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*学院*届毕业设计中英文翻译Crane Work Needs More TechniqueThe invention of crane has greatly increased peoples work efficiency .People can use crane to handle with huge articles which used to be taken a long time to do, especially in a small are The bridge type hoist crane is required to handle with huge accessory orhuge device. The birth worldwide industry early post-war years, the crane industry came to an aImost complete standstill. By the end of the decade, however, crane construction had diversified and spread around the world and the industry seemed infused with newfound energy that left it flourishing as never before. Lightweight cranes that arrived on site ready for use came to dominate construction sites as people realised the advantages of not having to dismantle them between jobs. These new designs did away with the need to have other lifting equipment assisting during rigging - a big contrast to the cumbersome rigging of previous designs. But, before all this could happen came the horrors of the Second World War. By 1940 of Europe was completely caught up in the conflict. By the time the war ended, Europe and other parts of the world had been subjected to extraordinary political, economic and social changes that would affect the entire fabric of society, including the construction and crane industries, for many decades to come. In the US, steam locomotives were starting to be replaced by diesel - by 1953 more than 50 per cent of all locomotives would be diesel. During the war the mass production of excavators, scrapers and cranes continued. 1940, for example, saw Thew launch the new Lorain Motocrane series. This consisted of three cranes which, for the first time in history, were mounted on chassis built by the crane manufacturer itselfi The smallest crane, the MC-2, could lift 7.6 tonnes, the MC-2 9.9 tonnes and the MC-3 13.5 tonnes. These cranes were delivered to the army by the thousand, and were also mounted on portals for use as harbour cranes (the MC-4 model). The war had, of course, taken its toll on the number of able-bodied men available to work in the crane industry and there was a serious shortage of good crane drivers. At Thew, newcomers were taught crane operations over a two-day course presented by A.C Burch, an experienced mechanic and graduate of the Naval Academy, and L.K Jenkins. These two gentlemen were probably the originators of operator training as we know it today. As they had actually designed the Motocrane, both knew it inside out and were pleased to pass on this knowledge.When the Japanese National Railways committed itself to buying the prototype of a machine designed to remove railway clips, the tide turned. The machine worked splendidly and iVlasuo Tadano toured Japan showing on 35 