电池柜冷冻箱DC Tall之箱体结构设计[三维UG]【含CAD图纸】
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Tall之箱体结构设计[三维UG]【含CAD图纸
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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 电池柜冷藏箱DC Tall 之箱体结构设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923222学生姓名： 朱天柱 指导教师： 陈伟明 （职称：教授 ） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 电池柜冷藏箱DC Tall 之箱体结构设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0923222 学生姓名： 朱天柱 指导教师： 陈伟明 （职称：教授 ） （职称： ）2012年11月25日 课题来源根据市场需求开发研制科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题科学意义电池柜冷藏箱（DC tall）的主要结构采用的是钣金材料，本产品的主要研究目的：将电池保持一定的温度，使得电池延长使用寿命。装电池后产品重量达1.42t，保持电池柜内部温度251，并保持内部温度的均匀性。国内目前没有相关类似产品，在国内该产品属于创新开发阶段。国外该系列属于起步发展阶段，技术尚未全面成熟。在不久的将来，将被大量生产并投入使用。（2）制冷压缩机的研究状况及其发展前景目前，冷压缩机的国际发展方向是压缩机容量不断增大、新型气体密封、磁力轴承和无润滑联轴器相继出现；高压和小流量压缩机产品不断涌现；三元流动理论研究进一步深入，不仅应用到叶轮设计，还发展到叶片扩压器静止元件设计中，机组效率得到提高；采用噪音防护技术，改善操作环境等。多年来，我国压缩机制造业在引进国外技术，消化吸收和自主开发基础上，攻克不少难关，取得重大突破。但是，我国制冷压缩机在高技术、高参数、高质量和特殊产品上还不能满足国内需要，50%左右产品需要进口。另外，在技术水平、质量、成套性上和国外还有差距。随着石化生产规模不断扩大，我国制冷压缩机在大型化方面将面临新的课题。 目前制冷压缩机的发展趋势简述如下： (1) 创造新的机型。(2) 冷压缩机内部流动规律的研究与应用。(3) 高速转子动力学的研究与应用。高速转子的平衡、高速转子的弯曲振动和扭转振动、高速转子的支承与抑振、高速转子的轴端密封和高速转子的使用寿命预估等。(4) 新型制造工艺技术的发展。(5) 冷压缩机的自动控制。为使冷压缩机安全运行、调控到最佳运行工况或按产品生产过程需要改变运行工况等，均需要不断完善自动控制系统。(6) 冷压缩机的故障诊断。为使制冷压缩机安全运行，变定期停机大修为预防性维修，采用在线监测实时故障诊断系统，遇到紧急情况及时报警、监控或联锁停机。(7) 实现国产化和参与国际市场竞争。许多大型的复杂冷压缩机均已由从国外引进过渡到实现国产化，并随着一些大型工程装备的出口，向国外销售，参与国际市场的竞争。研究内容1.电池柜冷藏箱各个部分的设计方案与装配方案。蓄电池放置在搁架上，搁架必须承受住蓄电池的重量。解决搁架设计方法及强度计算。2.强度问题：电池柜内部装电池后重量达1.42t，搁架四周用到的所有螺丝必须能承受蓄电池的压力。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析解决强度的设计方法及方案：（1）外部：采用高强度螺栓M8 8.8级别，材质：镀锌。箱体上采用M8不锈钢铆螺母，并在内部附加1mm厚的不锈钢加强板。（2）内部：用侧内剪切力来分散承重的单一性，以每层12个受力点均匀分布，并在内胆附1mm厚的加强板，材料：镀锌板，加强板上也有剪切力的成形设计。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2012年12月2日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月11日-2013年3月1日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年3月4 日-2013年3月15日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月18日-2013年3月29日：设计箱体结构与结构分析。2013年4月1日-2013年4月12日：主要结构设计与零件尺寸计算。2013年4月15日-2013年4月26日：配套装配图的设计与绘画。2013年4月29日-2013年 5月 10日：零件图的设计与成型和钣金工艺完善。2013年5月13日-2013年5月17日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：（1）完成相关的零件图和装配图，其中包括三维图和二维图。（2）按学校要求完成毕业论文（不少于8000字）。（3）完成英文翻译（不少于3000字；英文资料翻译要正确表达原文的含意，语句通顺。（4）设计说明书论文格式满足学校相应的规范要求，内容完整，结构安排合理，语句通顺。特色或创新之处 使用UG编程仿真，效果明显，能够直观判断实验结果。 采用不同的材质，与传统设计想比，思路清晰，简洁明了，行之有效。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题1.防水性要求：背部拼接达到IP65等级即：浸水一米以内不漏水； 其余拼接部分IP55级即要求能够防雨。 2.门和箱体的防腐蚀性。3.整个机器的保温性及隔热性能。防止能量损失小于整体的35%。在环境温度35时，压缩机输入功率170W，制冷功率280W。保持内部室温25,以及内部温度的均匀性1。指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日英文原文Mechanical Design and Manufacturing Processes Mechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes. As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed. Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design.On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated. New designs generally have bugs or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise. Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum. Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there are only three means of communication available to us. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is! The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered: (1) Does the design really serve a human need? (2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies? (3) Is it economical to produce? (4) Can it be readily maintained? (5) Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle 3. It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This fails in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way. Designing starts with a need, real or imagined. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions.For this, freehand sketching is of great value, not only as a record of ones thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with ones own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas. When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive east. