国际会计准则与中国准则差异(英文版.)

1、Our Mission: To Help Our Clients and Our People ExcelThis guide is one of a series of publications intended to assist users inunderstanding International Accounting Standards. These include:InternationalAccounting Standards:A Guide to PreparingAccounts3rd Edition. Written by Deloitte &Touche, Uni te

2、d Kingdom. Publishedby ABG Professional Information:.InternationalAccounting Standards -A Practical Guide toFinancial Reporting2nd Edition. Model financialstatements and presentation anddisclosure checklists prepared underIAS. Published by Deloitte ToucheTohmatsu.IAS in your Pocket 2nd

3、 Edition. An 80-page pocket-sizedguide with summaries of all IASBStandards and Interpretations, updateson agenda projects, and other usefulIASB-relat ed information.IAS Plus Newsletter A quarterly newsletter on recentdevelopments in InternationalAccounting Standards and accountingupdates for individ

4、ual countries. Tosubscribe visit our IAS Plus Our IAS Plus website provides up-todatenews on IAS developments aswell as summaries of IFRS andInterpretations and reference materialsfor download.Financial Instruments Applying IAS 32 andIAS 39Related summaries, guidance,examples

5、, and US GAAPcomparisons. Published by DeloitteTouche Tohmatsu.GAAP Differences inyour Pocket: IAS andUS GAAPThis 20-page booklet identifies andexplains 81 differences betweenInternational Financial ReportingStandards and US GAAP. 2002 Deloitte Touche Tohm atsu.All rights reserved.Printed in Hong Ko

6、ng.HK052-02The information in this publication is written in general terms. It isintended as a guide only and the application of its contents to specificsituations will depend on the particular circumstances involved. Itcannot be applied to a specific situation without appropriateprofessional advice

7、. Accordingly, we recommend that readers seeksuch professional advice regarding their particular circumstances.This publication should not be relied on as a substitute for suchprofessional advice. All offices of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu wouldbe pleased to advise you.While all reasonable care has bee

8、n taken in the preparation of thispublication, neither Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, nor any of its offices,partners or employees, accept any responsibility for any errors itmight contain, whether caused by negligence or otherwise, or for anyloss, howsoever caused, incurred by any person as a result of

9、relyingon it.FOREWORDWhat is PRC GAAP?Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) inthe Peoples Republic of China (PRC) come from anumber of sources, most notably the law, the Ministryof Finance (MOF), and, for listed company disclosures,the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC).The LawT

10、he Accounting Law of the PRC (last revised as of 1July 2000) is the highest authority on accounting inChina. It sets out general principles of accounting forall enterprises, including a definition of the nature androle of accounting and basic principles. It empowersthe PRC Ministry of Finance to adm

11、inister accountingaffairs and to establish uniform accounting regulationsand systems. Such regulations and systems have theforce of law.In 2000, the State Council issued Financial Accountingand Reporting Rules for Enterprises (FARR). It focuseson such financial accounting and reporting matters asboo

12、kkeeping, preparation of financial statements, andreporting practices. It applies to all enterprises otherthan very small ones that do not raise funds externally.Ministry of Finance (MOF)Pursuant to its mandate under the Accounting Law, theMOF has issued various accounting regulations thatapply to d

13、ifferent categories of enterprises in China: In 1993, the MOF adopted the AccountingStandard for Business Enterprises (BasicStandard), which serves as the conceptualframework of accounting in China. However,many definitions and concepts included thereinhave been revised or updated by subsequentprono

14、uncements such as the FARR. The MOF has adopted a series of ChineseAccounting Standards (CAS), in each case with aFOREWORDseparate document of supporting implementationguidance. The MOF has recently developed twocomprehensive accounting systems, one that is nowapplicable to foreign investment enterp

15、rises andjoint stock limited enterprises (including listedenterprises) and the other applicable to foreigninvestment financial institutions and listed financialinstitutions. The MOF has developed from 1993 variousindustry-specific accounting systems, such as thosefor agriculture, communication, and