millimetre film just what it could do. He collected numerous orders for the machine along the way and at the same time seems to have been an early pioneer of the company videos so beloved by todays marketing professionals!Other countries were also building noteworthy cranes. Italy, in particular, was developing into a source of innovative ideas for the industry.In1948 in Legnano,near Milan,Carlo Raimodi built his first slewing tower crane,a classic top slewer The company was originally established in 1863 as a foundry and had, until making its crane debut, built machines and components for the millwright and other industries. There was now a worldwide boom in construction and this attracted the attention of specialist equipment manufacturers, many of whom followed the launch of crane ranges with the introduction of concrete mixing equipment. This combination of equipment was supplied in a variety of forms: Reich, Ibag and Liebherr, for example, supplied cranes and concrete mixing machines designed to be used together. Important slewing tower crane manufacturer. The bridge type hoist crane car consists of protmoted organization，the car frame，the car movement organization，hoisting mechanisms and so on. Its operation structure is composed of reducer，the driving wheel group，the driven wheel group，the transmission shaft and some connect fitting. The core of this structure is the design of the reducer. This bridge type hoist crane is be used to the hydroelectric power station. It is installed in the expanded workshop of Fengman water and electricity station.It is used to installing,examining and repairing the water-turbine generator set and its accessorial equipments.the equipments in the water and electricity station are largeormedium-size. These equipments have a high request on the load of bridge type hoist crane , so they also have a high request on the capability of the reducer.Grab bridge bridge crane is running on the elevated track, the car driven by the lifting of materials crawl grab a bridge-crane. Bridge laying on both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, lifting trolley along the bridge in laying the track on the horizontal run, a rectangular scope of work, you can make full use of space below the bridge lifting material from Ground equipment hindered. Grab bridge cranes widely used in power plants, Mei Chang, and other needs of bulk material handling of the occasion, because of the heavy equipment, transportation difficulties installation, testing the quality of their products in general need in the field. Therefore, control equipment requirements for wiring, small size and portability. And the use of fixed-site conditions, also called a random testing equipment manual control functions to ensure the safety of operation. With the lifting