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strength of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of statics for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. Finally, a design based upon function and reliability will be completed, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, and if the device is to be produced in quantity, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analysis based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal, customer satisfaction, and manufacture cost are all related to design, and ability in design is intimately involved in the success of an engineering venture. To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer. 1. Apply ingenuity to utilize desired physical properties and to control undesired ones. The performance requirements of a machine are met by utilizing laws of nature or properties of matter (e. g., flexibility, strength, gravity, inertia, buoyancy, centrifugal for, principles of the lever and inclined plane, friction, viscosity, fluid pressure, and thermal expansion), also the many electrical, optical, thermal, and chemical phenomena. However, what may be useful in one application may be detrimental in the next. Flexibility is desired in valve springs but not in the valve camshaft; friction is desired at the clutch face but not in the clutch bearing. Ingenuity in design should be applied to utilize and control thephysical properties that are desired and to minimize those that are not desired. 2. Provide for favorable stress distribute and stiffness with minimum weight. On components subjected to fluctuating stress, particular attention is given to a reduction in stress concentration, and to an increase of strength at fillets, threads, holes, and fits. Stress reduction are made by modification in shape, and strengthening may be done by prestressing treatments such as surface rolling and shallow hardening. Hollow shafts and tubing, and box sections give a favorable stress distribution, together with stiffness and minimum weight. Sufficient stiffness to maintain alignment and uniform pressure between contacting surfaces should be provided for crank, cam, and gear shafts, and for enclosures and frames containing bearing supports. The stiffness of shafts and other components must be suitable to avoid resonant vibrations. 3. Use equations to calculate and optimize dimensions. The fundamental equations of mechanics and the other sciences are the accepted bases for calculations. They are sometimes rearranged in special forms to facilitate the determination or optimization of dimensions, such as theBeam and surface stress equations for determining gear-tooth size. Factors may be added to a fundamental equation for conditions not analytically determinable, e. g. , on thin steel tubes, an allowance for corrosion added to the thickness based on pressure. When it is necessary to apply a fundamental equation to shapes, materials, or conditions which only approximate the assumptions for its derivation, it is done in a manner which gives results on the safe side. In situations where data are incomplete, equations of the sciences may be used as proportioning guides to extend a satisfactory design to new capacities. 4. Choose materials for a combination of properties. Materials should be chosen for a combination of pertinent properties, not only for strengths, hardness, and weight, but sometimes for resistance to impact, corrosion, and low or high temperatures. Cost and fabrication properties are factors, such as weld ability, machine ability, sensitivity to variation in heat-treating temperatures, and required coating. 5. Select carefully between stock and integral components. A previously developed components is frequently selected by a designer and his company from the stocks of parts manufacturers, if the component meet the performance and reliability requirements and is adaptable without additional development costs to the particular machine being designed. However, its selection should be carefully made with a full knowledge of its properties, since the reputation and liability of the company suffer if there is a failure in any one of the machines parts. In other eases the strength, reliability, and cost requirements are better met if the designer of the machine also designs the component, with the particular advantage of compactness if it is designs integral with other components, e. g., gears to be forged in clusters or integral with a shaft. 