Part VII The Romantic Period.ppt

1、Part VII Romanticism in England,I. English Romanticism II. English Romanticists,historical background,Politically The most important event is the French Revolution (1789), which at first gave British people great hope for a better future with rights and independence for all men but later brought the

2、m despair and nightmare,Ideologically the principle of Rationality was giving way to an individualized, free, liberal, imaginative attitude towards life; a tendency to turn or escape from the tumultuous and confusing Here and Now,Economically the great Industrial Revolution: continued fast changes b

3、oth in the country and in the cities; many farmhands driven out of land into the city; women and children employed as cheap labor,new machines set up, rendering many out of work; growing disparity between the rich and the poor; expansion abroad continued: (America), Australia, Canada, New Zealand, I

4、ndia, the West Indies and other nations,I. English Romanticism,The Time (turn of 18th and 19th,beginning,ending,1798,1832,Lyrical Ballads,Walter Scotts death,Wordsworth,Coleridge,Term: romanticism Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expre

5、ssed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society,II. Two Schools of Romantic Poets,the elder generation: escapist roman

6、ticists,younger generation active romanticists,Wordsworth Coleridge Southey,Byron Shelley Keats,Lake Poets,Samuel Coleridge: mysterious/demonic, dreamy, oriental, visionary The Rime of Ancient Mariner “Kubla Khan,III. The English Romantic trends and the representatives,poetry,prose,novels,Lamb, Hazl

7、itt, De Quincey and Hunt,Walter Scott, historical novelist,Jane Austen - realistic novelist,Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats,IV. The features of the Romantic writings,1. The general feature is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. 2. Their writings are filled with strong-willed he

8、roes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures. 3. The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Personified nature plays an important role in the pages of their works,homework,What is romant

9、icism? What about its feature,William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯 （1770-1850,I. Lyrical Ballads,The publication of the “Lyrical Ballads” marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with neo-classicism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. In the Prefac

10、e to the “Lyrical Ballads” Wordsworth set forth his principles of poetry. Wordsworth based on his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”. Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility,Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集 1798,

11、a joint work,Wordsworth 老水手之行) “Kubla khan ” ku:blai k:n,Major works,We Are Seven Lines Written in Early Spring To the Cuckoo I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud The Prelude The Solitary Reaper,I WANDERED LONELY AS A CLOUD“ I WANDERED lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills, When all at o

12、nce I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their head

13、s in sprightly dance,The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed-and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flas

14、h upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.(1804) i wandered lonely.mp3,II. Explanation his poem,咏水仙 华兹华斯 顾子欣 译 我好似一朵孤独的流云， 高高地飘游在山谷之上， 突然我看到一大片鲜花， 是金色的水仙遍地开放。 它们开在湖畔，开在树下 它们随风嬉舞，随风飘荡,它们密集如银河的星星， 像群星在闪烁一片晶莹； 它们沿着海湾向前伸展，

15、 通向远方仿佛无穷无尽； 一眼看去就有千朵万朵， 万花摇首舞得多么高兴。 粼粼湖波也在近旁欢跳， 却不知这水仙舞得轻俏； 诗人遇见这快乐的伙伴， 又怎能不感到欢欣雀跃； 我久久凝视-却未能领悟 这景象所给带给我的精神至宝。 后来多少次我郁郁独卧， 感到百无聊赖心灵空漠； 这景象便在脑海中闪现， 多少次安慰过我的寂寞； 我的心又随水仙跳起舞来， 我的心又重新充满了欢乐。水仙花的翻译.doc,Exercises,1) What is the rhyme scheme? It is ababcc. 2) What is the poem about,3) Fill in the blanks,1.T

16、he poem contains _ stanzas of _. 2.The poem is about _,four six-lined,iambic tetrameter,抑扬格四音步诗行,the beauty of nature,赏析】： 这首诗写于诗人从法国回来不久。诗人带着对自由的向往去了法国，参加一些革命活动。但法国革命没有带来预期的结果，随之而来的是混乱。诗人的失望和受的打击是可想而知的，后来在他的朋友和妹妹的帮助下，情绪才得以艰难地恢复。这首诗就写于诗人的心情平静之后不久。 在诗的开头，诗人将自己比喻为一朵孤独的流云，孤单地在高高的天空飘荡。孤傲的诗人发现一大片金色的水仙，它们

17、欢快地遍地开放。在诗人的心中，水仙已经不是一种植物了，而是一种象征，代表了一种灵魂，代表了一种精神。 水仙很多，如天上的星星，都在闪烁。水仙似乎是动的，沿着弯屈的海岸线向前方伸展。诗人为有这样的旅伴而欢欣鼓舞、欢呼跳跃。在诗人的心中，水仙代表了自然的精华，是自然心灵的美妙表现。但是，欢快的水仙并不能时时伴在诗人的身边，诗人离开了水仙，心中不时冒出忧郁孤寂的情绪。这时诗人写出了一种对社会、世界的感受：那高傲、纯洁的灵魂在现实的世界只能郁郁寡欢。当然，诗人的脑海深处会不时浮现水仙那美妙的景象，这时的诗人又情绪振奋，欢欣鼓舞。 诗歌的基调是浪漫的，同时带着浓烈的象征主义色彩。可以说，诗人的一生只在自