of the transport requirements of the mechanical control continuously improve, more and more advanced means of control. At present the domestic bridge crane control system requires people at the scene to control, control methods are backward. In small and medium-sized crane, the most direct control over the use of controllers, car running, Lord, vice hook upgrade, dropped weights and speedCrane work needs more technology. Construction of tower cranes are the main vertical transportation equipment and also a measure of construction companies and equipment strength of the important logo, in todays increasingly competitive construction market, to meet the construction needs of many construction companies have bought the tower crane. With the tower crane at the construction site of the widely used by the tower crane accident also caused more and more to peoples lives and property brought about great losses. According to national statistics, the departments concerned, the tower crane accident rate reached 2.77 percent. Its security problem is still the urgency of the construction Loose training, testing and oversight requirements for the people who work around construction cranes have fostered a false sense of security in our industry. The recent deadly tower-crane collapse at a congested New YorkCity building site should be a wake-up call for us to question and step up our current safety practices.Training and testing is king when it comes to safety. But the construction industry is putting unqualified personnel in the seats of construction cranes, even with todays testing. In many places, no experience is necessary after passing a standardized test. One week of study will give some people enough knowledge to pass a certification examination, and then they can jump into the cab of a crane.Imagine that a commercial airline pilot had the same training as a certified crane operator. How would you feel the next time you decided to fly? In California, it takes more hours of training to wield a pair of scissors in a hair salon than to operate potentially dangerous lifting machinery. How does this make sense?Riggers and signal persons also need standard training and testing to ensure safety under the hook. Employers usually allow any craft to signal a crane on a jobsite, despite best practices that require only qualified people do so. How is it then that uncertified and untrained people are allowed to signal and rig under the hook of a licensed or certified operator?Tower cranes are particularly risky as urban sites become more congested, and the risk of a catastrophic event is very high during climbing operations. Yet most tower-crane climbing crews are trained in a non-traditional manner, via secondhand knowledge that has been passed down over time. The problem with this