the teacher wishe

7、s for a holiday.,概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式, 而是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是单数, 但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数, 但在意义上却是单数。,概念一致原则,1. 不定代词all, more, some, any, none作主语, 谓语动词视情况而定。,All of the apples _ rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。 All of the apple _ rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。 不定代词all, more, some, any, none作主语, 谓语动词视情况而定。,are,is,None of th

8、e money _ left. 没有剩下一点钱。 None of the students _ there. 没有学生在那里。,is,is,2. the rest of, half of, part of, majority of, percent of, one third of等在句子中加名词作主语的时候, 谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。,Half of the students _ finished their composition. 一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。 Half of the apple _ bad. 一半的苹果坏了。 About 60 percent of the

9、 students in our school _ boys. 我们学校, 大约百分之六十的学生是男 生。,have,is,are,3. 集体名词作主语, 动词可以用单数, 也可以用复数。由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时, 动词则用复数。常见的集体名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group等。,His family _ going out. 他们全家要外出。 His family _ all music lovers. 他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。,is,are,4. 某些名词如people, polic

10、e, cattle等, 形式上是单数, 但意义上是复数, 谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时是例外。 The police _ searching for a thief. The cattle _ eating grass on the hill.,are,are,5. 复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词要用单数，如someone, somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等。 Someone _ asking for y

11、ou. 有人找你。 Nothing _ found in the room. 在屋子里什么也没找到。,is,is,6. 某些名词如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只用其复数形式, 但当它们被a pair of 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数。 The pair of shoes _ worn out. 这双鞋破了。 The shoes _worn out. 鞋子破了。,is,are,7. 某些名词以s结尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics等, 谓语动词应用单数。 Physics _ a very intere

12、sting subject. 物理是一门很有趣的学科。,is,8. every. and every .; each . and each .; no . and no . 在以上短 语中and连接的单数名词, 整个短语 在句中作主语时, 谓语动词常使用单数。 Each man and each woman _ asked to attend.,is,Every boy and every girl in the class _ diligent. 班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。 No sound and no voice _ heard. 听不到任何声音。,is,is,9. 以a numbe

13、r of作主语时, 谓语动词用复数; 以the number of 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 A number of new books _ on the desk. 桌子上有有很多新书。 The number of students in you class _ 50. 班里学生的人数是50。,are,is,10. 有些名词的单数和复数形式一样, 作主语的时候, 其谓语动词由上下文决定, 这一类名词有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Not every means _ useful. 不是每种方法都好使。 Not

14、 all means _ useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。,is,are,11. many a, more than one, one and a half与单数名词组成的短语, 谓语用单数。 Many a boy _ it. 许多孩子都看到了。,has seen,12. 书刊名、时间、距离、价格、度量衡 等的复数名词作主语时, 谓语动词常 用单数。 Thirty years _ not a long time. 30年的时间并不长。 Roots _a famous American novel. Roots是一本著名的美国小说。,is,is,1. this kind of book =

15、 a book of this kind (这种书) , 其谓语用单数; 短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口语) (这一类人), 但this kind of men的谓语用单数, men of this kind和these kind of men的谓语用复数, all kinds of后跟复数名词, 谓语用复数形式。如：,注意:,This kind of men is dangerous. Men of this kind are dangerous. 2. 在主谓倒装的句子中, 谓语动词的数应与其后的主语

16、一致。如: Between the two windows hangs a picture.,3. “分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时, 其谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致, 这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词, 而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如:,Lots of damage was caused by fire. About three-fourths of the earths surfa

17、ce is covered with water. Three-fifths of the workers here are women. 和这种情况类似的还有“a number of + 名词复数”。但是,“the number of + 名词”的中心词却是number。试比较：,A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest. The number of pages in this book is two hundred.,注意: a (large) quantity of修

18、饰可数或不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 e.g. A large quantity of people is needed here.,quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词一般用复数。如: Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table. 短语in quantity, in large quantities 意为 “大量”; in small quantities 意为“少量”。,4. a great deal of, a large amount of, 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓

19、语动词通常用单数; large amounts of修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。如:,A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time. Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.,5. 表示数量的one and a half后, 名词要用复数形式, 但是其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式。如： One and a half bananas is left on the table.,6. 如果主语由“the + 形

20、容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时, 谓语通常用复数, 这类词有: the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dub, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed 等; 但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。如：,The blind study in special school. The departed (死者) was a well-known engineer.

21、这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时, 就要与名词man, person或表示人的单数连用。如: an old man, a rich person, the (a) wounded soldier.,Help Xiaoshun choose the correct verb form in this letter. Dear Xiaoyu, I think everyone _ (is/ are) settled in London, although neither the weather nor the food _ (is/ are) good. Either rain or snow f

22、ell ever day this week but everybody _ (has/ have) tried to ignore it.,is,is,has,My friends and my mother _ (has/ have) visited almost all the museums in London. None of them _ (carry/ carries) an umbrella but nobody _ (has/ have) let that affect their activities. We are enjoying ourselves so much that I wonder if anybody _ (want/