18、然中找到了寄托,The soul of romanticism,In the poem, writer not only sang the natural wonderful things, but also expressed the perpetual pleasure from momentary beauty,The theme of this poem,The vivid picture of the daffodils is mixed with the poets philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts,The themes of

19、 his works,poems about nature The Sparrows Nest, To a Skylark, To the Cuckoo and To a Butterfly poems about human life I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, An Evening Walk,III. Wordsworths Contribution,Wordsworths contribution to the historical development of English poetry lies also in his reaction agains

20、t the stale poetic diction of neo-classicism of the 18th century and in the starting of the new tradition of romanticism by glorifying the world of nature and by the use of simple language of the common people,Lord George Gorden Byron (17881824) 拜伦,Byrons Life,aristocratic but impoverished,from Lond

21、on to Scotland,inherited,first at Harrow then Cambridge,拜伦的母校剑桥大学,英国名校哈罗公学,Byrons Life,very unhappy,sports,writing in Cambridge,unbalanced life,expensive clothes,room decoration,horses, a pet bear,drink with a cup made from a human skull,Byrons Life,1807,1809,1815,1816,1824,Lyric poems,tour of Europ

22、e,romantic verse narratives,unhappy marriage,8 years abroad,died in Greece,I. His Works,1. Hours of Idleness 闲暇时刻 2.Child Harolds Pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗德游记 written in Spenserian stanza. “I awoke one morning to find myself famous.” “我一天早晨醒来,发现自己出了名。” 3. Don Juan 唐璜- his masterpiece,II. Don Juan 唐璜,It was w

23、ritten in Italy during the years from 1818 to 1823. It has 16,000 lines in 16 cantos and written in ottava t:v rima （八行体）. Each stanza contains 8 iambic pentameter lines. The rhyme scheme is abababcc,八行体：每行10或11个音节， 前6行交替押韵，后2行成一组同脚韵,Don Juan,childhood,love affair,abroad,Greek island,sold as a slave

24、,capital of Turkey,in guise of a woman,随各种激情漂流，直至我的灵魂化为诗琴，让所有的风演奏。,Don Juan,camp of the Russian army,St. Petersburg,Empress Catherine,to England on a political mission,Byronic hero”- Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “

25、satanic spirit”- a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. . People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers,III. Comments on Don Juan,1. The story of the poem takes place in the later part of the 18th century. 2

26、. Don Juan is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth. 3. This long poem describes Don Juans vicissitudes(变迁) of life and adventures in many countries. 4.The hero is made to participate in different historical events. Thus we can get a broad panorama（全景） of the social life of the time,5. The poem give

27、s a satirical description of English ruling classes and social conditions. 6. The hero shows his disgust at the vanity（虚荣） and hypocrisy（虚伪）of English high society. 7. Byron did not finish the poem. He meant to make the hero take part in the French Revolution and die a heroic death. 8. Don Juan is t

28、he great poem of the age,IV. Comments on Byron,1. Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism and one of the most influential poets of the time. 2. His literary career was closely linked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age. 3. He opposed oppression an

29、d slavery, and has an ardent (passionate) love for liberty,Comments on Byron,4)He praised the peoples revolutionary struggles in his works. 5)His poems are favorites of the British workers and the laboring people of other countries,Comments on Byron,6) Byrons poems show energy and vigor, romantic da

30、ring (bold, brave) and powerful passion. 7) He stands with Shakespeare and Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland Europe,Comments on Byron,8) But some critics think many of his lines are harsh (unkind), rugged (rough) and not rhythmical. Some poems show hi

31、s individual heroism and pessimism,She Walks in Beautyshe walks in beauty.mp3,Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 (17921822,Shelleys Life,wealthy,Eton,Mad Shelley,Oxford,The Necessity of Atheism 无神论的必要性,Shelleys Life,Harriet,runaway marriage,turn to London,William Godwin,Mary,immoralist,forced to leave England

32、in 1818,Shelleys Life,four-year troubles in Italy,poor health,financial problems,restless moving,death of his two sons,drowned in 1822, buried at Rome near Keats,I. His Literary Works,1. The Necessity of Atheism 无神论的必要性，written when in Oxford University 2. Address to the Irish People告爱尔兰人书 3. Queen

33、Mab 仙后麦布written when in London. 4. The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰的反叛 5. The Masque of Anarchy暴政的行列,6. Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯，written when in Italy. 7. The Cenci钦契一家- a drama 8. A Defence of Poetry 诗辩 written when in Italy. 9. “Ode to the West Wind” written when in Italy 10. To a Skylark 致云雀,Ode is a