type of hand-me-down knowledge is that it changes over the years, leaving out small-but-important details along the way. This osmosis of knowledge leads crews to develop their own tricks for climbing cranes, often forsaking basic safety in an attempt to save time and energy.In many cases, there are no safety devices or alarms to warn of a serious problem. Climbing crews are subjected to pressures that affect safety-critical decision-making. It is not uncommon for climbs to continue with damaged or leaking hydraulic systems, out-of-adjustment or jammed guide rollers, often working in the dark and for extended hours. This MacGyver method of climbing, where every jump becomes a new adventure, should not be the norm.Climbing-frame designs vary among manufacturers, but the operational steps are similar in principle. The climbing process is relatively straightforward, with a mixture of physical work and technical procedure. It is not complex; it is more about knowing the proper sequence of what needs to be done and then following the steps, one by one, making sure each step has been successfully completed before moving onto the next. It is essential that everyone know exactly what is going on and what the dangers are at every stage.When these needs are satisfied, crane operations should be carried out in strict accordance with the manufacturers instructions, engineering principals and governmental laws. But industry stakeholders and lawmakers need to step up their lax standards to protect the public. New York City residents, who have seen their homes turned into dust and debris, would be shocked at the way the industry deals with these issues.Thats why the industry needs standardized training, testing and oversight for this work, including a practical assessment of competence. Technicians should have model-specific training directly from the manufacturer, along with a level of practical experience. Inspectors, too, should be required to have specific technical training. They should be independent from all aspects of installation and maintenance to allow for objective decisions. Key personnel on erection crews should have standard training and testing.第 9页 第 9页起重机工作需要很多科技起重机的出现大大提高了人们的劳动效率，以前需要许多人花长时间才能搬动的大型物件现在用起重机就能轻易达到效果，尤其是在小范围的搬动过程中起重机的作用是相当明显的。战后的前几年，世界性的工业诞生了，起重机行业几乎完全停止。然而到这个年代末，起重机的建造变得多元化并传播到世界各地，它的前所未有的蓬勃发展似乎整个工业注入了新能源。轻型起重机投入到工作地点并准备作为主要机械，因为人们意识到了在工作间不用拆除他们的的优点。这些新的设计也不再需要其他起重设备协助操纵相比以前在安装前要进行繁琐的设计。但是，在这一切之前发生了恐怖的第二次世界大战。到1940年，欧洲完全陷入了战争中。到战争结束后的几十年来，欧洲和世界其他地区发生了巨大的政治，经济和社会变化，将影响整个社会结构，包括建造业和起重机行业。在美国，蒸汽机已开始改为柴油机到1953年超过百分之五十的机车将使用柴油机。战争期间，挖掘机，铲运机和起重机的大规模生产在继续。例如1940年，看到Thew推出新的Lorain Motocrane系列。这其中包括三种起重机，是历史上首次自身安装了底盘的起重机。最小的MC - 2 ，起重量达7.6吨， MC 2起重量为9.9吨，MC 3起重量为13.5吨。这些起重机许多被用于军队，有的还安装在港口用作港湾式起重机（在MC - 4型） 。当然，这场战争已经削弱了能在起重机行业工作的健壮的男人的数量，并且优秀的起重机司机严重短缺。