外文翻译消防系统运行可靠性的估计本科毕业论文

1、外文文献:Estimates of the Operational Reliability of Fire Protection SystemsFor the past three years the Nati onal In stitute of Stan dards and Tech no logy (NIST) has bee n working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information secure The organization is in the final stages of an o

2、pen process of selecting one or more algorithms, or data-scrambling formulas, for the new Advaneed Encryption Standard (AES) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fall The standard is slated to go into effect next yearINTRODUCTIONBackgroundFire protectio n strategies are desig ned and

3、in stalled to perform specific fun cti ons. For example, a fire spri nkler system is expected to con trol or ext in guish fires: To accomplish this, the system spri nklers must ope n, and the required amount of water to achieve con trol or ext in guishme nt must be delivered to the fire locati on. A

4、 fire detect ion system is in ten ded to provide sufficie nt early warning of a fire to permit occupant notification and escape, and in some cases activation of other fire protecti on features (e.g., special exti nguish ing systems, smoke man ageme nt systems). Both system activati on (detect ion) a

5、nd no tificati on (alarm) must occur to achieve early warni ng. Con structi on compartme ntati on is gen erally desig ned to limit the exte nt of fire spread as well as to mai ntain the buildi ng s structural in tegrity as well as ten ability along escape routes for somespecified period of time. In

6、order to accomplish this, the con struct ion features must be fire“rated ” (based on sta ndard tests) and the in tegrity of the features main tai ned. The reliability of in dividual fire protect ion strategies such as detect ion, automatic suppressi on, and con struct ion compartme ntati on is impor

7、ta nt in put to detailed engin eeri ng an alyses associated with performa nee based desig n.In the con text of safety systems, there are several eleme nts of reliability, in cludi ng both operational andperfornzance reliability. Operational reliability provides a measure of the probability that a fi

8、re protection system will operate as intended when needed. Performanee reliability is a measure of the adequacy of the feature to successfully perform its in ten ded hn cti on under specific fire exposure conditions. The former is a measure of component or system operability while the latter is a me

9、asure of the adequacy of the system desig n.The scope of this study was limited to evaluation of operational reliability due primarily to the form of the reported data in the literature. In addition to this distinction between operational and performa nee reliability, the scope focused on uncon diti

10、 onal estimates of reliability and failure estimates in terms offail-dangerous outcomes. A discussion of these terms is provided later in the paper.ScopThis paper provides a review of reported operati onal reliability and performa nee estimates for(1) fire detect ion, (2) automatic suppressi on, and

11、 to a limited exte nt , (3) con struct ion compartme ntati on. In gen eral, the reported estimates for fire detecti on are largely for smoke detectiodfire alarm systems; automatic sprinklers comprise most of the data for automatic suppressi on, and compartme ntati on in cludes compartme nt fire resi

12、sta nee and en closure in tegrity. It should be no ted that in some cases the literature did not deli neate bey ond the gen eral categories offire detecti onorautomatic suppressi on,requiri ng assumpti ons regarspecific type of fire protecti on system.Several studies reported estimates of reliabilit

13、y for both fire detecti on and automatic spri nkler system strategies. However, very little in formatio n was found detaili ng reliability estimates for passive fire protectio n strategies such as compartme ntati on.A limited statistical based an alysis was performed to provide gen eralized in forma

14、tio n on the ran ges of such estimates and related un certa in ties. This latter effort was limited to evaluati on of reported data on detecti on and suppressi on. In sufficie nt data were ide ntified on compartme ntati on reliability to be in cluded.This paper addresses eleme nts of reliability as

15、they relate to fire safety systems. The literature search that was performed for this analysis is reviewed and important findings and data summarized. The data found in the literature that were applicable to sprinkler and smoke detecti on systems reliability were an alyzed, with descriptive estimate

16、s of the mea n values and 95perce nt con fide nee in tervals for the operati onal reliability of these in situ systems reported.ELEMENTS OF RELIABILITY ANALYSISThere is considerabIe variation in reliability data and associated anaIysesreportedin the literature. Basically, reliability is an estimate

17、of the probability that a system or component will operate as desig ned over some time period. During the useful or expected life of a comp onent, this time period is “ reseteach time a component is tested and found to be in working order. Therefore, the more ofte n systems and comp onents are teste

18、d and maintain ed, the more reliable they are. This form of reliability is referred to as uncon diti on al.Unconditional reliability is an estimate of the probability that a system will operate dema nd. ” A con diti onal reliability is an estimate that two eve nts of concern, i.e., a fire and succes

