初中英语语法三大从句汇总

1、初中英语 基本句型知识一简单句 英语基本句型-1主系表结构：本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。系动词有:1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old. The cake tastes de

2、licious. The potatoes went bad in the fields. Deep water stays still. He was at work. She is in good health. It is beyond my ability. You are under arrest. 英语基本句型-2主谓结构：本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如：The sun rises. Tom has already left. 主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east. 2.

3、 They had to travel by air or boat. 3. She sat there alone. 4. He came back when we were eating. 5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。 英语基本句型-3主谓宾结构:本结构是由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。如：1. Tom made a hole in the wall. 2. I dont know if he can come tomorrow. 3. They havent decided w

4、here to go next. 4. She stopped teaching English two years ago. 英语基本句型-4双宾语结构：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如： He brings me cookies every day.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为

5、了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。 英语基本句型-5复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名

6、词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如： The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing. They made Tom monitor. He used to do his homework with his radio on. My mother asked me to clean my room. The teacher made all students finish their homework on time.用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾

7、补+真正宾语。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 也可以说 I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句，意思都是一样的。 英语基本句型-6 There be 句型： 此句型是由“there + be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是全倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, rem

8、ain, exist, arrive等，但一般不用have。如：There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there

9、 must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be eg: Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. There used to be a cinema here before the wa

10、r. 二并列句结构：1.由分号连接。eg. Some people cry; others laugh. Lets start early; we have a long way to go.2.由并列连词及词组连接-and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /bothand/not onlybut also/as well as/or else/ eitheror/neithernor/notbut等。eg: Id like to, but I have lots of homework

11、 to do. Ive got a cold, so Im going to bed. Both my father and mother are teachers. Its very good, yet I dont like it.三、复合句构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、

12、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。 一 名词性从句A.主语从句1.that从句做主语通常先行词it作形式主语放在句首，真正的主语置于句子末尾。that（从属连词）有时可省略，尤其在口语中。主要类型：1）It + be + adj. + that 从句2）It + be + n. + that 从句3) It + be + V.ed + that 从句4) It + Vi.(不及物动词) + that 从句此类型常见动词有：seem， happen，occur，matter，appear等。Note：(1)有时that从句作主语不采用现行it结构，而是直接把that从句放在句首作主语（此时tha

13、t不可省略），目的是：a.强调主语b.使句子结构前后平衡1.Wh-从句做主语1) Wh-从句做主语使也常采用先行it结构；2）Wh-从句也可以直接放在句首作主语。B.宾语从句宾语从句是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，这个句子被叫做宾语从句。宾语从句通常是介词或及物动词的宾语。1. 引导词1）由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句子中不做句子的成分，也没有词汇意义，在口语中常常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，

14、特别是在书面语中。 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，否定要前移。eg: I dont think you are right. (我认为你做的不对) it做形式宾语(在带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面)2) 由if、 whether 引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。(Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。)只能用whether 不用if 的情形：（1）在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导（2）宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.（3）和不定式连用作宾语时不

15、用if引导.3) 由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which,和连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中既有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。2. 宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分They wanted to know what they can do for us.3. 宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例

16、:1) She says that she is a student.She said that she was a student.2) She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.3) She says that she has finished her homework already.She said that she had finished her homework already.4) She says that she can sing

17、a song in English.She said that she could sing a song in English.如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。 Could you tell me用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?Note：(1) 由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。例：She said: “I have been to England before.”She said that_. She asked

18、 me: “Do you like math?”She asked me _.(2) 宾语从句与简单句的交换。由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。例：I want to discuss what I should do next.I want to discuss _.He didnt know where he would live.He didnt know _.C.表语从句表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样，通常由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成

19、谓语。 表语从句只能置于主句之后，而主句的动词只能是联系动词。 名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句。 例如： That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。 (why 在表语从句中充当原因状语) “That is why.”是常用句型， 意为“这就是的原因/因此”， 其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语， 该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结， (1)“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why

20、.”中why引导的是个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样， 例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。 (2)“That is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如： He did not see

21、 the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因) He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果) D.同位语从句一般来说，在主从复合句中,用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它通常跟在某些名词之后

22、，用以说明或解释该名词表示的具体内容。可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有：advice, decision, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, promise, reply, proposal, report, suggestion, word（消息），problem， question, doubt, thought等。例如：They were delighted at the news that their team had won.Where did you get the idea that I could not come？你从哪儿