6. Provide for accurate location and non interference of parts in assembly. A good design provides for the correct locating of parts and for easy assembly and repair. Shoulders and pilot surfaces give accurate location without measurement during assembly. Shapes can be designed so that parts cannot be assembled backwards or in the wrong place. Interferences, as between screws in tapped holes, and between linkages must he foreseen and pretended. Inaccurate alignment and positioning between such assemblies must be avoided, or provision must be made to minimize any resulting detrimental displacements and stresses.The human race has distinguished itself from all other forms of life by using tools and intelligence to create items that serve to make life easier and more enjoyable. Through the centuries, both the tools and the energy sources to power these tools have evolved to meet the increasing sophistication and complexity of mankinds ideas. In their earliest forms, tools primarily consisted of stone instruments. Considering tile relative simplicity of the items being made and the materials being shaped, stone was adequate. When iron tools were invented, durable metals and more sophisticated articles could be produced. The twentieth century has seen the creation of products made from theMost durable , consequently, the most unmachinable materials in history. In an effort to meet the manufacturing challenges created by these materials, tools have now evolved to include materials such as alloy steel, carbide, diamond, and ceramics. A similar evolution has taken place with the methods used to power our tools. Initially, tools were powered by muscles; either human or animal. However as the powers of water, wind, steam, and electricity were harnessed, mankind was able to further extended manufacturing capabilities with new machines, greater accuracy, and faster machining rates. Every time new tools, tool materials, and power sources are utilized, the efficiency and capabilities of manufacturers are greatly enhanced. However as old problems are solved, new problems and challenges arise so that the manufacturers of today are faced with tough questions such as the following: How do you drill a 2 mm diameter hole 670 mm deep without experiencing taper or run out? Is there a way to efficiently deburr passageways inside complex castings and guarantee 100 % that no burrs were missed? Is there a welding process that can eliminate the thermal damage now occurring to my product? Since the 1940s, a revolution in manufacturing has been taking place that once again allows manufacturers to meet the demands imposed by increasingly sophisticated designs and durable, but in many cases nearly unmachinable, materials. This manufacturing revolution is now, as it has been in the past, centered on the use of new tools and new forms of energy.The result has been the introduction of new manufacturing processes used for material removal, forming, and joining, known today as nontraditional manufacturing processes. The conventional manufacturing processes in use today for material removal primarily rely on electric motors and hard tool materials to perform tasks such as sawing, drilling, an broaching. Conventional forming operations are performed with the energy from electric motors, hydraulics, and gravity. Likewise, material joining is conventionally accomplished with thermal energy sources such as burning gases and electric arcs. In contrast, nontraditional manufacturing processes harness energy sources considered unconventional by yesterdays standards. Material removal can now be accomplished with electrochemical reactions, high-temperature plasmas, and high-velocity jets of liquids and abrasives. Materials that in the past have been extremely difficult to form, are nowformed with magnetic fields, explosives, and the shock waves from powerful electric sparks. Material-joining capabilities have been expanded with the use of high-frequency sound waves and beams of electrons. In the past 50 years, over 20 different nontraditional manufacturing processes have been invented and successfully implemented into production. The reason there are such a large number of nontraditional processes is the same reason there are such a large number of conventional processes; each process has its own characteristic attributes and limitations, hence no one process is best for all manufacturing situations. For example, nontraditional process are sometimes applied to increase productivity either by reducing the number of overall manufacturing operations required to produce a product or by performing operations faster than the previously used method. In other cases, nontraditional processes are used to reduce the number of rejects experienced by the old manufacturing method by increasing repeatability, reducing in-process breakage of fragile work pieces, or by minimizing detrimental effects on work piece properties. Because of the aforementioned attributes, nontraditional manufacturing processes have experienced steady growth since their introduction. An increasing growth rate for these processes in the future is assured for the following reasons:(1) Currently, nontraditional processes possess virtually unlimited capabilities when compared with conventional processes, except for volumetric material removal rates. Great advances have been made in the past few years in increasing the removal rates of some of these processes, and there is no reason to believe that this trend will not continue into the future.