19、sful operati on of a fire safety system occur at the same time.Reliability estimates that do not con sider a fire eve nt probability are uncon diti onal estimates.Two other importa nt con cepts applied to operati onal reliability arefuiled-safe an dfailed- dan gerous.whe n a fire safety system fails

20、 safe, it operates whe n no fire eve nt has occurred. A com mon example is the false alarmi ng of a smoke detector. A fire safety system fails dan gerous whe n it does not fun ctio n duri ng a fire eve nt. In this study, thefailed-da ngerous eve nt defi nes the Operati onal probability of failure (1

21、-reliability estimate). A spri nkler system not operati ng duri ng a fire eve nt or an operat ing system that does not con trol or ext in guish a fire are examples of this type of failure.The overall reliability of a system depe nds on the reliability of in dividual comp onents and their corresp ond

22、ing failure rates, the in terdepe nden cies of the in dividual comp onents that compose the system, and the maintenance and testi ng of comp onents and systems once in stalled to veri operability. All of these factors are of concern in estimat ing operati onaz reliability.Fire safety system performa

23、 nee is also of concern whe n deali ng with the overall con cept of reliability. System performa nee is defi ned as the ability of a particular system to accomplish the task for which it was desig ned and in stalled. For example, the performa nee of a fire rated separati on is based on the con struc

24、ti on comp onent ability to remai n in tact and provide fire separati on duri ng a fire. The degree to which these comp onents preve nt fire spread across their inten ded boun daries defi nes system performa nee.Performanee reliability estimates require data on how well systems accomplish their desi

25、gn task under actual fire events or full scale tests. Information on performanee reliability could not be discerned directly from many of the data sources reviewed as part of this effort due to the form of the prese nted data, and therefore, it is not addressed as a separate effect.The cause of fail

26、ure for any type of system is typically classified into several general categories: installation errors, design mistakes, manufacturing/equipment defects, lack of maintenance, exceeding design limits, and environmental factors. There are several approaches that can be utilized to minimize the probab

27、ility of failure.Such methods include (1)design redundancy, (2) active monitoring for faults, (3) providing the simplest system (i.e., the least nu mber of comp onen ts) to address the hazard, and (4)a well desig ned in spect ion, test ing, and maintenance program.These reliability engin eeri ng con

28、 cepts are importa nt whe n evaluat ing reliability estimates reported in the literature. Depending on the data used in a given analysis, the reliability estimate may relate to one or more of the con cepts prese nted aboveThe literature review con ducted under the scope of this effort addresses thes

29、e concepts where appropriate. Most of the information that was obtained from the literature in support of this paper were reported in terms of unconditional operationaZ reliability, i.e., in terms of the probability that a fire protection strategy will not faiZ dan gerous.LITERATURE REVIEWA literatu

30、re search was con ducted to gather reliability data of all types for fire safety systems releva nt to the protecti on strategies con sidered:automatic suppressi on, automatic detect ion,and compartmentation. The objective of the literature search was to obtain system-specific reliability estimates f

31、or the performa nee of each type of fire safety system as a fun cti on of gen eric occupa ncy type (e.g., reside ntial, commercial, and in stituti on al).Sources of information included national fire incident databasereports, US Department of Defense safety records, in dustry and occupa ncy specific

32、 studies, in sura nee in dustry historical records and inspection reports documented in the open literature, and experimental data. Reports on experime ntal work and fire testi ng results were utilized on ly whe n fire detect ion, automatic suppression, or compartmentation strategies were explicitly

33、 evaluated. Tests of systems used for qualification, approval, or listing were also reviewed for information on failure modes. Published data from the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand were in cluded.General StudiesThe Warri ngt on Fire Research study addressed the reliability of fir

34、e safety systems and the interaction of their components. A Delphi methodology was used to develop discrete estimates of the reliability of detect ion and alarm systems, fire suppressi on systems, automatic smoke con trol systems, and passive fire protecti on (e.g., compartme ntatio n).The data obta

35、ined from the spray system, another important limitation is that most of the Automatic Sprinkler System records sprinkler accident. In these studies, very limited accident data with refere nce to the rapid resp onse or a suitable water jet tech no logy. Assess the reliability of the appropriate spri

36、nkler system should be particularly concerned about several factors, including (1) allows coverage within, (2) lower water supply capacity, (3) remote control or alarm systems have great potential in the fire . Based on this, there are other factors related to these tech no logies (such as maintenan

37、ce level) can directly affect the operati onal reliability of these types of Automatic Sprinkler System. In addition, you also need to resolve these problems, the system data, but based on later observati ons and gen eral hous ing is gen erally less likely to maintain normal, some designed to ensure