34、lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays. ode to the west wind.mp3,II. Comments on Shelley,1. Shelley is one of the lea

35、ding Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language. 2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters. 3. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied（预言）a happy and free life for mankind,4. He stood for this

36、 social and political ideal all his life. 5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England,John Keats 济慈 (17951821,I. Major literary works,On First Looking into Chapmans Homer” 初读查普曼译荷马史诗- a sonnet. 2. Five long poems Endym

37、ion endimin 恩底弥翁 his first long poem Isabella izbel 伊莎贝拉 The Eve of St. Agnes gnis 圣爱格尼斯节前夕 Lamia leimi 莱米亚 Hyperion haipirin 赫坡里昂,3. Short Poems 1) On a Grecian gri:n Urn 希腊古 瓮颂 2) To Autumn 秋颂 3) On Melancholy 忧郁颂 4) To a Nightingale 夜莺颂 the best known,作者面对痛苦的人生时复杂的心理以及他渴望 借助夜莺的美妙歌声和美酒之力步入一个理想 的境界

38、，从而逃避现实的消极思想,II. Explanation of his poem,希腊古瓮颂 你委身“寂静”的、完美的处子， 受过了“沉默”和“悠久”的抚育， 呵，田园的史家，你竟能铺叙 一个如花的故事，比诗还瑰丽： 在你的形体上，岂非缭绕着 古老的传说，以绿叶为其边缘； 讲着人，或神，滕佩或阿卡狄？ 呵，是怎样的人，或神！在舞乐前 多热烈的追求！少女怎样地逃躲！ 怎样的风笛和鼓谣！怎样的狂喜,听见的乐声虽好，但若听不见 却更美；所以，吹吧，柔情的风笛； 不是奏给耳朵听，而是更甜， 它给灵魂奏出无声的乐曲； 树下的美少年呵，你无法中断 你的歌，那树木也落不了叶子； 鲁莽的恋人，你永远、永远吻不

39、上， 虽然够接近了但不必辛酸； 她不会老，虽然你不能如愿以偿， 你将永远爱下去，她也永远秀丽！ 呵，幸福的树木！你的枝叶 不会剥落，从不曾离开春天； 幸福的吹笛人也不会停歇， 他的歌曲永远是那么新鲜； 呵，更为幸福的、幸福的爱！ 永远热烈，正等待情人宴飨， 永远热情地心跳，永远年轻； 幸福的是这一切超凡的情态： 它不会使心灵餍足和悲伤， 没有炽热的头脑，焦渴的嘴唇,这些人是谁呵，都去赴祭祀？ 这作牺牲的小牛，对天鸣叫， 你要牵它到哪儿，神秘的祭司？ 花环缀满着它光滑的身腰。 是从哪个傍河傍海的小镇， 或哪个静静的堡寨山村， 来了这些人，在这敬神的清早？ 呵，小镇，你的街道永远恬静； 再也不可能

40、回来一个灵魂 告诉人你何以是这么寂寥。 哦，希腊的形状！唯美的观照！ 上面缀有石雕的男人和女人， 还有林木，和践踏过的青草； 沉默的形体呵，你象是“永恒” 使人超越思想：呵，冰冷的牧歌！ 等暮年使这一世代都凋落， 只有你如旧；在另外的一些 忧伤中，你会抚慰后人说： “美即是真，真即是美，” 这就包括 你们所知道，和该知道的一切。 -查良铮 译,III. Comments on John Keats poetry,1. Keats poetry, characterized by exact and closely-knit construction, emotional description

41、s, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world. 2. His artistic aim is to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid (miserable) reality of his day. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty i

42、s truth, truth beauty,3. Critics agree that Keats is, with Shakespeare, Milton and Wordsworth, one of the indisputably (undeniably) great English poets. And his mighty poems will no doubt have a lasting place in the history English literature,English prose fiction in the Romantic Age,Walter Scott (1

43、771-1832) Novelist and poet Life: a. Scotland;b. university of Edinburgh;c. poem to novel;d. unsuccessful publishing firm;e. great contribution: historical novel,three groups of novelsa. novels on history of Scotland Waverley Old Morality Rob Roy The Heart of Midlothian The central idea of these nov

44、els is how Scotland people fight against English government. b. novels on English history Ivanhoe c. novels on the history of other European countries Quentin Durward,Features of his novels 1.Scott is the first novelist to recreate the past. 2. In Scotts novels, historical events are closely interwo

45、ven with the fates of individuals. 3. Scott is always mindful of the role and fates of the ordinary people. 4. Scott is a romantic. 5.Scott is a conservative in politics,Jane Austen 简奥斯丁(17751817,I. Her Novels,1. Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺 2. Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感 3. Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见,4. Mansfield Park 曼斯菲尔德花园 5. Emma em 爱玛 6