人力割麦机小麦收割机设计【含CAD图纸和说明书】
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外文翻译机电工程学院本科毕业设计外文翻译卡特彼勒公司的新建筑和道路机械New construction and road machines of the caterpillad ompany学部（学院）：专 业：学 生 姓 名：学 号：指 导 教 师：完 成 日 期： NEW CONSTRUCTION AND ROADMACHINES OF THE CATERPILLAR OMPANY A. I. S afronov In recent years the Caterpillar company has produced and is advertising some new construction and road machines of interest for builders of hydraulic structures. In the near future the company plans to produce five models of caterpillar-mounted power shovels with rigid mounting of the implements. The first model of this series was manufactured in 1972 and was advertised in September 1973 at the Moscow International Exhibition . Lesdrevmash-73 (Forest-Lumber Machines-73). The model 225 shovel can be manufactured with one of five standard sizes of back-hoes dippers with capacities of 0.4, 0.58, 0.75, 0.93, and 1.1 m s , the width and weight of which are. respectively, equal to 610-1200 mm and 495-765 kg. The main standard dipper is the 0.4-m 3 dipper with a cutting edge equipped with tines. The machine is equipped with a standard 2.44-m-long arm, and also an arm extended to 3.05 m. The tractor-type underfmme has independently driven caterpillar tracks with a standard track width (fiat or with one and three cleats) of 610 mm: 760-mm-wide tracks are supplied if the customer desires. The independently driven caterpillar tracks are operated by individual hydraulic motors under a pressure of 281 kg/cm z, providing high machine maneuverability, including turning on the spot by reversing one track. Piston pumps creating a presre up to 253 kg/cm z are used for performing the working operations. Brief technical characteristics of the model 225 hydraulic shovel equipped with standard arm (2.44 m), dipper (0.4 m 3) and caterpillar tracks (610 mm) are given in Table 1. When using the 3.05-m-long arm the cutting depth reaches 7 m and the cutting radius 10.1 m. When using the 760-mm-wide caterpillar tracks the unit soil pressure decreases to 0.41 mg/cm - and accordingly its dimensions increase, to 3200 mm in width and to 3350 mm in height. The second model of this series was exhibited for the first time in Europe in May 1974 at the exhibits in Hannover 6,r Germany) and Olso (Norway). The model 235 shovel (Fig. 1) mounted on a caterpillar track can be used with one of four standard sizes of back-hoe dippers with a capacity of 1.15-1.64 m 3 having a cutting-edge .width of 910-1370 mm respectively. The machine is equipped with arms 2.44, 2.9 (standard), and 3.66 m long. In the case of the standard arm the cutting radius reaches 11.1 m and cutting depth 7.3 m: these parameters for the 3.66-m-long arm are, respectively, 11.9 and 8.1 m. A 195-hp diesel engine, also manufactured at Caterpillar plants, is installed on the 34-ton shovel. The maximum travel speed is 3.7 km/h. The hydraulic system includes piston pumps creating pressures to 253 kg/cm z for performing the working operations and up to 281 kg/cm 2 for operating the hydraulic motors .of the caterpiller tracks. A distinctive characteristic of the model 225 and 235 shovels is the standardization of their caterpillar tracks with those of tractors also manufactured by the company. This situation is explained mainly as follows: the components and parts of the tracks with rolled-stamped links are mass- produced, which provides their reliability, long service life, comparatively low cost, and decrease of operating expenses. Because of the well- organized and unified supply network of spare parts of tractors, customers operating the power shovels can obtain necessary spare parts when needed. In addition, the purchase of ready-made sets of parts reduces the labor requirement for the manufacture of the shovels. Foreign practice showed that in the case of mass production the use of tractor-type caterpillar tracks on the shovels is economically advantageous. At the Lesdrevmash-73 exhibition the company