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毕业设计（论文）任务书 徐州工程 学院 机械设计制造及其自动化 专业设计（论文）题目 50/10t双梁桥式起重机小车主起升机构设计 学 生 姓 名 班 级 起 止 日 期 指 导 教 师 教研室主任 发任务书日期 1.毕业设计的背景： 起升机构是用来实现货物升降的,它是天车中最基本的机构.起升机构主要有驱动装置、传动装置、卷绕装置、取物装置及制动装置等组成。 起升机构的构造是：电动机通过联轴器与减速的高速轴相连，而减速器的低速轴带动卷筒，将钢丝绳卷上或放下，经过吊钩组，是吊钩上升或下降。 其中联轴器为齿轮联轴器，通常将齿轮联轴器制成两个半齿轮联轴器，中间用一段轴连起来，这根轴称为浮动轴或补偿轴。制动器一般为常闭式的，它装有电磁铁或电动推杆作为自动的松闸装置与电动机电气连锁。减速器一般采用半封闭式的标准两级圆柱齿轮减速器。 卷筒安装在转轴上，卷筒轴一端支撑在双列调心球轴承上，另一端与减速器低速轴连接，支撑在减速器轴的内腔和轴承座中。2.毕业设计(论文)的内容和要求： 毕业设计的主要内容：桥式起重机是机械制造工业和冶金工业中应用广泛的一种起重机械,它既不占据地面作业面积.又不妨碍地面上的作业可以在起升高度和大、小车轨道所允许的空间内担负任意位置的吊运工作。本课题设计的桥式起重机的重要组成部分小车起升机构.根据所给设计参数对小车主起升机构进行设计。主要参数:主钩 副钩 起升机构工作级别 M5起重量 50t 10t 小车自重 15.5t18.5t 轨距 2500mm起升高度 12m 16m 运行机构工作级别M5 轮距3400mm起升速度9m/min 16m/min 小车运行速度 40-45m/min3.主要参考文献： 1 倪庆红、王殿臣起重输送机械图册机械工业出版社，1991.52 高敏天车工培训教程机械工业出版社，1992.10第一版3 苏布劳德起重机可靠性和统计动力学，中国铁道出版社19854 苏沃依松、安德列也夫起重机取物装置，1986.6第一版5 机械设计手册编委会机械设计手册，2004.8第一版6 邱宣怀机械设计高等教育出版社，1997第四版7 邹青机械制造技术基础课程设计指导教程，2004.88 范思冲画法几何及机械制图机械工业出版社，1996.69 谢铁邦、李柱、席宏卓互换性与技术测量华中科技大学出版社，199810 周宏甫机械制造技术基础高等教育出版社，2003.411 郭玲文AutoCAD2004机械工业出版社，200312 张质文、刘泉德起重运输机械中国铁道出版社，1983 13 陈玮璋起重机计算实例中国铁道14 胡宗武、顾迪民起重机设计计算北京科学技术出版社，198915 桥式起重机的设计与计算机械工业出版社16 杨长、付东明起重机械机械工业出版社，19924.毕业设计(论文)进度计划(以周为单位)：起 止 日 期工 作 内 容备 注第一周第二周第三周第四周第五周第六周第七周第八周第九周第十周第十一周第十二周第十三周第十四周第十五周第十六周收集资料，翻译外文资料。收集资料，翻译外文资料。确定传动方案，计算主要零部件尺寸。确定传动方案，计算主要零部件尺寸。绘制零件图(高速浮动轴)绘制部件图（CL7联轴器）绘制部件图（带制动轮联轴器）绘制部件图（滑轮）绘制部件图(制动器)绘制部件图（卷筒）绘制装配图绘制装配图绘制装配图绘制装配图撰写设计说明书撰写设计说明书教研室审查意见： 室主任 年 月 日学院审查意见： 教学院长 年 月 日 附 录附录1英文原文Bridge CraneBridge crane is having an elevated track running in a bridge-type crane, also known as the crane. Bridge Crane in the laying of the bridge on both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, lifting trolley along the bridge laying on the track in the horizontal operation, a scope of work of a rectangle, it can take full advantage of having the space below lifting materials from the ground equipment hindered. Bridge Crane widely used in indoor warehouses, factories, wharves and open storage yard and other places. Able to carry items, stood up, lifting status, and adjust operations, mainly for the workshop, sections and steel production lines yard, etc. Lifting capacity usually in the 10 to 100 t. Bridge crane itself for horizontal movement, the winch frame for the vertical movement of the winch suspended from the hook for vertical movement, the direction of movement of three of the crane can work. In order to prevent bridge crane driver not clear in the specific hook campaign, on the ground are equipped with lifting the general command or folder, put hook. If hanging overhead crane hoisted electromagnetic lifting plate, often operated by the drivers themselves. Bridge cranes can be divided into general overhead crane, simple girder bridge crane for bridge crane and metallurgical three. Ordinary general overhead crane from lifting trolley, having run institutions, having composed of a metal structure. Lifting up from the car and from institutions, agencies and the car running small frame consists of three parts. Lifting bodies, including the motor, brakes, reducer, and the pulley drum group. Motor through the reducer, driven rotating drum so that the wire rope around 42.50 or 42.50 down to lifting weights. Small frame is from the brackets and install or run agencies and institutions, such as car parts rack, usually welded structure. Crane running the driving mode can be divided into two categories: one category is the concentrated drive, which uses a motor-driven initiatives on both sides of the drive shaft driven wheel; were driven to another, that is, on both sides of the initiative the wheels with a motor drive. Small, medium and larger overhead crane with brake, and