38、 the residence what spray system reliability may be reduced.Fire detection or alarm systemsThe fire district to rely on various types of equipment such as: doors (including fixed equipment), wall, floor / ceiling penetration holes, windows, fire shutter, smoke materials and build in gs. Whe n the fi

39、re district is con sidered to be the focus in the fire pla n, in the literature, there is little data that the in dividual comp onen tsof the operati ng role in the fire district. The single is mentioned for the building assessmentand operational reliability WARRIGTON research and the Australian Fir

40、e Engineering Index. These assessmentsare based entirely on expert judgme nt. Therefore does not provide more in-depth an alysis.Automatic sprinkler systems analysisOn Table 2, the spri nkler system reliability an alysis is to an alyze accord ing to the type of each live. It should be no ted that on

41、ly one source MILNE, 1959 on the reliability of public buildi ngs and residential housing estimates, and these early data do not provide the reliability of the data of modern residential sprinklers. The distribution histogram of Figure 1 lists the reliability estimates for each hous ing type. Averag

42、e and 95% con fide nee in terval limit is suitable for gen eral reside ntial (in the study does not disti nguish betwee n commercial build in gs, the category of reside ntial buildi ngs and public build in gs) and commercial build in gs, and is applicable to the build ing (commercial, public build i

43、n gs, reside ntial) reliability assessme nt.These results are show n in Table 4.Commercial buildings and public buildings, reliability assessment,the average of control in other reside ntial type 95% con fide nce in terval. Livable and public buildi ngs in a sin gle point estimate, an in crease of s

44、ome useful thi ngs and operati onal reliability, and also in creased the capacity of the database. 18 estimated four separate categories. However, the point on reside ntial and public buildi ngs of the estimates should not be used alone to draw any con clusi ons.The reliability of commercial buildi

45、ngs, reside ntial and con struct ion is estimated to provide some useful information. Based on the analysis of the sprinkler system can make use of the data is the reliability of operatio n is estimated at more tha n 88%, if you do not con sider commercial build in gs, the reliability of the spri nk

46、ler system can reach more tha n 92%. However, the judge this particular sprinkler system with those mentioned in the assessment system similarity is very important. The reliability of the commercial buildings is in the range 80-98%, 94-98% in the gen eral con structi on.Fire detection system analysi

47、sThe data on estimates of the reliability of fire detection system is comprehensive. This data spa ns a decade, and every year the Reliability Assessme nt Report (reflected in Table 3), it is done for the hous ing of a variety of differe nt uses. Where the an alysis is based on the use of the house

48、divided into several building level. After each use housing derived data and then calculate the reliability of each hous ing estimates. Figure 2 shows the reliability estimates of all smoke detectors on all reside ntial types.These hous ing types in the average reliability estimates and 95% con fide

49、 nee in terval estimate for separate an alysis. The results are listed in Table 5, for each type of results are sig nifica ntly differe nt. Con fide nee in terval from the spray system reliability for a variety of reside ntial types of estimated con fide nee in tervals do not overlap. This may make

50、more data for the an alysis of the smoke detectors, are listed in Table 5, the reliability of various reside ntial types of smoke detectors is estimated to determ ine the reas on for the differe nee of non-releva nt data bey ond the scope of this an alysis.Summary and conclusionsThe above an alysis

51、can easily be applied to other fire operati on of the system reliability assessme nt. However, it should be no ted that the reliability of data in the literature is an importa nt factor. It is no teworthy that the data in content and form of the treme ndous cha nges in the study of reports and studi

52、es, which is part of the effort. This study provides a very preliminary attempt to describe the operational reliability of fire protection systems. The survey report requires a lot of data to cha nge the database.The focus of this effort to obta in more specific data, populati on-wide system can pro

53、vide a basis for the great improvement of the operational reliability of fire protection system, which led to the in terest of desig n engin eers, in additi on the performa nee of this tech no logy for engin eers based on the rapid developme nt of desig n eon cepts the an alysis is also n ecessary.中

54、文译文：消防系统运行可靠性的估计在过去三年中，（美国）国家标准与技术局（NIST）已在研究开发一种新的加密标准， 以确保政府的信息安全。该组织目前正处于为新的先进加密标准（ AES选择一个或几个算 法或数据打乱公式的开放过程的最后阶段，并计划在夏末或秋初作出决定。此标准内定明 年实施。背景资料：为执行特定功能而设计和安装的美国消防计划.例如，自动喷水灭火系统目的在于控制或扑灭火灾：为此：自动灭火系统必须长开，及能满足火灾地所需水量达到控制或消灭 火灾，火灾探测系统是为了尽早提供火灾预警通报来通知楼内人员安全逃生，使其他的消 防组成部分开启（例如,特殊灭火系统、排烟系统）.两种消防系统启动（检测