(2) Approximately one half of the nontraditional manufacturing processes are available with computer control of the process parameters. The use of computers lends simplicity to processes that people may be unfamiliar with, and thereby accelerates acceptance. Additionally, computer control assures reliability and repeatabilitys, which also accelerates acceptance and implementation.(3) Most nontraditional processes are capable of being adaptively-controlled through the use of vision systems, laser gages, and other in-process inspection techniques. If, for example, the in-process inspection system determines that the size of holes being produced in a product are becoming smaller, the size can be modified without changing hard tools, such as drills.(4) The implementation of nontraditional manufacturing processes will continues to increase as manufacturing engineers, product designers, and metallurgical engineers become increasingly aware of the unique capabilities and benefits that nontraditional manufacturing processes provide.译文机械设计及加工工艺机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品，满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创新性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、动力学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前面所述，机械设计的目的是生产满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科学知识本身并不一定能给人类带来益处，只有当它们被用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。应当把机械设计看成设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制订产品的制造工艺的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确地进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险；当新的方法不适用时，就恢复采用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求摒弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人易于墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事情。一位设计工程师应该不断地探索改进现有产品的办法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新办法。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切合实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制生产图纸之前被改正。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。另一个应该被认识到的重要问题是，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和沟通。与其他人就设计方案进行交流和沟通是设计过程的最后和关键阶段。毫无疑问，有许多伟大的设计、发明或创造之所以没有为人类所利用，就是因为创造者不善于或者不愿意向其他人介绍自己的成果。提出方案是一种说服别人的工作。当一个工程师向经营、管理部门或者其主管人员提出自己的新方案时，就是希望向他们说明或者证明自己的方案是比较好的。只有成功地完成这项工作，为得出这个方案所花费的大量时间和精力才不会被浪费掉。人们基本上只有三种表达自己思想的方式，即文字材料、口头表述和绘图。因此，一个优秀的工程师除了掌握技术之外，还应该精通这三种表达方式。如果一个技术能力很强的人在上述三种表达方式中的某一种的能力较差，他就会遇到很大的困难。如果上述三种能力都较差，那将永远没有人知道他是一个多么能干的人!一个有能力的工程师不应该害怕在提出自己的方案时遭到失败的可能性。事实上，偶然的失败肯定会发生的，因为每个真正有创造性的设想似乎总是有失败或批评伴随着它。从一次失败中可以学到很多东西，只有不怕遭受失败的人们才能取得最大的收获。总之，决定不把方案提交出来，才是真正的失败。为了进行有效的交流，需要解决下列问题： (1)所要设计的这个产品是否真正为人们所需要? (2)此产品与其他公司的现有同类产品相比有无竞争能力? (3)生产这种产品是否经济? (4)产品的维修是否方便? (5)产品有无销路?是否可以盈利?只有时间才能对上述问题给出正确的答案。但是，产品的设计、制造和销售只能在对上述问题的初步肯定答案的基础上进行。设计工程师还应该通过零件图和装配图，与制造部门一起对最终设计方案进行沟通。通常，在制造过程中会出现某个问题。可能要求对某个零件尺寸或公差做一些更改，使零件的生产变得容易。但是，工程上的更改必须经过设计人员批准，以保证不会损伤产品的功能。有时，在产品的装配时或者装箱外运前的试验中才发现设计中的某种缺陷。这些事例恰好说明了设计是一个动态过程。总是存在着更好的方法来完成设计工作，设计人员应该不断努力，寻找这些更好的方法。设计是从实际或者假想的需要开始的。对于现有的设备可能需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度或成本等方面做进一些改进工作；也可能需要新的设备完成以前由人来做的工作，例如计算或者装配。当目标完全或部分被确定以后，下一个设计步骤是对能够完成所需要功能的机构及其布局进行总体设计。对于此项工作，徒手画的草图是很有价值的，它不仅可以记录下我们的想法，而且还有助于与别人进行讨论，特别是和自己的大脑进行交流，从而促进创新想法的产生。当一些零件的大致形状和几个尺寸被确定后，就可以开始认真的分析工作。分析工作的目的是要在重量最轻、成本最低的情况下，获得令人满意，即优良的工作性能，并且还要安全耐用。对于每个关键承载截面，应该寻求最佳的比例和尺寸，同时要对这几个零件的受力进行平衡。要对材料和处理方式进行选择。只有根据力学原理进行分析才能达到这些重要目的。这些分析包括根据静力学原理分析反作用力和充分利用摩擦力，根据动力学原理分析惯性、加速度和能量；根据弹性力学和材料力学分析应力和变形；根据流体力学来分析润滑和流体传动。最后，完成基于功能要求和可靠性所进行的设计，且要制作一台样机。如果试验结果令人满意，而且该装置将要进行批量生产，就应该对最初提出的设计方案做一些修改，使其能以较低的成本进行批量生产。在以后的制造和使用期内，如果产生了新的想法或者根据试验和经验所做的进一步分析结果表明，可以有更好的替代方案，则很可能对原设计方案进行修改。销售吸引力、客户的满意程度和制造成本均与设计有关，而设计能力则与工程创新的实现是密切相关的。为激发创造性思维，建议设计人员遵循下列准则。1.创造性地利用所需要的物理性能和控制不需要的物理性能。可以利用自然法则或物质的性能(例如柔性，强度，重力，惯性，浮力，离心力；杠杆原理和斜面原理，摩擦，粘性，流体压力和热膨胀)和许多电学，光学和化学现象来满足一台机器的设计要求。一种性能在某种场合下可能是有用的，而在另外一种场合下则可能是有害的。阀门的弹簧应该有柔性，而阀门的凸轮轴就不需要柔性。离合器结合面上需要有摩擦，而离合器轴承却不需要摩擦。设计时，需要创造性地利用和控制所要的物理性能，将不需要的物理性能减至最小。2在重量最轻的情况下，提供合理的应力分布和刚度。对于承受交变应力的零件，应该特别注意减轻应力集
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