motor reducer combination into one of the triple play drive, the weight of the ordinary from the overhead crane for easy installation and adjustment, often drive the use of universal - axis. Crane normally used only four active and driven wheels, if a great weight, increase common approach to reduce wheel round pressure. When more than four wheels, must adopt a balanced hinged frame device so that the crane load evenly distributed in the wheels. Bridge metal structure from the main sorghum and sorghum-composed of the main beam is divided into single-and double-girder bridge having two categories. Single-beam bridge from the main beam and a single on both sides of the span at the end of sorghum, dual-beam bridge by the two main sorghum and sorghum-component. Liang Liang Gang and the end of the link-beam ends with wheels, for supporting an elevated bridge in the running. A main beam welding on track for the lifting trolley running. Having the structure of the main beam type is more a typical box structure, the four truss structure and fasting truss structure. Box structure can be divided into two-track box girder, partial double-track box-beam, single-bias-rail box and several main sorghum. Dual-track box girder is the extensive use of a basic form, the main beam from the upper and lower flange on both sides of the plate and vertical web composition, layout rail car in the center of the flange plates online, and its simple structure , manufacturing convenient, suitable for mass production, but larger forces. Partial tracks box-girder and partial double-track box-section of the main beam are from the upper and lower ranges flange plates and thick web of the main components, rail car in the main web layout above, the short Xiangbenna omit the stiffening plate, which tracks box-side main beam from a wide flange box instead of the main sorghum two main sorghum, respect smaller, but more complex manufacturing. 4 truss-type structure from four plane truss structure into a closed space, in the general level of the surface Truss shops follow plate, light weight, rigidity, but compared with other structures, and its dimensions, creating more complex, fatigue lower intensity, has been less productive. Partial fasting truss structure similar to the main tracks box-girder from the four components of a closed steel structure, in addition to the main web for the Solid shaped beam, the other three plate in accordance with the design requirements cut into many windows, forming a no-ramps Fasting Truss, in the lower level of the surface occupied by taking truss plate, cranes and the operation of electrical equipment installed in the bridge house, lighter forces, the overall stiffness, and that in China is a more widely used type. General overhead crane used mainly driven power, the general is in the driver indoor manipulation, but also remote control. From the weight of up to 500 tons, up to 60 m span. Simple beam bridge crane known as sorghum cranes, and the structure and composition of ordinary bridge crane similar to a weight, span and speed are smaller. Bridge is the main sorghum or other steel I-beam and plate steel girder section composed of simple, hand-pull or electric hoist accompanied by gourd simple as lifting trolley car, the car usually in the word sorghum run on the next flange . Bridge can be elevated along the orbit, but also along the elevated suspension in the following orbit, such as a crane hoisted sorghum crane. Metallurgical dedicated bridge crane in the steel production process can be involved in a specific process operation, and its basic structure and general overhead crane similar, but in small vehicles are equipped with lifting the work of special agencies