reported also on the manufacture of a single-motor scraper model 623 (Fig. 2) with an elevator device, which is intended for replacing the model J621 scraper 1. In com- parison with the latter, the new scraper with a 300-hp two-wheel tractor is equipped with a bowl whose capacity has been increased to 16.8 m s and has certain design features. If the customer desires the tractor can be equipped with a special shock-absorbing coupling which provides travel of the four-wheel machine at faster operating speeds owing to free movement of the tractor in the vertical plane relative to the scraper, i.e., due to a decrease in galloping. It should be noted that at present the company is equipping 12 of the 18 mass-produced single-motor scrapers with shock-a bsorbing couplings rather than three as was the ease three years ago. This coupling is not applied only with the model 613 scraper with the elevator device, having the smallest bowl capacity (8.4 m 3) of the entire series of machines manufactured by the company. Control of the model 623 scraper is completely hydraulic. Its hydraulic transmission provides eight forward speeds and one reverse; the maximum travel speed is 51.3 km/h. The elevator is driven by a reversible hydraulic motor installed in its upper part, on which more than 60% of the tractors engine power is conazmed, and by a two- speed reduction gear providing two operating speeds of the elevator chain, 78.9 and 105.4 m/min. The overall power of the hydraulic drive is designed also (except the elevator drive) to drive the mechanism moving the bowl and unloading device. The tension in the elevator chain is regulated by moving the driven sprockets. The scraper bowl is force unloaded through a hole in the bowl by sweeping of the tail gate. Two rollers moving along guides on the outer side walls of the bowl are installed on each side of the shifting part of the bottom. Shifting of part of the bottom rearward when collecting soil is prevented by a cut-off valve. With the forced unloading system the opening in the bottom is first opened gradually and then the tail gate sweeps the soil to the opening. The width of the soil cut by the bowl of the model e28 scraper is 3150 mm, the cutting depth reaches 292 mm, and the maximum height of dumping the soil layer is 508 mm. The dimensions of the 22.7-ton machine (length, width. height) are 11,900 X 3540 x 8720 mm. The company recently produced new caterpillar.tracked loaders, model 941B, 951C, 955L, and 977L, which were also advertised at the Lesdrevmash-73 exhibition. They differ from earlier loaders 2 by an improved deign, increased diesel engine power, and increased bucket capacity. The engine power of the loaders was increased from 70 to 80 hp for mode1 941/3. from 85 to 95 hp for 951C, from 115 to 130 hp for 955L, and from 170 to 190 hp for 977L. The systems of levers and pulI rods are enclosed, which permits lubricating them after 250-h operation.Reducing by half the time necessary for this operation. Brief technical characteristics of these loaders are presented in Table 2. In 1974 the company put on the world market three new small machines: the 62-hp, 5.95-ton model D-3 caterpillar tractor, 62-hp, 6.7-ton model 981 caterpillar-tracked loader, and the 65-tp, 6.3-ton model 910 wheeled loader . The model 910 loader has an articulated frame which provides a 5.18-m turning radius for a base of 2340 mm, which increases its maneuverability. All three machines have the same gear box with planetary gears which provides for changing gears under load and a maximum travel speed of the caterpillar-tracked machines up to 11.1 km/h and of the wheeled machine up to 24 km/h. In addition to the usual 457-910-mm-wide buckets, a general-purpose clamshell bucket for digging, loading. and grading work can be used on the caterpillar-tracked and wheeled loaders. It can be used as the bucket of a loader, scraper, and grab, and also as a straight blade bulldozer. Excavation equipment