55、）和（警报）必须 达到尽早报警.建筑防火墙的一般设计目的为：限制火灾蔓延的程度，和保持建筑物的结构 的完整以及在火灾发生时保护逃生路线的安全性.为了做到这一点，特殊的消防系统必须 按标准测试及保持特殊消防系统完整性的特点.消防系统的组成部分如探测系统，自动灭 火系统、防火墙的可靠性，在于提高基于设计基础上的联合演习的细节分析的投入。在安全系统方面，有几个可靠性要素包括有效和能使用的可靠性， 运行可靠性提供一定 程度的概率，即消防系统在需要时运行运行可靠性能在特定的火灾情况下利用起特点成 功完成起任务的一种检测手段。前者是系统组成和可靠性的评估，而后者是系统设计适宜性 的评估这项研究的范围仅限于

56、运行可靠性的评估，其主要原因是在于来自文献资料内容的可 靠性除了这项业务区分可靠性和性能，无条件评估的可靠性和故障估计的研究范围在失 控的火灾中列出.在该文件的后面将会提供这些条款的讨论.研究范围：这份文件中提供了关于（1）火灾探测（2）有限范围内的自动灭火（3）放火墙的运行可靠 性和执行可靠性的一些观点 一般而言，火灾检测的可靠性大都在于烟气检测或火灾报警 系统。自动喷头构成了大部分的自动灭火的数据，放火墙包括分区放火和围墙的完整性。应当指出，在某些情况下，该文献不会超出一般火灾探测或自动灭火的范畴和要求假 设具体类型消防系统几项研究报告估计了火灾探测的可靠性和自动灭火系统计划然而,对被动放

57、火系统如防火分区的详细评估很少被发现.根据有限的统计资料经分析后，被用来归纳包括评估 和不确定的关联性等信息.后者的作用仅限于文献资料在检测和灭火时的评估放火分区的可靠性也包括与之关联的不可靠数据这份报告列出了与放火系统相关的可靠性原理 为了回顾分析和重要发展以及数据概 括.在文献检索时被完成。该文献中适用于喷头、烟雾侦测系统可靠性的数据已经被分析筛 选。这些数据是描述防火系统运行可靠性在均值和 95%勺置信区间时的可靠性。可靠性分析的原理在文献中的数据可靠性和相关分析上有很大的变化。 基本上，可靠性是一种概率的估 计,即一个系统或组成部分在一定时间内按照设计正常运行 其组成部分在正常运行或预

58、 期寿命的时间中、 这一时期是改写的一个组成部分，是每次测试都发现是运行正常的一 个时因此，系统及其组成部件越经常测试和维修保养 ，他们就越为可靠这种形式的可靠 性就叫做无条件.系统正常运行的可靠性是无条件的概率的估计。有条件的可靠性是对所提及的两件事 情的估计，即发生火灾和消防系统成功运行在同一个时间内发生。可靠性估计并不认为火 灾发生的几率是无条件的估计。涉及到运行可靠性的其他两个重要概念是安全故障和危险故障.无火灾发生时，消防系统却运行叫做安全故障。一个常见的例子就是一个烟雾探测器的假报警现象发生火灾时而消防系统却不起作用，这叫做危险故障。在这项研究中不能有效使用的概率（1-可靠性 估计

59、）称为危险故障火灾期间自喷系统不能运行或者运行系统不能控制或扑灭火灾都是这 种类型的失误。整个系统的可靠性取决于各个组成部分的可靠性及其相应的失败率，系统组成部分的相互依存性，安装后系统及其组成部分在维修和测试时所出拒的评估。考虑到关键的可靠 性时也涉及到消防系统的性能。系统性能被定义为某一特定系统的能力，为完成其设计安 装的任务。例如：被评估为性能分离的系统，是基于在火灾期间各个组成部分在保持建筑物 的构造和防止火灾蔓延时的作用。系统性能根据其各个组件控制火灾蔓延的程度来界定。性能可靠性评估所需要的数据在于，消防系统在一般和大规模火灾情况下完成设计目 的的程度，性能可靠性的数据通过复检这些数据的来源。因为这些作用取决于显示数据的 内容，因此，这不是某单方面的作用。各种类型系统失败的原因通常分为几大类：安装错 误，设计错误，制造/设备缺陷，缺乏保养，超过设计限额和