16、transportation,and systems that apply to different types of unlistedfinancial institutions. From time to time, the MOF also develops ad hocregulations.Chinese Accounting Standards (CAS). The MOF hasbeen working to develop a body of Chinese AccountingStandards that are broadly in line with Internatio

17、nalAccounting Standards (IAS). The MOF issued its firstStandard in 1997. To date, 16 standards have beenadopted and others are under active development.Deloit te Touche Tohmatsu has served as the advisor tothe MOF in its project to develop CAS.A complete list of CAS is set out in the table on thenex

18、t page. The table identifies the category ofenterprises to which each Standard applies.Accounting System for Business Enterprises. InJanuary 2001, the MOF adopted a comprehensiveAccounting System for Business Enterprises (theSystem). The System is based, in part, on theexperience of the MOF in imple

19、menting the AccountingSystem for Joint Stock Limited Enterprises and, in part,on the existing individual CAS issued in the past fewyears.FOREWORDAccountingStandardEffectiveDateApplicability1 Disclosure of RelatedParty Relationships andTransactions1 Jan. 1997 Listed enterprises2 Cash Flow Statements(

20、minor revision in 2001)1 Jan. 2001 All enterprises3 Events Occurring After theBalance Sheet Date1 Jan. 1998 Listed enterprises4 Debt Restructuring(revised significantly in2001)1 Jan. 2001 All enterprises5 Revenue 1 Jan. 1999 Listed enterprises6 Investments (minorrevision in 2001)1 Jan. 2001 Joint St

21、ock LimitedEnterprises (prior to1 January 2001 itwas listedenterprises only)7 Construction Contracts 1 Jan. 1999 Listed enterprises8 Changes in AccountingPolicies and Estimates andCorrecti ons of AccountingErrors (minor revision in2001)1 Jan. 2001 All enterprises (priorto 1 January 2001 itwas listed

22、enterprises only)9 Non-monetaryTransactions (revisedsignificantly in 2001)1 Jan. 2001 All enterprises10 Contingencies 1 July 2000 All enterprises11 Intangible Assets 1 Jan. 2001 Joint Stock LimitedEnterprises12 Borrowing Costs 1 Jan. 2001 All enterprises13 Leases 1 Jan. 2001 All enterprises14 Interi

23、m Financial Reporting 1 Jan. 2002 Listed enterprises15 Inventories 1 Jan. 2002 Joint Stock LimitedEnterprises16 Fixed Assets 1 Jan. 2002 Joint Stock LimitedEnterprisesFOREWORDApplicability to joint stock limited enterprises. Starting1 January 2001, all joint stock limited enterprises(JSLEs) were req

24、uired to follow the System other thanenterprises in banking, insurance, and other specialisedfinancial industries (for which a separate accountingsystem has been adopted see below).When the System became effective on 1 January 2001,the old Accounting System for JSLEs was abolished.Starting in 2001,

25、also, enterprises other than JSLEshave been encouraged to follow the System as well,with the proviso that State-owned enterprises requireprior approval from the relevant government authority.In addition, if a parent company adopts the System, theparent should require its subsidiaries to adopt theSys

26、tem as well.Applicability to foreign investment enterprises. As of 1January 2002, the MOF extended the applicability ofthe System to all foreign investment enterprises againother than banks, insurance companies, and otherfinancial enterprises.Applicability to financial institutions. Early in 2002,th

27、e MOF issued a new separate though similar Accounting System for Financial Institutions. It mustbe applied, starting 1 January 2002, by all listed andforeign investment banks, insurance companies,brokerages, leasing companies, and finance companies.Unlisted financial institutions that are joint stoc

28、k limitedenterprises are encouraged to follow the new system.Other unlisted financial institutions should continue touse the old Accounting Systems for financialinstitutions.The Accounting System for Financial Institutions issimilar to the one for general business enterprises but,in addition, includ