23、听说我不能来？有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在被说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如：The thought came to him that Tom might have returned the book.1) 引导词: that, whether, who, what, where, how ,when 等。Eg:1. The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.2. He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there. 3. The question who sh

24、ould do the work is being discussed at the meeting.4. I have no idea what the boy is doing in the next room now.5. We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation this year.6. I have no idea how I can get to the railway station. 7. I have no idea when he will be ba

25、ckNOTE: that引导同位语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，但通常不可以省略，如句1； whether引导同位语从句时意为“是否”，通常不能用if来代替,如句2; 连接代词who, what等可以引导同位语从句，如句3， 4； 连接副词where, how, when等可以引导同位语从句， 如句5，6，7。2) that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句 意义不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；而定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的先行词。1. The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 2. The news

26、 that you told us is really encouraging. that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句时，不仅起连接作用，而且还指代先行词并在从句中充当主语、宾语等成分。试比较：1. Dad made a promise that he would buy me a CD player if I passed the English test. 2. Dad made a promise that excited all his children. 可否省略：that在引导同位语从句时，通常不可省略。在引导定语从句时，若在从句

27、中作宾语，通常可以省略，若作主语则不可以省略。二形容词性从句（定语从句） 定语从句就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。 定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。 1.关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who(whom), that, which(of which),whose。（一）关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法 who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主

28、语。eg： whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。eg： whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。eg： （二）关系代词which的用法 which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。（可以换成that）eg： （三）关系代词that的用法 that既可指人又可指物（大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语（可省略）。eg： 2.关系副词引导的定语从句 常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。（一）关系副词when的用法 关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句

29、作时间状语。eg： （二）关系副词where的用法 关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。eg： This is the place where Li Bai once lived. （where先行词是place） 上面这个句子不可以将where改为that，因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。比较下句： This is the place that Li Bai once visited. （that的先行词同样是place，但这个that是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用which替换） （三）关系副词why的用法 关系副词why

30、代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。eg： The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email. （why先行词是reason， why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略） NOTE：如果上面的句子将the reason省略，那么这个句子就变成了（This is why he came late to school. ）表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。 3. 特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句 as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些

31、句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。（一）固定搭配asas, soas, suchas, the sameas中，as引导定语从句 You may take as many books as you want. （第一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语） I have got such a computer as yours. （as是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在从句中作表语，因为yours后省略is ） 我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。（as是关系代词，代替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了is

32、） （二）独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句 As we know, the earth turns around the sun. As is known to us, （As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。） Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China. （关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。） 4. 关系代词who, which与that的区别 （一）关系代词who与that的区别 1) 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。eg： He

33、who loses hope loses all. （先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who） I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese. （在非限制性定语从句中，用who） 2) 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。eg： The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher. （介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who） note：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连

34、时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法： (1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. (4) The man

35、 our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher. 第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。 3) 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。eg：He is a man that is never afraid of failure. （that用来泛指人）4) 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。eg：Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English? （避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清） （二）关系代词which与that的区别 用that不用which

36、的情形：1) 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时； eg：All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。 She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。 2) 当先行词前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时；eg：This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。

37、 3) 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时；eg：Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（使用that是为了避免重复which） 用which不用that的情形：4) 在非限制性定语从句中； eg：Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 5) 介词后；eg：She has collected 600 stamps, 60%

38、 of which are German stamps. 5. 定语从句的位置 定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们被分隔了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。eg：There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad. （定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl，被upstairs所隔开） A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you Ge

39、rman. （定语从句置于句末以示强调）三副词性从句（状语从句）用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。1.状语从句的种类 1）时间状语从句2）地点状语从句；3）原因状语从句；(because, since, as和for都表示原因。because语势最强，回答why提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因，就用as或since。 由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 )4）条件状语从句；5）目的状语从句；(由in order tha

40、t, so that,等词引导) ;6）让步状语从句(由though, although)；7）比较状语从句；8）程度状语从句；9）方式状语从句；10）结果状语从句(常由so.that 或 such.that引导.such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词,只能修 饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配)2.状语从句的时态特点 一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。 3. 时间状语从句 时间状语从句：是由when, as, while, after, before, since,