outfitted with backhoes, and also a swiveling five-tined ripper can be mounted on the caterpillar-tracked machines. The many types of interchangeable working equipment that can be used, along with the aforementioned three types of small base machines, permit their effective operation under various conditions on projects with small work volumes. In November 1974 at the industrial exhibition in London the company displayed a straight blade bulldozer mounted on a -hp model D-3 LGP tractor with a widened and lengthened caterpillar track (Fig. 3) which is intended mainly for use in soils with a low bearing capacity. The blade is controlled by two hydraulic cylinders. The specific soil pressure of the new machine decreased from 0.52 kg/cm 2 for the conventional D-3 caterpillar tractor to 0.26 kg/cm z. The new powerful 300-hp model K-D8 caterpillar tractor was displayed for the first time at this same exhibition (Fig. 4). The improved tractor with a comfortable cab will be manufactured in place of the 270-hp model D-8H tractor . The straight blade bulldozer with hydraulic control mounted in front of the new tractor and having a longer and higher blade in comparison with the bulldozer mounted on the D-SH tractor, can move an 8% greater load of soil per pass. A rear-mounted ripper with hydraulic control is also installed on the model K-D8 tractor. The ripper with a modified parallelogram-type suspension can be equipped with one, two, of three times. In 1974 the company reported on the manufacture of a semitrailer-dumper with a toad capacity of 90.7 tons (Fig. 5), consisting of a 600-hp two-axle tractor and a single-axle semitrailer metal body with a capacity of 8q.2 m s (capacity with capping 101.7 m3). The model 772 tractor, having 3950-mm base, 4 X 2 wheel con- figuration, and weight of 28.6 tons, by means of an advanced gear box allowing changing gears under load, develops a speed up to 67.6 km/h. A good view is provided from the single-seat metal,comfortable enclosed cab located left of the engine. The dimensions of the tractor (length, width, height) are 7100 4050 3680 mm and the road clearance is 510 mm. The box-shaped metal body has smooth sides without stiffeners, which reduces sticking of the soil and thereby clogging. The body width is 4570 mm and its loading height 2760 mm. Bottom unloading is accomplished by opening the bottom flaps by double-acting hydraulic cylinders. The four bottom flaps can be opened simultaneously or in pairs, and the material can be unloaded from the body on trestles (for example, when hauling coal) or in layers. The maximum width of the opening formed when the bottom flaps are completely open is 1478 mm. The independent pneumatic-hydraulic suspension of all wheels of the semitrailer-dumper with standard 21.00-35 tires provides smooth running and good operating qualities. Its overall length is 20 m and the turning radius with respect to the tread of the front outer wheel is 10.23 m. At the end of 1974 the company announced a new model oft two-axle dump truck with a load capacity of 77 tons (Fig. 6). The model 777 dump track is analogous in configuration and design to two presently manufactured dump truck models with capacities of 31.7 and 4.5.4 tons 4. On the basis of this dump truck the company is mastering the production of semitrailer-bottom dumpers with a capacity of 136 tons, similar in design to the 90.7- ton-capacity/semitrailer dumper shown in Fig. 5. The newly advertised machines with capacities of 77 and 136 tons will begin to be mass-produced, according to the companys announcement, in the late 1970s to early 1980s. The efficiency of construction and road machines is affected to a considerable extent by the reliability and service life of the tires. As a rule the company uses on heavy-duty machines special large tires with increased shock-absorbing properties. Tires resistant to overheating are used for machines with high travel speeds (for example, for scrapers); tires