29、es principles specific to financialinstitutions, such as how to recognise interest;repurchase agreements; securities transactions;FOREWORDinsurance reserves; accounting by trusts; and accountingby investment funds.China Securities Regulatory CommissionThe CSRC has adopted various regulations forpres

30、entation and disclosure of information by listedenterprises. These generally do not address matters ofaccounting recognition and measurement.ConvergenceThe primary focus of the IASB is convergence ofaccounting standards worldwide. To facilitateconvergence of accounting standards, the IASB hasseven m

31、embers who serve as official liaisons to nationalstandard-setters. Countries with formal liaisons areAustralia (including New Zealand), Canada, France,Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the UnitedStates.In addition, IASB maintains liaison with other keycountries through the International Accoun

32、tingStandards Advisory Council (SAC). Madam FengShuping, Assistant Minister, PRC Ministry of Finance,is a member of the SAC.Given the circumstances of individual countries,differences currently exist between national standardsand IFRS. For instance, our Firms recently-publishedcomparison of IAS and

33、US GAAP identified over 80differences. The MOF supports internatio nalaccounting harmonisation and is working to achieveconvergence of CAS with IFRS by giving dueconsideration of IFRS in the process of drafting eachCAS.Circumstances where differences arise between CASand IFRS include: Areas where IF

34、RS allow choices but CAS do not.For instance, property, plant, and equipment mayFOREWORDbe stated at cost or at revalued amounts under IFRSwhereas CAS generally require cost basis. Areas such as hyperinflation where the MOF hasnot developed a CAS because of limitedapplication in China. Areas where t

35、he MOF is currently developing newstandards. The MOF has an ongoing programme toissue standards that deal with areas specificallyaddressed by IFRS. In the light of Chinas evolving market economyand developing accounting profession and thepractical circumstances of Chinese enterprises, theMOF has not

36、 adopted certain accountingconventions applied in the IFRS, notably thepervasive use of fair value. The MOFs approachis to establish a set of CAS suitable to Chinascircumstances, while striving toward convergencewith IFRS in an orderly manner.This PublicationThis publication summarises some of the d

37、ifferencesbetween IFRS and PRC GAAP. For this purpose, weinclude in PRC GAAP mainly the requirements of thelaw, CAS, the Accounting Systems for BusinessEnterprises and for Financial Institutions developed bythe MOF, and the regulations of the CSRC.Therefore, the focus of this booklet is on GAAPappli

38、cable to listed enterprises, other joint stock limitedenterprises, and foreign investment enterprises.DELOITTE TOUCHE TOHMATSUKen Wild, Global LeaderInternational Accounting StandardsStephen Taylor, LeaderIAS Centre of Excellence Hong KongSeptember 2002COMPARISON OF IFRS AND PRC GAAPDeloitte Touche

39、Tohmatsu 9The following table sets out some of the differences betweenInternational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and GAAPin the Peoples Republic of China. The significance of thesedifferences and others not included in this list will vary withrespect to individual companies depending on such

40、 factors asthe nature of the companys operations, the industry in which itoperates, and the accounting policy choices it has made.Reference to the underlying accounting standards and anyrelevant national regulations is essential in understanding thespecific differ ences.IAS Topic IFRS PRC GAAP_ Gene

41、ralapproachPrinciple-basedstandards withlimited applicationguidance.Principle-basedstandardsaccompanied bydetailed applicationguidance._ Ability to makechoicesSome accountingchoices allowed.Few choices. Financial year -end dateNot specified. Required to be 31December.1 Complete set offinancialstatem

42、entsBalance sheet,income statement,equity statement,cash flowstatement, plusnotes.Same, plusstatement ofallowance forimpairment, profitappropriationstatement,statement ofsegmentalinformation.1 Managementdiscussion andanalysis.Encouraged“outside thefinancialstatements”.Required as part ofan enterpris

