历年高考生物新课标2卷(2010-2013)

1、附件8危险化学品和有毒化学品物化性质一览表序号化学品理化性质防护措施消防措施1氢气Hydrogen 无色无臭气体。相对密度( 水=1 ):0.07(-252)；熔点():-259.2；沸点():-252.8；相对密度(空气=1):0.07；饱和蒸气压(kPa):13.33(-257.9)；引燃温度():400建议操作人员穿防静电工作服。远离火种、热源，工作场所严禁吸烟。使用防爆型的通风系统和设备。切断气源。若不能切断气源，则不允许熄灭泄漏处的火焰。喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。灭火剂：雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉。2双环戊二烯Dicyclopentadiene 易燃液体，有类似

2、樟脑气味。相对密度( 水=1 ):0.979；熔点():32.5；沸点():172；饱和蒸气压(kPa):1.333(47.6)；闪点():32.2首先切断一切火源，戴好防毒面具与手套；用砂土吸收，倒至空旷地方掩埋；对污染地面用肥皂或洗涤剂刷洗，经稀释的污水放入废水系统。灭火剂：干粉、泡沫、二氧化碳、雾状水。3溴素Bromine 暗红褐色发烟液体，有刺鼻气味。熔点():-7.2；相对密度( 水=1 ):3.10；沸点():59.5；相对密度(空气=1):7.14；饱和蒸气压(kPa):23.33(20)迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并立即进行隔离，小泄漏时隔离150m，大泄漏时隔离300m，

3、严格限制出入。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防酸碱工作服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。喷水保持火场容器冷却，直至灭火结束。用雾状水赶走泄漏的液体。用氨水从远处喷射，驱散蒸气，并使之中和。但对泄漏出来的溴液不可用氨水喷射，以免引起强烈反应，放热而产生大量剧毒的溴蒸气。4亚硫酸钠Sodium sulfite 无色、单斜晶体或粉末。熔点():150(失水分解) ；相对密度( 水=1 ):2.63；建议应急处理人员戴防尘面具（全面罩），穿防毒服。避免扬尘，小心扫起，置于袋中转移至安全场所。消防人员必须穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。灭火时尽可能将容

4、器从火场移至空旷处。5尿素Urea 白色结晶或粉末，有氨的气味。熔点():132.7；相对密度( 水=1 ):1.335建议应急处理人员戴防尘口罩，穿一般作业工作服。不要直接接触泄漏物。消防人员必须穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。灭火时尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。然后根据着火原因选择适当灭火剂灭火。6盐酸Hydrochloric acid 无色有刺激性气味的气体。相对密度( 水=1 ):1.19；熔点():-114.2；沸点():-85.0；相对密度(空气=1):1.27；饱和蒸气压(kPa):4225.6(20)应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿化学防护服。从上风处进入现场。尽可能切断泄漏

5、源。本品不燃。但与其它物品接触引起火灾时，消防人员须穿戴全身防护服，关闭火场中钢瓶的阀门，减弱火势，并用水喷淋保护去关闭阀门的人员。喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。7N甲基哌嗪N-Methyl piperazine 无色液体，有氨样气味。有吸湿性，能与水互溶，密度：0.903，易溶于乙醇、乙醚。易燃，有毒，有腐蚀性可能接触到毒物时，应给佩戴头罩型过滤式防尘呼吸器。戴橡胶手套，工作相差严禁吸烟。灭火剂：水、砂土8三氟硝基苯Trifluoronitrobenzene 淡黄色液体。可能接触到毒物时，应给佩戴头罩型过滤式防尘呼吸器。戴橡胶手套，工作相差严禁吸烟。灭火剂：水、砂土9乙氧甲叉

