机械毕业-除雪机的设计【含CAD图纸、说明书】
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毕业设计（外文翻译） 英文题目 Status and Development Trend of Snow Removal Machinery 中文题目 除雪机械现状及发展趋势 系 （院）专 业 学生姓名 学 号 指导教师 职 称 Status and Development Trend of Snow Removal Machinery1 summaryWith the rapid development of national economy and society, the highway and highway mileage increasing, provides the basic conditions for transportation, but in winter, snow road to Peoples Daily living and transportation to bring many difficulties, directly affect the degree of vehicle speed and road safety, keep clear of road snow, is an important content of the winter road maintenance work. At present, the winter snow is generally adopted in addition to snow and ice.There are many kinds of snow removal machines, which can be classified according to the principle of work, use range, chassis form and walking style.(1) it is classified according to the principle of work. According to the principle of the removal of snow machine, the machine can be divided into two types: moving type, screw throwing, rolling pressure, cutting and hammer type. It can be divided into shovel-shovel, v-type, snow plough and snow removal. Helical rotor type can be divided into milling cutter rotor type and impeller rotor type.(2) classification by use. According to the purpose of the snow removal machine, the snow machine can be divided into four kinds: the general use of snow removal machine, the pavement removal machine, the railway snow blower and the highway snow blower.(3) according to the chassis classification. According to the chassis of the removal machine, the machine can be divided into special chassis and dual chassis.(4) according to the walking organization. According to the difference of the chassis difference of the snow removal machine, the snow machine can be divided into the wheel and the crawler type.In actual work, people will divide the snow machine mainly into the plough type and the rotary cutting machine. At present, from snow removal process to see, snow removal mechanism, technology method has been mature, but in the process of specific work, often influenced by road, layers thick, high and low temperatures, such as constraints, the use of a mechanical hard to clean up all kinds of pavement ice snow, there are many limitations so that the application of the snow blower.2 The present situation of domestic snow removal machineryStarted relatively late development of domestic snow removal machine, from research and development since the 1980 s, with the deep into the reform and open policy, the road of rising, all kinds of motor vehicles in traffic began to pray for, there are dozens of types of snow blower is come out by the development and production, played a role in the snow removal operations. Harbin snow Wolf brand series snow removal machine, chongqing dima multifunctional snow removal vehicle and changchun cz-2400 automatic snow removal machine, etc. At the same time of developing China in addition to the snow machinery, the related department also pay attention to the introduction of road maintenance of absorbing foreign advanced technology, has introduced from abroad in recent years a certain quantity of road maintenance equipment, some of the equipment has the snow removal work Can, for example, the snow and snow removal machine and Swiss treasure, snow vehicles, etc.2.1 plough type snow ploughPlough type snow removal machine is mainly suitable for snow without compaction is special density smaller new fallen snow, due to the low price, high efficiency, reliable operation, is the most widely used snow removal machine. The form of the plough is mainly V shaped plough, u-shaped plough, single plough and wing spatula. In addition, it can also realize the change of the Angle of the plough knife and the Angle of operation. The plough is an early removal machine abroad. As early as in 1943, Japan began to put V plough used in road snow removal in the heavy truck, after years of development, foreign plough type snow removal machine has high technology level, to Russias new product K0-812-2 type plough type snow blower as an example, the snow blower car using M T3-80/82 type tractor, its function has snow removal, remove rubbish and sand pile and can be used in the streets, sidewalks, can also be used for roads and snow removal on the construction site; The working device has a bulldozer, a ploughing knife and a disc brush, and the width of the snow: 2, 500 mm. The plough knife 2 500 mm; The disc brushes 1, 800 mm. In the early 1990 s, the shenyang - dalian highway in China, the introduction of German unni monk road comprehensive maintenance vehicle, auxiliary engine equipped with plough type