whose rubber is resistant to cuts and other damage are used for machines loading blasted rock (for example, on loaders). However, the high cost of pneumatic tires is a serious problem in operating heavy-duty wheeled loaders under severe conditions. The company developed and produced an original shock- absorbing wheel-caterpillar track device Dystred, which was advertised for the model 988 pneumatic-tired loader (bucket capacity 4.6 m 3, engine power 325 hp) at the Lesdrevmash-73 exhibition. In November 1974, at the London exhibition, the company displayed the new wheel device (Fig. 7), but this time for the model 992B pneumatic-tired loader (bucket capacity 7.65 m z, engine power 550 hp). The aforementioned Dystred wheel- caterpillar track device consists of a special rim, an elastic element, and a caterpillar-track protector. The elastic element-tire does not have a protector, its outer surface contacting the track is smooth (corrugated for the new model). The circular caterpillar-track protector, consisting of tracks with paired or single cleats, connecting links and pins forming an endless belt, is placed on the tire. The tracks are fastened by three bolts to two side links; the paired links can be of different length, which allows selecting a caterpillar-track protector corresponding to drive wheels of different diameter. The tracks of the new model of the device are fastened to a special belt which contacts the corrugated surface of the tire. The width of the caterpillar track exceeds the width of the tire, which protects the latter from intense wear. Thus, the caterpillar track on the model 988 loader exceeds the width of its tire (760 mm) by 76 mm on each side. The tires operate as shock absorbers and transmit the torque to the caterpillar track. The tractive force or roadability is changed by regulating the air pressure in the tires. The companys recommended operating range of pressures in the tire is 3.25-5.27 kg/cm; the optimal pressure, as practice showed, is 4.2-4.57 kg/cm z. A mutual displacement of the contact points of the caterpillar track and tire of up to 960 is allowed during one work shift. On equipping the model 988 loader with the Dystread device design changes are not made in its transmission, but some technical characteristics change in comparison with the standard model: the operating weight increases (from 30.3 to 32 tons), the maximum travel speed de- creases (from 33 to 16.7 km/h) owing to increased rolling friction in the components of the device, the area of contact of the wheels with the soil increases (from 2226 to 5033 cmz in a loaded state), and the unit soil pressure of the front wheel in a loaded state decreases (from 3.66 to 1.9 kg/cm). The wheels of the new design have traction and wear characteristics of caterpillar tracks while retaining the mobility and maneuverability inherent to wheeled ma- chines. Another advantage is the drivers greater confidence in operating the machine owing to its increased stability, as a remit of which the output generally in- creases. The Dystred wheel-caterpillar track devices are used by the company primarily on the model 988 pneumatic-tired loading shovels. Of interest are the tatistical data on the character of use of the standard model 988 machines which have become widespread in the USA and other countries of the world, where they operate mainly with 4.6-m 3 buckets. Almost 86% of them are used for loading rock preliminarily loosened by blasting or mechanically, and only 14% for excavating and loading soft earth. About 97% of all loaders of this type load material directly into vehicles and only 3% independently move the soil over a distance generally not exceed- ing 200-300 m and unload it either into a pile or into vehicles. The loaders with the wheel-caterpillar track device are used mainly for loading blasted rock. Operators using loaders with the Dystred wheels and having experience in operating the same inch conventional wheeled