43、esfinancial andaccounting report,but not part of thefinancialstatements.COMPARISON OF IFRS AND PRC GAAP10 Deloitte Touche TohmatsuIAS Topic IFRS PRC GAAP1 Classifications ofassets in thebalance sheetAssets either arenot classified or areclassified intocurrent andnoncurrent.1Assets must beclassified

44、intocurrent assets,long-terminvestments, fixedassets, intangibleassets, and otherassets.1 Classifications ofliabilities in thebalance sheetLiabilities either arenot classified or areclassified intocurrent andnoncurrent.1Liabilities must beclassified intocurrent andnoncurrent.1 Classification ofexpen

45、ses in theincomestatementClassification bynature or byfunction.Classification byfunction.1 Specific lineitems requiredon the face offinancialstatementsSome. Many.1 One yearcomparativeprior yearfinancialinformationRequired both infinancialstatements and inthe notes.Required infinancialstatements but

46、notin the notes.CSRC rules requirelisted companies toinclude certaincomparativeinformation in thenotes.1 Reporting aseparate lineitem for “totalcomprehensiveincome”combining netprofit or loss andgains or lossescharged directlyto equityPermitted, but notrequired.1Prohibited.COMPARISON OF IFRS AND PRC

47、 GAAPDeloitte Touche Tohmatsu 11IAS Topic IFRS PRC GAAP1 Departure froma Standardwhencompliancewould bemisleadingPermitted in“extremely rare”circumstances “toachieve a fairpresentation”.Not addressed.2 Producersinventories oflivestock,agricultural andforest products,and mineral oresMay be measuredat

48、 net realisablevalue if there is awell -establishedpractice in thatindustry.Excluded from thescope of the CAS.7 Presenting cashflows fromoperatingacti vitiesMay use eitherdirect method orindirect method.Must present bothdirect method andindirect method.7 Classification ofinterest receivedand paid in

49、 thecash flowstatementMay be classifiedas an operating,investing, orfinancing activity.Interest paid mustbe classified as afinancing activity.Classification ofinterest receiveddepends on itsnature.7 Cash flowsrelating toincome taxesOperating unlessthey relate toinvesting orfinancing activities.Alway

50、s operating.8 Extraordinaryitems presentedseparately in theincomestatementRare, generallylimited toexpropriations,natural disasters,and acts of war.1“Abnormal” itemsare presentedseparately in thecash flowstatement. Inaddition, certaintypes of gains andlosses must bedisclosed assupplementaryinformati

51、on.COMPARISON OF IFRS AND PRC GAAP12 Deloitte Touche TohmatsuIAS Topic IFRS PRC GAAP8 Non-mandatedchanges inaccountingpolicyMay either restateprior financialstatements orinclude as acumulative effect innet profit and lossin the currentfinancialstatements.1Must restate priorfinancialstatements unless

52、impracticable.8 Change indepreciationmethod forexisting assetsChange in estimate(prospective).Change inaccounting policy(restate prior periodfinancialstatements).10 Dividendsdeclared afterthe end of afinancial yearand before thefinancialstatements areauthorised forissueNon-adjustingevent.Adjusting e

53、vent.11 Inclusion ofborrowing costsas costs ofconstructioncontractsIncluded if thecompanys policy isto capitaliseborrowing costs.Never included.COMPARISON OF IFRS AND PRC GAAPDeloitte Touche Tohmatsu 13IAS Topic IFRS PRC GAAP12 Method ofaccounting forincome taxesTax effectaccounting using abalance s

54、heetapproach deferred tax assetsand liabilitiesrecognised fordifferences in thebook and tax basesof assets andliabilities. Inmeasuring deferredtaxes, the tax rateexpected atreversal must beused.May use either (a)tax payable method(deferred taxes notrecognised) or (b)tax effectaccounting usingan inco

55、mestatementapproach deferred tax assetsand liabilities arerecognised fordifferences inamountsrecognised in theincome statementand on the taxreturn. Inmeasuring deferredtaxes, either thecurrent tax rate orthe expected taxrate may be used.12 Recognition ofdeferred taxassetsRecognised to theextent that futuretaxab