or devices. This feature is the work of a crane used frequently, poor, working-level higher. Dual-beam bridge crane factories on the track along the vertical direction of movement, the lateral movement and trolley movements campaign to hook work. Applied to machining and assembly shop, a metal structure workshop, mechanical workshops, metallurgy and casting workshop and warehouse type lifting work. With scores from the weight of the form, molecular weight mainly Gouqi, the denominator as vice Gouqi weight. There are five main types. Casting Crane: for the lifting of hot metal into Mixer, furnaces and molten steel into lifting equipment or continuous ingot steel ingot mould used. Sheng barrels lifting the car, a flip-sheng, deputy trolley barrels, and other auxiliary work. Tongs crane: Using tongs high temperature steel ingot will be vertically being lifted onto a deep soaking pits, or put it out the car shipped spindles. Stripper Crane: an ingot from the mandatory extrusion ingot mold. There are special small car Stripper devices, spindles Stripper under way and the shape of the model: Some Stripper crane-is attributable to suppress billets, ingots filed with the clamp module; Some of the clamp punctured ingot mould, with Ingot filed small pair of pliers. Feeding Crane: Charge will be added to the open hearth furnace. Trolley bottom of the column with the pick-and inciting material to me and it into the furnace. The main column to bypass the vertical axis rotation, pick-and rotary can swing from top to bottom. Deputy car repair furnace for such auxiliary operations. Forging Crane: to meet with hydraulic forging large workpieces. Trolley displayed on the main hook up special feeder to support and flip the workpiece; Vice car used to lift the workpiece. Dual-beam bridge crane, the biggest weight from 100 tons, the hook-and-grab, electromagnetic, metallurgical cranes, quenching crane, manual double girder bridge crane, electric hoist double girder overhead crane with the crane unit JB / T14405 generic bridge crane standard, the quality of products to JB/T53442 universal overhead crane product quality grade first-class requirements. Its structural features of starting up and running with the car running on the bridge, a metal structure for the double-girder box form. From the characteristics of the device in accordance with the classification for the hook, grab, electromagnetic and multipurpose bridge crane, mainly for the mines, factories, wharves and warehouses, and other material handling operations frequent stops, as a crane quenching equipment, a high-speed heat treatment process of decline . Metallurgical casting molten steel crane to transport packet is indispensable than smelting industrial equipment. The use of modern means of science and technology, will enable any crane structure with a jump-speed performance. Can be used with high-level rotating hook for stacking operations. Single-girder bridge crane, the largest weight of 10 tons from, hook-and-grab, electromagnetic, flying single-girder bridge crane, manual single-girder bridge crane with the crane unit JB/T1306 electric single-girder bridge Crane and JB/T2603 electric single-girder overhead crane hoisted the standard requirements. Its structure is characterized manual or electric hoist monorail car along the main beam under the flange I-beam operation, material handling operations, normally used for workshops, warehouses and other material handling operations, which manual does not allow for single-girder crane No electricity or power occasions. Grab motor with the monorail or bulk materials can also be used to grab operations, the unit crane compact structure, operational flexibility, can be used to