6、Dietyl ethoxymethylenemalonate 无色油状液体，有强腐蚀性，熔点():279-281操作人员穿戴好防毒口罩，佩戴安全防目镜，穿防静电工作服，佩戴橡胶手套。消防人员戴上独立的呼吸器、穿上消防衣，以防止皮肤和眼睛的接触。灭火剂：二氧化碳、干冰、干粉、或泡沫灭火器。10丙酸Propionic acid 无色液体，有刺激性气味。相对密度：0.99；燃烧热（Kj/mol）：1525.8；临界压力：5.37Mpa；闪点：52；爆炸下限：2.9；爆炸上限：12.1；熔点-22；沸点：140.7；饱和蒸汽压：1.33KPa；引燃温度：465.可能接触其蒸气时，应该佩戴自吸过滤式防毒

7、面具（半面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，建议佩戴自给式呼吸器。穿防酸碱工作服，戴橡胶耐酸碱手套，戴化学安全防护眼镜。用水喷射逸出液体，使其稀释成不燃性混合物，并用雾状水保护消防人员。灭火剂：雾状水、抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。11苯Benzene 无色透明液体，有强烈芳香味。相对密度：0.88；燃烧热（Kj/mol）：3264.4；临界压力：4.92Mpa；闪点：-11；爆炸下限：1.2；爆炸上限：8.0熔点5.5；沸点：80.1；饱和蒸汽压：13.33KPa；引燃温度：560；临界温度：289.5；最大爆炸压力：0.88MPa；辛醇/水分配系数：2.15。空气中浓度超标时，应该佩戴自吸过

8、滤式防毒面具（半面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，应该佩戴空气呼吸器或氧气呼吸器。穿防毒物渗透工作服，戴胶皮手套，戴化学安全防护眼镜。喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。处在火场中的容器若已变色或从安全泄压装置中产生声音，必须马上撤离。灭火剂：泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。用水灭火无效。12甲胺Methylamine 无色气体，有似氨的气味。相对密度：0.66；燃烧热（Kj/mol）：1059.6；临界压力：4.07Mpa；爆炸下限：4.9；爆炸上限：20.8熔点-93.5；沸点：-6.8；辛醇/水分配系数：-0.173；饱和蒸汽压：202.65KPa；引燃温度：430.空气中浓度超标时，

9、应该佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（半面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，应该佩戴空气呼吸器或氧气呼吸器。穿静电工作服，戴胶皮手套。切断气源。若不能立即切断气源，则不允许熄灭正在燃烧的气体。喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。灭火剂：抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、雾状水。13三氯化磷Phosphorus trichloride 无色澄清液体，在潮湿空气中发烟。相对密度：1.57；熔点-111.8；沸点：74.2；饱和蒸汽压：13.33KPa；可能接触其蒸气时，应该佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（半面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，建议佩戴自给式呼吸器。穿耐酸碱服，戴橡胶耐酸碱手套，戴化学安全防护眼镜。消防人员必

10、须穿全身耐酸碱消防服。灭火剂：干粉、二氧化碳、干燥砂土。禁止用水。14醋酐Acetic anhydride 无色透明液体，有强烈的乙酸气味，味酸。熔点()：-73.1 ；相对密度：1.08 ；沸点()：138.6 ； 饱和蒸气压：1.33 kPa ；燃烧热(kJ/mol)：1804.5；临界温度：326 ；临界压力：4.36 Mpa；闪点：49 ；引燃温度：316；爆炸上限：10.3 ；爆炸下限%(V/V)：2.0佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（全面罩），穿防酸碱塑料工作服，戴橡胶耐酸碱手套。用水喷射逸出液体，使其稀释成不燃性混合物，并用雾状水保护消防人员。灭火剂：雾状水、抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳。

11、15硼氢化钾Potassium borohydride 白色结晶性粉末。相对密度：1.18；熔点：400（分解）可能接触其粉尘时，应该佩戴防尘面具（全面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，建议佩戴空气呼吸器。穿防毒衣，戴橡胶碱手套。消防人员须戴好防毒面具，在安全距离以外，在上风向灭火。灭火剂：干粉、二氧化碳、砂土。禁止用水和泡沫灭火。16丙二酸二乙酯Diethyl malonate Colorless and transparent liquid, with aromatic order.Melting point ():-49.8; Relative density (water =1):1.06；