flanger, its total mass is 1, 000 kg, best except 2 375 mm width, snow snow shovels 1 000 mm high, the best snow removal rate of 20 km/h, the best productivity 47, 500 m2 / h, residual snow thickness is not more than 10 mm.2.2 rotary cutting machineThe rotary cutting machine usually has the characteristics of cutting, concentrating, passing and casting, which has the characteristics of complex structure and function. Whirling snow blower Can be divided into single-stage and two-stage type two kinds, one is divided into single stage type milling Knife type and the fan type, two-stage type can be divided into single shaft spiral fan type and biaxial spiral fan type. Russia and Japan are the leading countries in the production of rotary cutting machines, which are more mature and have the worlds leading water level. Japanese high-speed rotary cutting type snow blower, operation speed of 70 km/h, the snow blower adopts the four-wheel drive way, using the disc system, total length of 7790 mm, machine 2, 490 mm wide, the largest snow removal 2 490 mm width, engine power 220 KW, the largest snow removal speed 70 km/h, maximum snow removal of 3 000 t/h. Has successfully developed domestic rotary cutting type snow blower are mainly developed by jilin university of technology and other units CX - 30 type snow blower, Harbin institute of forestry machinery developed by CBX - 216 city road ice snow blower.3Reasons for not being promoted3.1The speed of work is lowIs now the biggest snow plough abroad type snow blower speed of 50 km/h, rotary type snow blower maximum speed of 70 km/h.3.2The machine utilization is low and the cost is highDespite Chinas northern region winter snow period up to 3 4 months, but the data show that winter snow is not too many times, most also is only a dozen times, if the snow blower single function, can only be used in addition to the snow, so the machine idle most of the time in a year, this greatly improves the snow removal operations costs, and increase the load of highway maintenance departments.3.3The avoidance function is not idealIn snow removal process, often encounter roadblocks and make the host or the snow removal equipment damage, the domestic existing plough type snow removal machine, most avoid barrier ability is poor.3.4Poor protection of road surfaceWhen the road bump is not usual, will damage to roads built into a snow blower homework, although the snow blower on the extent of damage is not yet a measure, but the domestic snow removal machine in the road profiling ability, to the road surface protection, there is a certain gap compared with abroad.4 The development direction of domestic snow removal machine4.1We will strengthen the study of the mechanical properties of snow and establish a road meteorological systemIn order to improve the design of snow removal machine, the mechanical properties of snow need to be studied deeply. In addition, the road meteorological information system should be established. The system is composed of sensors and set around with advanced software of microcomputer, used to predict the way freezing and snow removal condition, using the sensors available on the road, such as temperature, humidity, wind direction, wind speed information, it can timely and accurately grasp the road conditions, so that spirit alive, to efficiently use the snow removal machine.4.2Move toward miniaturization and high speedDuring the snow removal operations, the size of snow blower fuselage and snow removal rate are the two important factors that affect the traffic, the fuselage is too big, snow blower presence affected traffic; Too low speed affects the flow of traffic, and the removal of snow on narrow roads requires the fuselage to be too small. In order not to interfere with the traffic, the future of the countrys snow removal machinery will be small and high speed.4.3The development of the integration of multi-function, machine, electric and liquidIn order to increase the utilization of the machine, the machine should be developed in a more general direction. Snow removal machinery in China should be to under the party to develop, for a variety of machinery such as trucks, bulldozers, construction machinery, such as the implementation of reform, only in the winter snow snow removal operations, the rest Between for pavement maintenance operations, such as sprinkler, cleaning and other industry. The machine should be used as a new technology, the automatic control and the technology of the removal of snow machine.4.4 Be careful to improve security and comfortBecause of the snow removal machine driving operation has certain risk, so to maximize reduce the drivers operation intensity, the maneuverability