ground, can also be used to operate the cab. Special circumstances can also be used for remote operation. Industrial production or storage is indispensable equipment. Crane normal working hours to allow a lifting of the greatest quality as rated starting weight. Rated crane hook from the hook and the weight does not include the fixed pulley group themselves. Grab sucker and electromagnetic devices, such as the quality of admission included in the ratings from the weight. In accordance with the standard provisions of the bridge crane from the weight of a series of priority number system is R10, from 3.2 t, beginning with the increment of 1.25 Gongpi 4,5,6.3,8,10,12.5,16,20,25,32, 40,50 t. But domestic products only under the bridge crane years of production practices, from the above series of elected part of the actual composition of a series of weight. Is the most commonly used Series 5 t, 10t, 16t, 20t, 32t and 50 t. Normally, when a weight of more than 10 t, or from the establishment of two bodies, namely the lifting of lifting bodies and institutions, both from the weight of a ratio of about 1:4. Main body from the weight or, for lifting heavy cargo lifting of the weight from the small, but faster, lighter for the lifting of the goods or for supporting efforts to enhance work efficiency. General may be the biggest crane lifting weights to determine the starting weight, taking into account the conditions of work reproduced or process requirements. Crane does not allow the use of overloading, in the lifting of the frequent changes of the occasion, crane should consider certain margin. In some cases, the occasional object to the lifting of overweight available when two cranes coordinated operations. In the process fixed, the lifting of the weight will remain basically unchanged, the use of cranes loaded with the basic circumstances, can be lifted up from vice, to simplify the structure of a crane and lower costs. Foreign large-tonnage it is not all bridge crane with a lifting body vice, but necessary option. The use of overhead crane safety matters: (1) Each crane must be obvious from the weight rated local hang the signs. (2) Work, it was not allowed on the bridge or hook couriers. (3) No Operators Certificate and is not allowed to drink driving cranes. (4) Operating must focus on the spirit, not talk, smoking or do not do. (5) To clean the car; while Luanfang equipment, tools, flammable materials, explosive materials and dangerous goods. (6) The cranes could be allowed to use super. (7) The following situations while lifting: bundling is not solid; mechanical overload; signal unknown; Cable; buried in the ground or frozen items; suspended on some items; no security protection measures for the flammable and explosive - and dangerous goods; drive liquid items do not meet the safe use of wire rope; fault movements institutions. (8) The cranes in the absence of obstructions on the lines running, as well as hanging hook or spreader of the base must be more than 2 m from the ground. If the crossing barriers, obstacles to be more than 0.5 m high. (9) From the weight lifting rated less than 50 per cent of the objects, allowing the two bodies at the same time movements hanging from the weight rating greater than 50% of the objects, only a body can move. (10) Has the main, the Vice hook overhead crane, not to increase or decrease the same time, Vice hook (exceptional). (11) While in the objects on a cause or hammering and welding in the work of the following items (can support). (12) It must be a power outage, and hung in a gated power operation signs, before the examination or maintenance work. If it is necessary to live, work, there must be security protection, and a personal