Inaders note that their output is 8-25 higher (depending on the working conditions) than the output of the standard loaders. This increase in productivity is due to an improvement in the adhesion of the wheels to the ground, owing to which the tractive force in- creases, the bucket fills more completely and the machine is increased stability. Thanks to this the length of the working cycle is reduced. According to data from observations carried out at a copper ore pit, the aver- age cycle when loading blasted rock using the loader with the wheel-caterpillar track device was reduced from 0.51 to 0.47 rain in comparison with the standard model 988 machine. The company also notes that the economically rational service life of the new device is 4000 h and exceeds by twofold the analogous index of standard or special pneumatic tires. LITERATURE CITED 1. Gidrotekh- Stroitel., No. 1, 80-85 (1973). 2. Gidrotekh- Stroitel., No. 4, 384-389 (1973). 3. Gidrotekh. Stroitel., No. 3, 270-274 (1933). 4. Gidrotekh. Stroitel., No. 6, 599-602 (1973). 卡特彼勒公司的新建筑和道路机械 A. I. S afronov近年来，卡特彼勒公司中一些液力机械的建造商因为感兴趣而生产和宣传一些新的工程机械和路面机械。在不久的将来，该公司计划生产五种型号的履带式挖掘机，其电铲刚性安装在设备上。这个系列的第一款车型制造于1972年，并于1973年9月在莫斯科国际展览会上亮相。“Lesdrevmash-73”（森林伐木机-73）。该模型的225铁铲的制造可以使用长杓柄回型锄头五个标准之一，这五大标准的容量分别为0.4，0.58，0.75，0.93，和1.1立方米，其宽度和重量分别为610-1200毫米和495-765公斤。杓型的主要标准是一个容量为0.4立方米的的杓型，并在其边缘配置有一个尖头。该设备配备了一个标准为2.44米的长臂，并且该手臂可伸展到3.05米。拖拉机型底架独立驱动履带610毫米和760毫米宽的轨道与标准轨道宽度（菲亚特或与一和三夹板），只要客户需要提供。独立驱动的履带由单独的液压马达操作,其承受的压力为281公斤/平方厘米，可提供高机的可操作性，包括原地转弯，创建压力的活塞泵重为253公斤/厘米用于执行工作操作。 当使用长3.05米的长臂时切割深度可达到7米，切削半径能到10.1米。当使用760-毫米宽的卡特彼勒轨道单位土压力减小到0.41毫克/平方厘米，其尺寸也相应的增大到宽3200毫米和3350毫米的高度。本系列的第二个模型是1974年5月首次在欧洲展出的展品汉诺威（德国）和奥斯陆（挪威）。235型铲（图1）安装在一个履带上，可以用四个标准尺寸中的任何一个，反铲杓容量为1.15-1.64立方米，宽度分别为910-1370毫米。该机配备了.44，2.9（标准）和3.66米的长臂。在标准的臂长的情况下切割半径达到11.1米切削深度可达7.3米，当臂长变为3.66米时，这些参数分别为11.9和8.1米。拥有195马力柴油发动机，也可在卡特彼勒工厂制造，其安装34吨铲。最大行驶速度是3.7公里每小时。液压系统包括一个可产生253千克/平方厘米的压力的活塞泵为了执行工作操作和一个可产生281千克/平方厘米的压力的活塞泵用于操作液履带轨道的压马达。型号225和235铲子一个共同的显著特点是其履带的标准并且拖拉机也由该公司制造的。这种情况主要解释如下：热轧冲压链接的组件和部分件大批量生产，它提供了其可靠性，长使用寿命，相对低成本，减少营运开支。由于精心组织和构建拖拉机备件供应网络，客户经营电铲可以在需要时获得必要的备件。此外，购买现成的零部件降低制造铲子劳动力需求。国外的实践表明，在大批量生产的情况下，使用拖拉机型履带铲子上，经济上是有利的。上面的73 Lesdrevmash的展览公司报告还制造一个单一马达的刮擦器模型623（图2）上的电动可移动装置，其目的是更换模型J621刮板的1，在与后者相比，新的刮板拥有300马力的两轮拖拉机并配备了一个容量增加至16.8毫秒的碗型结构，而且具有一定的设计功能。如果客户希望的拖拉机可以配备一个特殊的吸震耦合，它可以提供四轮机器更快的运行速度，这些都可归功于自由流动的刮板，即相对于在垂直平面内的拖拉机，致力于减少“舞动”。应该指出的是，目前该公司是装备18大规模生产的单一马达的刮削器12，其上装有冲击吸收联轴器，而不是三年前的三个那么简单。这种耦合是不是只适用于613型刮板与电梯设备，它具有该公司制造的整个系列的最小的碗容量（8.4立方米）。623型刮板完全是液压控制的。及其液压传动提供了8个前进速度和一个倒档;最大行驶速度为51.3公里每小时。电梯的驱动是一个安装在其上的可逆的液压马达，拖拉机的发动机功率利用率超过60，并通过一个双速减速齿轮提供2作业速度的电梯链，速度分别为78.9和105.4米/分钟。设计的液压驱动器的全部功率（除了电梯驱动器以外）可用于驱动移动碗和卸料装置。电梯链中的张力的调节通过移动从动链轮，该刮碗清扫后挡板必须先通过碗里的一个孔卸下来。两个辊子沿着安装在变速器两侧的碗外壁上的导轨移动。采集土壤时，由截止阀部分防止变速部分的底部向后方移位。在强制卸载系统下，变速器的底部是由第一个开始按顺序逐渐打开的，然后后挡板将土壤扫进这个开口中。型号E28刮板碗口刮过土质路堑的宽度是3150毫米，切割深度达到292毫米，倾倒土壤层的最大高度为508毫米。规模为 22.7吨的机器（长，宽，高）的尺寸是11,900 x3540 x8720毫米。最近，该公司生产的新的卡特彼勒履带式装载机，型号为941B，951C，955L，977L，并在Lesdrevmash-73展览会上一同展览。通过改进设计他们不同于早期装载机2，提升了柴油发动机的功率，增加了铲斗容增加。模型941B装载机的发动机功率由原来的70马力升至80马力，951C从85至95马力，955L从115到130马力，977L从170至190马力。杠杆和埔里棒的系统是封闭的，这允许润滑油循环润滑，此操作减少了一半的时间。这些装载机的参考资料的技术特性列于表2中。1974年公司在世界市场上的三个新的小机器：62马力，5.95吨型号D-3履带式拖拉机，6.2马力，6.7吨的981型履带式装载机，65马力，6.3吨的910型轮式装载机。910型装载机铰接式车架，它提供了一个5.18米的转弯半径为2340毫米，从而增加其可操作性。三台机器有相同的齿轮箱行星齿轮，提供负载下的换档和履带跟踪机器的最大行走速度11.1公里每小时和轮带车辆24千米每小时。457-910-毫米宽的铲斗，除了平时的挖掘，装载以及整地工程还可用于卡特彼勒履带式和轮式装载机的分级工作。它可以被用来作为一个装载器，刮刀，和抓铲斗，也作为直叶片推土机。挖掘设备配备反铲挖土机，也有旋转五齿的松土器可以安装在履带车辆上。许多类型的可互换工作设备可以使用，上述所提及的三种类型的小型基本的机器，允许其在小工作量时可在多种条件下运行。1974年11月工业展览上伦敦的公司显示在模型D-3 LGP拖拉机上安装加宽和加长履带（图3），其目的是与低承载力下用于土壤直铲推土机中。刀片是由两个液压缸控制。特定的土壤的新机的压力从传统的D-3履带式拖拉机的0.52公斤/平方厘米下降至为0.26公斤/平方厘米。新的功能强大的300马力的K-D8型履带拖拉机第一次亮相也是在这同一个的展览会（图4）。改进的拖拉机拥有一个舒适的驾驶室并将被制造用于取代270马力模型3 D-8H拖拉机。液压控制的可以移动的直叶片安装在前面的新的拖拉机上，并具有较长的和较高的刀形相较于安装在D-SH拖拉机推土机，每次可推动比推土机多8的负载量。后置式液压控制开膛手也被安装在模型上K-D8拖拉机的。用修改后的平行四边形型悬架的松土机可配一，二，三倍。1974年，该公司报告制造的半挂自卸车拥有90.7万吨的惊人能力（图5），由一台600马力的两轴牵引车和单桥半挂金属机身容量8Q每2毫秒（容量“封顶”101.7立方米
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