在Thew ，一位毕业于美国海军学院的经验丰富的技工A C Burch和L K Jenkins进行了为期两天的起重机业务课程的教授。这两位绅士好比是我们今天所知的“经营者培训”的创始人。他们实际上已设计了动力起重机，都深深地了解起重机，并很高兴传授这方面的知识。当日本国家铁路公司致力于采购一种旨在搬动钢轨扣板的原型机，潮流逆转。该设备工作极为出色。iVlasuo Tadano环游日本，用35毫米的电影展示该设备的强大用途。沿路上，他获取了大量订单。同时，他好像成为当今市场营销专家所宠爱的公司影像传播的先驱！ 其他国家也在大力发展起重机。特别是意大利，逐渐发展成为该行业的创新基地。1948年Carlo Raimodi在米兰附近的Legnano，首次建造了回转塔式起重机，一种经典的顶端回转起重机。公司最初成立于1863年，在生产起重机之前，是一间铸造厂并为技工和其他行业生产机械设备。当时全球建筑业空前繁荣，吸引了专业设备制造商的注意。其中许多公司在推广起重机后，推出了混凝土搅拌设备。提供了多种不同组合，例如，Reich，Ibag和Liebherr设计开发了起重机与混凝土搅拌设备一起使用的组合。桥式起重机小车运行机构设计主要包括起升机构、小车架、小车运行机构、吊具等部分。其中的小车运行机构主要由减速器、主动轮组、从动轮组、传动轴和一些连接件组成。桥式起重机是水电站桥式起重机，安装于丰满水电站扩建工程厂房内，用于水轮发电机组及其附属设备的安装和检修工作。水电站内设备一般都是大中型设备，对桥式起重机的载荷要求较高，所以对减速器性能要求较高。桥式抓斗起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行，由起重小车带动抓斗抓取物料的一种桥架型起重机。桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。桥式抓斗起重机广泛应用于电厂、煤厂等需要散料装卸的场合，由于该设备笨重，运输安装困难，对其产品质量检测一般需要在现场进行。所以要求控制设备接线方便，体积小便于携带。又由于使用现场条件不动，还要求检测设备有随机手动控制功能，以保证运行时的安全。随着对起重运输机械控制要求的不断提高,控制手段也越来越先进。目前国内的桥式起重机控制系统都需要人在现场进行控制，控制方式都比较落后。在中小型起重机中, 大都采用控制器直接控制大、小车运行, 主、副钩提升、下降重物及调速。塔式起重机是建筑施工垂直运输的主要设备，也是衡量一个建筑施工企业装备实力的重要标识，在当今竞争日益激烈的建筑市场，为满足施工需要，很多施工企业都购置了塔式起重机。随着塔式起重机在施工现场的广泛使用，由塔式起重机引发的伤亡事故也越来越多，给人民的生命财产带来重大损失。据国内有关部门统计资料表明，塔式起重机的事故率已达2.77%。其安全问题仍然是建筑施工中的忧患。松散的培训，测试和监督的要求, 周围的建筑起重机给这些工作的人树立了一种虚假的安全感，在我们的行业。最近塔式起重机倒塌在一个繁忙的纽约市建筑地盘应敲响警钟，提醒我们问题的存在，并加强我们目前安全的做法。当谈到安全问题时，训练和测试是关键。不过，建造业是把不合格人员放在建筑起重机的驾驶位上，甚至没有通过今天的测试。在许多地方，没有任何经验必须合格的通过标准化的测试。一周的学习将给予一些人足够的知识足以通过认证考试，然后他们可以跳转到的起重机的驾驶室。想象一下一个商业航空公司飞行员和一个认证的起重机操作员有相同的训练。你会如何感觉，下一次你决定要坐飞机？在加利福尼亚州，掌握一对剪刀在头发沙龙比操作有潜在危险的起重机械需要更多的时间训练。如何，这是否合理？装配工人和发信号的人也需要标准的培训和测试，以确保安全下钩。雇主通常允许任何工人发信号指挥起重机上工地 ，尽管最佳做法是需要合格的人这样做。怎么能允许那么无证和未受过训练的人来代替有工作证或经核证的操作者呢？塔式起重机是特别危险的，尤其是在市区用地变得更加拥挤时。攀登行动更是一个风险的行动，其灾难性非常高。然而，大多数塔式起重机攀登员的训练，在一个非传统的方式，通过二手知识已流传一段时间。问题与这种类型的现成的知识是，多年来，留下来的非常少，但最重要的细节却丢失了。这种“渗透”的知识，导致操作者只能发展自己的技巧攀登起重机，往往放弃基本的安全，企图以节省时间和能源.在许多情况下没有安全装置或警报来提醒严重的问题的存在。攀登人员容易遭受到影响安全性至关重要的决策所带来的压力。攀登时，使用损坏或泄漏的液压系统，没有任何的调整，这并不鲜见。在黑暗中工作和延长工作时间是时有发生的。这种攀登方法，其中的每一次攀登都会成为新的冒险，不应该作为规范被采纳。攀爬架的设计，在制造商之间存在不同，但设计的步骤在原则上是相似的。攀登过程中是相对比较明了的，配合着的体力劳动和技术程序。这是并不复杂，它是更多地了解知道正确的序列需要做什么，然后按照下列步骤，一个又一个，确保每一步在做下一步前成功完成。这是十分重要，每个人都清楚的知道事情进展的怎么样，在每一个阶段存在什么样的危险。当这些需要得到满足，起重机作业应进行严格按照有关制造商的指示，工程原则和政府的法律。但业内人士和国会议员，要加强他们的宽松标准，以保障公众利益。看到自己的家园变成了尘埃和碎片的纽约市居民，会对处理这些问题的方式感到震惊。这就是为什么业界需要规范的培训，测试和监督，其中包括一个实际的评估能力。技术人员应该随着实际经验的提升，直接从制造商哪里获得标准训练。视察员同样也也须有具体的技术培训。他们应独立于安装和维修的各方面，这由客观决定。架设的关键人员应该有标准的训练和测试. * 学 院毕业设计开题报告学 生 姓 名：*学 号：*学 院、系：*专 业：机械设计制造及其自动化设 计 题 目： 定柱式悬臂起重机结构设计与分析指导教师:* * 年 3 月 21 日毕 业 设 计 开 题 报 告1结合毕业设计情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，撰写2000字左右的文献综述：文 献 综 述1.研究背景和意义悬臂起重机是近年发展起来的中小型起重装备，结构独特，安全可靠，具备高效、节能、省时省力、灵活等特点，三维空间内随意操作，在短距、密集性调运的场合，比其它常规性吊运设备更显示其优越性1。本产品广泛应用于各种行业的不同场所。悬臂起重机工作强度为轻型，起重机由立柱，回转臂回转驱动装置及电动葫芦组成，立柱下端通过地脚螺栓固定在混凝土基础上，由摆线针轮减速装置来驱动旋臂回转，电动葫芦在旋臂工字钢上作左右直线运行，并起吊重物。2起重机旋臂为空心型钢结构，自重轻，跨度大，起重量大，经济耐用。 