12、Boiling point ():198.9；Relative density (air=1):4.58；Saturated vapor pressure (kPa):1.33(81);Flash point ():93.3Emergency personnel wear positive pressure air breathing apparatus and antitoxic clothing, when treating leak. Stop leak as soon as possible. Prevent the substance flow into restrictive sp

13、aces, such as drain, discharge trench etc. Fireman wears protective mask and one-piece firefighting suit, and fight fire at the upwind position. Move container from fire site to open space as possible. And cool container until the fire-fighting is finished by spraying water. If the color of containe

14、r is changed, or noise is produced from safety pressure relief unit, require withdrawal immediately. Fire-extinguishing agents: atomized water, dry powder, carbon dioxide and sand. 17原甲酸三乙酯Triethoxy methane Colorless liquid, with spicy odor.Melting point ():-76.1；Relative density (water=1):0.89；Boil

15、ing point ():145.9；Relative density (air=1):5.11；Saturated vapor pressure (kPa):1.33(40.5)Emergency personnel wear positive pressure air breathing apparatus and anti-electrostatic clothing. Stop leak as soon as possible. Prevent the substance flow into restrictive spaces, such as drain, discharge tr

16、ench etc. Cool container by spraying water. If possible, move container from fire site to open space. Fire-extinguishing agents: foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide and sand.18苯乙酮AcetophenoneColorless or light yellow solid, with sweet pungent odor, low melting point and volatility. Melting point ():19.

17、7；Relative density (water=1):1.03(20)；Boiling point ():202.3；Relative density (air=1):4.14；Saturated vapor pressure (kPa):0.133(15)Operators wear non-powdered air-purifying respirator, protective chemical safety glasses, toxic substance resistant clothing and oil resistance rubber gloves. Keep away

18、from ignition sources, heat and flame. Prohibit smoking in working site. Use explosion-proof ventilation system and equipment.Fireman wears protective mask and one-piece firefighting suit, and fight fire at the upwind position.Fire-extinguishing agents: atomized water, foam, dry powder, carbon dioxi

19、de and sand. 19乌洛托品Urotropine White fine granular crystal. Taste sweet, then suffer bitter. Melting point ():263 (sublimation);Relative density (water=1):1.27；Heat of combustion (Kj/mol):239.7With close operation under adequate ventilation. If dust concentration is high, wear air-purifying respirato

20、r, protective chemical safety glasses and toxic substance resistant clothing.Cool container by spraying water. If possible, move container from fire site to open space. Fire-extinguishing agents: foam, carbon dioxide, atomized water and sand.20AE活性酯AE-Active ester Light yellow powderMelting point ()

21、:126-135；Relative density (water=1):0.9。With close operation under local ventilation. Adopt safety shower and eye washing equipments.Fire-extinguishing agents: water, foam, carbon dioxide and sand.21氯化亚砜Thionyl chloride Light yellow to red, fuming liquid, with pungent odor.Melting point ():-105; Rel

22、ative density (water=1):1.64；Boiling point ():78.8；Relative density (air=1):4.1；Saturated vapor pressure (kPa):13.3(21.4)Wear non-powered air-purifying respirator (whole mask), acid alkali resistant clothing and acid alkali resistant gloves. Prevent vapor escape into working site. Avoid contacting w

23、ith alkalic substances. Especially avoid contacting with water. When moving, should be loaded and unloaded lightly. Equip with emergency treatment equipment for leak.Fireman must be wear acid alkali resistant clothing which can covers whole body. Fire-extinguishing agents: carbon dioxide and sand.Pr