of the improvement in addition to the snow machine, developed automatic control system, automatically to avoiding, avoid damage to machine and snow removal device. Attention should be paid to improve the drivers working conditions at the same time, strengthen the noise and dust prevention measures, reduce the bridge vibration, pay attention to ventilation, make drivers work in a comfortable environment.4.5 We will break the patent blockade and strengthen technical cooperationConcentrate manpower and material resources advantage, joint development of snow removal machine, as soon as possible to develop high speed, high performance of snow removal equipment, reduce the human snow removal, to realize the automatic snow removal. This can greatly reduce the intensity of labor, remove people from the harsh labor environment, and increase the mechanization level of urban construction in the country.In 2002 and heilongjiang province of heilongjiang province bureau of quality technical supervision bureau jointly issued the on strengthening the transportation sector motor vehicle inspection measuring equipment and related items metrological verification notice. Traffic in capacity is the main industry motor vehicle testing equipment and related project must according to the relevant provisions of the China home (or department) to carry on the metrological verification, in order to play the advantages, realize the complementary advantages, promote the transport and measuring the development of my career, and heilongjiang province of heilongjiang province bureau of quality and technical supervision has to strengthen the management and supervision of this job. To maintain good communication and cooperation with the quality and technical supervision department, we can create conditions for further inspection. On the basis of the establishment of cooperation, the department of transportation and quality technology supervision department is also discussing the scope of the expanded verification. Now the scope of the joint verification as: motor vehicle comprehensive testing station, passenger vehicles often, transportation vehicle restrictions, the wheel dynamic balancing machine, four-wheel, ensure the meter taxi, tankers, and automobile maintenance enterprises, a variety of testing equipment. Metrological verification of improved transportation sector calibration, testing the quality of personnel work and business level, to adapt to the vehicle inspection and testing equipment development of metering technology. With the advance of science and technology, and the replacement of car inspection and maintenance equipment, the measurement will be perfected and new development.除雪机械现状及发展趋势 1概括随着国民经济与社会的快速发展, 高速公路和 高等级公路里程与日俱增, 为交通出行便利提供了 基本条件, 但是到了冬季, 道路积雪给人们的日常生 活和交通运输带来许多困难, 直接影响车辆行驶速 度和行车安全, 及时清除道路积雪, 是冬季道路养护 作业的一项重要内容。 目前, 冬季降雪普遍采用除 冰雪方式主要是机械化除冰雪。 除雪机的种类很多, 可按工作原理、使用范围、 底盘形式和行走方式的不同进行分类。 (1)按工作原理分类。 根据除雪机械工作原理 的不同可以把除雪机分为推移式、螺旋抛投式、滚压 式、铲剁式、锤击式 5 种;其中推移式又可分为推雪 铲式、V 型除雪犁和除雪车等;螺旋转子式又可分为 铣刀转子式和叶轮转子式。 (2)按用途分类。 按照除雪机械的用途可把除 雪机分为泛用除雪机、人行道除雪机、铁道除雪机和 高速公路除雪机 4 种。 (3)按底盘分类。 根据除雪机械的底盘不同可 把除雪机分为专用底盘和兼用底盘两种。 (4)按行走机构分类。 根据除雪机械的底盘差 异可以把除雪机分为轮胎式和履带式两种。 在实际工作中, 人们将除雪机主要分为犁式除 雪机和旋切式除雪机。 目前, 从除雪的作业过程来 看, 除雪机理、技术方法已趋于成熟, 但在具体工作 过程中, 往往受到路面状况、雪层薄厚、气温高低等 条件的限制, 使用一种机械难以清除各种路面的冰 雪, 从而使除雪机的应用存在许多局限性。 2 国内除雪机械现状 国内除雪机械的研制起步较晚, 是从 20 世纪 80 年代以后研制与开发, 随着改革开放的不断深 入, 道路的不断升级, 各种机动车辆猛增而对交通要 求开始的, 先后有十几种型号的除雪机被研制生产 出来, 在除雪作业中发挥了一定的作用。 哈尔滨雪 狼牌系列除雪机、重庆迪马牌多功能除雪车和长春 CZ-2400 型自动除雪机等等。 在大力发展中国除 雪机械的同时, 有关部门也注意引进吸收国外先进的道路养护技术, 近年来先后从国外引进了一定数 量的道路综合养护设备, 其中一些设备具有除雪功 能, 例如美国雪挪位除雪机械和瑞士宝佳集团扫雪 车等。2.1 犁式除雪机 犁式除雪机主要适用于未经压实的积雪, 特别 是密度较小的新降积雪, 由于价格低、效率高、工作 可靠, 是使用最广泛的除雪机械。 犁刀的形式主要 有 V 形犁、U 形犁、单向犁和侧翼铲等。 国外的犁 式除雪机, 大多数具有避让功能, 此外, 还可以实现 犁刀升降以及作业角度的变化。 犁式除雪机是国外使用较早的除雪机械。 早在 1943 年, 日本就开始把 V 型犁装在载重卡车上用于 道路除雪, 经过多年的发展, 国外犁式除雪机已具有 较高的技术水平, 以俄罗斯新产品 K0 -812-2 型 犁式除雪机为例, 这种除雪机基础车采用 M T3 - 80/82 型拖拉机, 其功能有除雪、清除垃圾和砂堆, 既可以用于街道、人行道, 也可用于公路和建筑工地 的除雪;工作装置有推土板、犁刀和圆盘刷, 除雪宽 度:推土 板 2 500 mm ;犁刀 2 500 mm;圆盘刷 1 800 mm。 20 世纪 90 年代初, 在中国的沈大高速 公路上, 引进了德国产的乌尼莫克道路综合养护车, 辅机备有犁式除雪器, 其总质量为 1 000 kg , 最佳除 雪宽度 2 375 mm, 除雪铲高 1 000 mm, 最佳除雪速 度 20 km/ h , 最佳生产率 47 500 m2 / h , 残留雪厚度 不大于 10 mm。2.2 旋切式除雪机 旋切式除雪机一般具有切削、集中、推移和抛投 功能, 具有结构复杂、功能多的特点。 旋切式除雪机 可分为单级式和双级式两种, 其中单级式又分为铣 刀型和风扇型, 双级式分为单轴螺旋风扇型及双轴 螺旋风扇型。 俄罗斯、日本是生产旋切式除雪机的 主要国家, 技术较成熟, 其产品性能居世界领先水 平。日本产高速行走旋切式除雪机, 作业速度为 70 km/ h , 该除雪机采用四轮驱动方式, 利用盘式制 动 , 全长为7790mm , 机宽2 490 mm , 最大除雪宽度2 490 mm, 发动机功率 220 KW , 最大除雪速度 70 km/h , 最大除雪量 3 000 t/ h 。 国内已研制成功的旋切式除雪机主要有吉林工业 大学等单位研制的CX-30 型除雪机, 哈尔滨林业机械 研究所研制的CBX-216 型城市道路破冰除雪机。3 未推广的原因 3.1 作业速度低 目前 国 外 犁 式 除 雪 机 最 大 除 雪 速 度 为 50 km/h , 旋切式除雪机最大速度为 70 km/ h 。 3.2 整机利用率低 、成本高 尽管中国的北方地区冬季降雪期可达 3 4
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