3定柱式悬臂起重机又称立柱式悬臂起重机，起重量在125Kg-5000Kg，立柱式旋臂吊具有结构新颖、合理、简单、操作方便、回转灵活、作业空间大等优点，是节能高效的物料吊运设备，可广泛适用于厂矿、车间的生产线、装配线和机床的上、下工作及仓库、码头等场合的重物吊运。4定柱式旋臂吊根据其旋臂所使用型钢的不同可以分为：BZD型和BZD-JKBK型。5近年来，随着电子计算机的广泛应用，许多起重机制造商从应用计算机辅助设计系统（CAD），提高到应用计算机进行起重机的模块化设计。根据市场调查预测的统计数字和积累的资料、图表、图线规律，在严密的科学理论指导下，拟定起重机结构、机构、部件等多层次的标准化、模块化单元。6起重机采用模块单元化设计，不仅是一种设计方法的改革，而且将影响整个起重机行业的技术、生产和管理水平，老产品的更新换代、新产品的研制速度都将大大加快。对起重机的改进，只需针对几个需要修改的模块；设计新的起重机只需选用不同的模块重新进行组合；提高了通用化程度，可使单件小批量的产品改换成相对批量的模块生产。亦能以较少的模块形式，组合成不同功能和不同规格的起重机，满足市场的需求，增加竞争能力。7随着我国国民经济建设进一步深入，商品流通量大幅度增加，交通运输业快速发展，起重运输机械的需求量越来越大，其实用性能的要求也越来越高。悬臂起重机设备，非常适用于一吨左右重量的工件定点频繁起吊运输。8在机械加工领域，悬臂起重机具有强大的购买市场和广阔的发展前景。2.国内现状及发展趋势中国的起重机产业诞生于上世纪70年代，经过40余年的发展，经历了70年代引进苏联技术，80年代初引进日本技术和90年代初引进德国技术等三次主要技术改进，始终走着一条自主创新的道路。92000年以来，随着国内外技术交流的日益频繁和国产自主研发能力的显著增强，更多的国外先进技术被成功引进应用，并进行了自主创新，获得自主知识产权。随着国产起重机产业制造水平的全面提升，与国外先进技术的差距不断缩小，中国起重机产品开始在国际市场上体现出明显的竞争力。10悬臂起重机设备属于通用机械，在二十多年高速发展过程中，已经逐渐实现了规模化、集团化、机械化。在辅助加工生产中和自动化的作用，大大提高了劳动生产效率，减轻工人劳动强度。具有工作平稳可靠，操作维护简单、方便等优点。11根据当前我国情况来看，机械工业处于上升势头，汽车工业、机动车行业都处于强省发展期。专家预测，随着国民经济的的增长，机械行业有很长一段时间处于旺盛发展阶段，整体机械行业以及未来发展过程中，悬臂起重机的使用处于不可替代、不可缺少的地位，在整体工业化过程中发挥着重要的辅助生产的作用。12因此，我们在设计中应大胆采用先进的设计理念，充分利用计算机辅助工艺规划、计算机辅助制造、柔性自动化系统等新技术、新工艺，缩短设计和生产周期、降低成本，调整产品结构、企业结构，增强企业参与市场竞争的能力，使中国起重机制造行业赶上世界先进水平。133.国外现状及发展趋势近二十年来，世界工程起重机行业发生了很大变化，世界工程起重机市场进一步趋向一体化。14目前世界工程起重机年销售额已达75亿美元左右，主要生产国为美国、日本、德国、法国、意大利等，世界顶级公司有十多家，主要集中在北美、亚洲（日本）和欧洲。美国既是工程起重机的主要生产国，又是最大的世界市场之一。但由于日本、德国起重机工业的迅速发展，美国厂商在世界市场获取的主导地位逐步受到削弱，从而形成了美国、日本和德国三足鼎立之势。4.小结 随着我国国民经济的快速发展，特别是国家中小企业的发展，中小企业规模化生产日益扩大，需要用起重机吊装和搬运的结构件和机器设备的数量与使用频率也越来越大，且对起重机的安全性能、效率及耐久性的要求越来越高。因此，根据中小型起重机起吊频繁，起重量不大的特点，合理的设计这样一台起重机有着十分重要的意义。15参考文献： 1陈道南.起重运输机械. 北京:机械工业出版社,1998.12-178.2郁祝年.工程力学和工程结构. 北京:中国电力出版社,1996.8-160.3付荣柏.起重机.钢结构制造工艺. 北京:中国铁道出版社,1991.18-280.4胡宗武,顾迪民.起重机设计计算. 北京:科学技术出版社,1987.5-360.5陈国璋,孙桂林.起重机计算实例. 北京:中国铁道出版社,1984.6-278.6李静.工程起重机综合评价方法研究. 硕士学位论文.大连：大连理工大学， 20077 刘长江.悬臂起重机设计制造中应注意的问题.起重运输机械, 2008(11) : 26-278黄琳.起重机伸缩臂结构优化研究.硕士学位论文.大连：大连理工大学，20079严正宏.起重机运动机构参数优化设计.硕士学位论文.浙江：浙江大学，200810马霄.基于ANSYS的定柱式悬臂起重机机械结构的优化设计.河南机电高等专科学校，2004,12(1):43-44.11陈玲,宋平娜，彭佳等.基于ANSYS的定柱式悬臂起重机的有限元分析.天津理工大学学报，2005.02：64-67.12 K.M.liew . Slewing jib crane for space restricted areas.Manufacturers Monthly, 2006, 0(10)13陈建萱.起重机械的电动机选择.起重运输机械,1996，总第250期（1）：25-26.14坂本种芳.桥式起重机设计计算. 北京:中国铁道出版社,1987.11-190.15卢素玲.悬臂起重机应用与研究进展.焦作大学学报，2011,25(3):101-102. 毕 业 设 计 开 题 报 告本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）：一、 本课题要研究或解决的问题该课题是对定柱式悬臂起重机的机构和结构设计为主要内容的机械产品设计，课题涉及机械结构与传动、机械加工与装配、机械试验与测试等。其中，分析了该起重机所要求实现的功能和相应结构，了解起重机的工作原理，基本结构，系统组成及功能，掌握Solidworks的使用技术并完成桥式起重机的三维建模，绘制关键零部件的二维工程图，并学会基于ANSYS做有限元分析。本研究主要是对该起重机的悬臂梁设计及旋转功能部分的机构设计及参数的选择。包括起升，回转，变幅及金属结构的设计。最终使其能很好地实现起重机的运行，而且互不干涉且配合良好。并且通过此次设计，要提高自己的分析问题和解决问题的能力，将自己所学运用到实际的工作中，提高自己的实践能力。二、 设计步骤1、熟悉定柱式悬臂起重机的结构； （1）悬臂起重机系列可分为：定柱式悬臂起重机,JKBK定柱式悬臂起重机,移动式悬臂起重机,墙壁式悬臂起重机壁行式悬臂起重机,轻型龙门