24、ohibit using water for fighting fire.22氢氧化钾Potassium hydroxide White deliquescent crystal.Melting point ():360.4；Relative density (water=1):2.04；Boiling point():1320；Saturated vapor pressure (kPa):0.13(719)With close operation, adopt safety shower and eye washing equipments. If probably contacting d

25、ust, wear air breathing apparatus. Wear acid alkali resistant rubber clothing and acid alkali resistant rubber gloves. Fight fire with water and sand. But avoid burn resulted by splashing when the substance contacts with water.23三乙胺Triethylamine Colorless and oily liquid, with strong ammonia-like od

26、orMelting point ():-114.8；Relative density (water=1):0.70；Relative density (air=1):3.48；Boiling point ():89.5；Saturated vapor pressure (kPa):8.80(20)；Heat of combustion (Kj/mol):4333.8；Critical temperature ():259；Critical pressure (Mpa):3.04；Ignition temperature ():249With close operation, and incre

27、ase ventilation. Wear chest style gas mask, anti-toxic clothing and oil-resistant rubber gloves. Keep away from ignition source and heat source. No smoking in workplaces. Use explosion-proof ventilation system and equipments. Prevent vapor leak into working site. Avoid contacting with oxidants, and

28、acids. Control flow rate and avoid accumulation of static-electricity when charging. Protect the packages and containers by slight loading and unloading in convey.Equip with relevant type and quantity of fire-fighting devices, and emergency treatment equipment for leak.Cool container by spraying wat

29、er. If possible, move container from fire site to open space. Fire-extinguishing agents: alcohol resistant foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder and sand.Water is ineffective for fighting fire. 24邻苯二酚Pyrocatechol Colorless crystal, color produced when exposured to light or air, can be sublimed. Melting p

30、oint ():105；Relative density ( water=1 ):1.34；boiling point():246；Relative dendity (air=1):3.79；saturated vapor pressure (kPa):1.33(118.3)；Heat of combustion (Kj/mol):2854.9；Lower explosion limit (V/V):1.9.Operation performed in airtight areas where are local ventilated adequately. Wear non-powdered

31、 air-purifying dustproof respirator, protective chemical safety glasses, virus resistant work clothing and rubber gloves. Keep away from ignition source and heat source. No smoking in workplaces. Ventilate systems and equipments should be explosion protective. No dust produced. Avoid contacting with

32、 oxidants, acids and alkalis. Protect the packages and containers by slight loading and unloading in convey. Fire-fighting agents: Atomized water, alcohol resistant foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide and sand. 25硫酸二乙酯Diethyl sulfate Colorless oily liquid, smells like aether. Melting ():-25.0；Relative

33、density( water=1 ):1.17；Boiling point():209(decomposition)；Relative density (air=1):5.31；Saturated vapor pressure (kPa):0.13(47.0)； Flash point():78；Ignition temperature():436；Lower explosion limit (V/V):4.1.Conduct airtight strictly and supply adequate local ventilation. Promote mechanisation and a

34、utomatization as far as possible and supply equipments of showering and eye washing. Wear non-powdered air-purifying respirator and protective chemical safety glasses when exposure to vapor. Wear anti-electrostatic work clothing and rubber glovesFire-fighting agents:Alcohol resistant foam, dry powde

35、r, carbon dioxide and sand.26三氯氧磷Phosphorus oxychloride Colorless clarity volatile liquid,has apungent taste. Melting point):1.2Relative density( water=1 ):1.68Boiling point():105.1；Saturatedvapor pressure:(kPa):5.33(27.3)Operation performed in airtight areas where are well ventilated. Promote mecha

36、nisation and automatization as far as possible. Operators should be trained and perform according to requirements strictly. Wear non-powdered air-purifying respirator (full mask), acid alkali resistant rubber clothing and gloves. Avoid smog producing. Avoid smog and vapor releasing into air. Avoid contacting with reducing agents, activated metal powder, alcohols, especially for water. Protect the packag