care. (13) While casually throw things down from the board. (14) Limit switches and interlock devices, it is necessary to carry out regular checks. (15) Not used as a parking collision limit switch approach. (16) Movements brake problems, not lifting weights. (17)Were not allowed in the hanging objects or equipment over the operation. (18) Crane unit welding, it is necessary to set up specialized ground, do not use fuselage ground. (19) Hook in a position under the limit, must remain on the roll more than two laps with the safety of Min Quan. (20) Crane allowed mutual collisions, but also does not allow use of a crane to promote another crane to work. (21) Lifting heavy objects, liquid metal and explosive and dangerous goods, must be slowly lifting from the ground 100 to 200 mm, the reliability of brake test. (22) Repair and inspection of the lights by its voltage must be below 36 V. (23) Bridge crane cover all electrical equipment should be grounded. If trolley track is not in the main beam welding, the welding earth measures to be taken. Earthing available cross-sectional area greater than 75 mm2 galvanized flat iron or 10 mm2 of bare copper or galvanized more than 30 mm2 bar. Cab of the crane or grounding location should be more than two. Crane power to any point in the neutral grounding resistors, should be less than 4 ?. (24) Security technology to regular inspection, good pre-preparatory work. 原文翻译桥式起重机桥式起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行的一种桥架型起重机，又称天车。桥式起重机的桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成一矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。 桥式起重机广泛地应用在室内外仓库、厂房、码头和露天贮料场等处。能对物品进行搬运、翻身、调整吊运状态等作业，主要用于各车间、分段生产线和钢材堆场等处。起重能力一般在10100 t。桥式起重机本身作横向移动，车架上的绞车作纵向移动，吊在绞车上的吊钩作垂向移动，三个方向的运动的合成才能使起重机起作用。为了防止桥式起重机在驾驶员看不清楚具体的吊钩运动方式，地面上一般配备有起重工进行指挥或夹、放吊钩。如果桥式起重机悬挂电磁吊吊运钢板，则往往由驾驶员自己操作。桥式起重机可分为普通桥式起重机、简易粱桥式起重机和冶金专用桥式起重机三种。 普通桥式起重机一般由起重小车、桥架运行机构、桥架金属结构组成。起重小车又由起升机构、小车运行机构和小车架三部分组成。 起升机构包括电动机、制动器、减速器、卷筒和滑轮组。电动机通过减速器，带动卷筒转动，使钢丝绳绕上卷筒或从卷筒放下，以升降重物。小车架是支托和安装起升机构和小车运行机构等部件的机架，通常为焊接结构。 起重机运行机构的驱动方式可分为两大类：一类为集中驱动，即用一台电动机带动长传动轴驱动两边的主动车轮；另一类为分别驱动、即两边的主动车轮各用一台电动机驱动。中、小型桥式起重机较多采用制动器、减速器和电动机组合成一体的“三合一”驱动方式，大起重量的普通桥式起重机为便于安装和调整，驱动装置常采用万向联轴器。 起重机运行机构一般只用四个主动和从动车轮，如果起重量很大，常用增加车轮的办法来降低轮压。当车轮超过四个时，必须采用铰接均衡车架装置，使起重机的载荷均匀地分布在各车轮上。 桥架的金属结构由主粱和端粱组成，分为单主粱桥架和双粱桥架两类。单主粱桥架由单根主粱和位于跨度两边的端粱组成，双粱桥架由两根主粱和端粱组成。 主粱与端粱刚性连接，端粱两端装有车轮，用以支承桥架在高架上运行。主粱上焊有轨道，供起重小车运行。桥架主粱的结构类型较多比较典型的有箱形结构、四桁架结构和空腹桁架结构。 箱形结构又可分为正轨箱形双粱、偏轨箱形双粱、偏轨箱形单主粱等几种。正轨箱形双粱是广泛采用的一种基本形式，主粱由上、下翼缘板和两侧的垂直腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在上翼缘板的中心线上，它的结构简单，制造方便，适于成批生产，但自重较大。 偏轨箱形双粱和偏轨箱形单主粱的截面都是由上、下翼缘板和不等厚的主副腹板组成，小车钢轨布置在主腹板上方，箱体内的短加劲板可以省去，其中偏轨箱形单主粱是由一根宽翼缘箱形主粱代替两根主粱，自重较小，但制造较复杂。 四桁架式结构由四片平面桁架组合成封闭型空间结构，在上水平桁架表面一般铺有走台板，自重轻，刚度大，但与其他结构相比，外形尺寸大，制造较复杂，疲劳强度较低，已较少生产。 空腹桁架结构类似偏轨箱形主粱，由四片钢板组成一封闭结构，除主腹板为实腹工字形粱外，其余三片钢板上按照设计要求切割成许多窗口，形成一个无斜杆的空腹桁架，在上、下水平桁架表面铺有走台板，起重机运行机构及电气设备装在桥架内部，自重较轻，整体刚度大，这在中国是较为广泛采用的一种型式。 普通桥式起重机主要采用电力驱动，一般是在司机室内操纵，也有远距离控制的。起重量可达五百吨，跨度可达60米。 简易梁桥式起重机又称粱式起重机，其结构组成与普通桥式起重机类似，起重量、跨度和工作速度均较小。桥架主粱是由工字钢或其他型钢和板钢组成的简单截面粱，用手拉葫芦或电动葫芦配上简易小车作为起重小车，小车一般在工字粱的下翼缘上运行。桥架可以沿高架上的轨道运行，也可沿悬吊在高架下面的轨道运行，这种起重机称为悬挂粱式起重机。 冶金专用桥式起重机在钢铁生产过程中可参与特定的工艺操作，其基本结构与普通桥式起重机相似，但在起重小车上还装有特殊的工作机构或装置。这种起重机的工作特点是使用频繁、条件恶劣，工作级别较高。 双梁桥式起重机依靠沿厂房轨道方向的纵向移动，小车的横向移动和吊钩的升降运动来进行工作。适用于机械加工与装配车间、金属结构车间、机械维修车间、冶金与铸造车间以及种类仓库的吊运工作等。起重量用分数形式表示，分子为主钩起重量，分母为副钩起重量。主要有五种类型。 铸造起重机：供吊运铁水注入混铁炉、炼钢炉和吊运钢水注入连续铸锭设备或钢锭模等用。主小车吊运盛桶，副小车进行翻转盛桶等辅助工作。 夹钳起重机：利用夹钳将高温钢锭垂直地吊运到深坑均热炉中，或把它取出放到运锭车上。 脱锭起重机：用以把钢锭从钢锭模中强制脱出。小车上有专门的脱锭装置，脱锭方式根据锭模的形状而定：有的脱锭起重机用项杆压住钢锭，用大钳提起锭模；有的用大钳压住锭模，用小钳提起钢锭。 加料起重机：用以将炉料加到平炉中。主小车的立柱下端装有挑杆，用以挑动料箱并将它送入炉内。主柱可绕垂直轴回转，挑杆可上下摆动和回转。副小车用于修炉等辅助作业。 锻造起重机：用以与水压机配合锻造大型工件。主小车吊钩上悬挂特殊翻料器，用以支持和翻转工件；副小车用来抬起工件。 双梁桥式起重机，最大起重量100吨，吊钩式，抓斗式，电磁式，冶金起重机，淬火起重机，手动双梁桥式起重机，电动葫芦