工程硕士--时态语态比较级和非谓语动词.ppt

1、An English Course for Master Students of Engineering工程硕士研究生英语教程,2,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,Tenses（时态）,3,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,I. 将来时的其他表达 Be going to Be about to Be to do II. 两个固定用法： It is the first time that I have been here. 带有by引导的时间状语的句子用将来或过去将来完成时 eg: By the time he retires John will have been teachin

2、g here for 20 years.,Used to do 表示过去习惯,4,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,KEY TO EXERCISES 1. (1) have seen(2) started (3) had escaped(4) said (5) had fallen(6) have arrived (7) will have left (8) has come (9) had bought(10) has been burning (11) could go (12) has taught (13) has not eaten(14) will be planting (

3、15) were repairing 2. (1) C (2) A (3) D (4) B (5) B (6) C (7)C (9) D (10) A(11) C(12) B (13) A (14) B (15) D,5,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,Part C Translation 1. 我听到了远处开枪的声音。 2. 湿的小树枝很难点燃。 3. 她因为花太多时间打电话而被解雇了。 4. 在城里呆了这么长时间后，你会觉得乡下很枯燥乏味。 5. 我想我听到了厨房里隐隐约约的声音。 6. 这有助于反应较迟钝的学生马上理解他的意思。 7. He bought a car and go

4、t his license in two weeks. 8. The teacher asked the students to hand in the exercise books at once. 9. Buy one, get one free. 10. I think Ill send my son some vegetables.,6,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,Passive Voice（被动语态）,基本形式 be done,7,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,KEY TO EXERCISES Part B Grammar 1. (1) English is s

5、poken by many people. (2) TV is being watched now in the room. (3) The lady was murdered by the criminal. (4) Henry will be punished by the teacher for coming late. (5) Three apples have been eaten by Susan. (6) The law should be obeyed by citizens. (7) Where was the wolf first seen by the farmer? (

6、8) The noise must have been heard by the watchman. (9) Children ought to be taught good behavior by parents.,8,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,(10) Every minute and second should be made use of. (11) Nabey was never heard to speak Japanese. (12) By whom will the children be looked after? (13) The sports meet is

7、 to be put off. (14) Mary realized that she was being made fun of. (15) We were requested to show our passports by the customs officer. 2. (1) B(2) C (3) B(4) A(5) C (6) C(7) D (8) B(9) B(10) C,9,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,Part C Translation 1医生说他们不敢肯定能救得了他的命。 2尼克松先生屡次声明，美国在印度支那的战争即将结束。 3他们中间有些人，已经在为民主党候选人

8、一旦获胜后的汉弗莱政府计划人事安排。 4他可晓得他儿子的行为表现吗? 5他们不怕一切困难、挫折，坚持战斗。 6学校也改换了名称和模样。当我经过学校的门口时，这一切使我感到很陌生。 7他的演讲给听众留下了很深的印象。 8她在最后的一幕里占了很突出的地位。 9我们计划给老人和穷人建设更舒适的房屋。 10对不起，莉莎此刻不在。,10,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,Degree （级）,11,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,注意：形容词比较等级所加的-er和-est，自成一个音节，分别读作/E:/ 和/ist/, 如： tall taller tallest happy happie

9、r happiest thin thinner thinnest fine finer finest 如果形容词原级的词末为不发音的字母r，在加-er和-est时r要发音。如： near nearer nearest clear clearer clearest 如果形容词原级词末的发音为N，在加-er和-est时，后须加一个g音。如： long longer longest strong stronger strongest,12,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,有些单音节词的比较等级常用more和most，如glad，fond，shy，sly (like只可用more和most)。

10、有些单音节词则用-er和-est或more和most皆可，如free，clear等。有些双音节词亦如此，如secure，cruel，pretty，lively等(但real只可用more和most)。当代英语似有多用more和most的趋势。分词形容词的比较等级一律用more和most，如： worn more worn most worn tired more tired most tired interesting more interesting most interesting 注注意wicked不是分词，故须用-er, -est。,13,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,英语里

11、有些形容词的比较等级变化是不规则的。这些形容词有： good better best well bad worse worst ill many more most much little less least,14,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,far farther farthest further furthest oldolder oldest elder eldest latelater latest latter last 注 不定代词many，much，little，few和形容词一样亦有 比较等级，故皆列在这里。little作“小”解时，其比较 等级一般与small同

12、。few则常用规则的比较等级fewer 和fewest，但在当代英语里亦可用less和least。,15,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,副词比较等级形式的变化与形容词大致相同，但以后缀-ly结尾的副词须用more和most。如： hard harder hardest fast faster fastest early earlier earllest quickly more quickly most quickly carefully more carefully most carefully,16,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,形容词、副词比较等级的基本用法 1) 原

13、级常用于“as十原级+as”结构, 结构前可以用just, almost, nearly, half 等词表示程度。否定的原级用not as.as或not so.as，二者一般无甚区别。在一定的上下文中，as.as结构中的as从句可省去。如： To criticize like him one must be as generous and as wise 要想像他那样进行文学批评，我们就必须和他一样地大度和聪慧。 2) 比较级常用于“比较级+than”结构。否定比较与否定原级一样，用not as(so).as结构，也可用less.than结构。如： This word is less fre

14、quent in British English than in American English./ This word is not so frequent in British English as in American English 这个词在英国英语里比在美国英语里少见。 3) 最高级常用于“the+最高级十比较范围”结构，比较范围为短语或从句。最高级可被序数词以及much，by far，nearly，almost，by no means等词语所修饰。如： The Yellow River is the second longest in China 黄河是中国的第二大河。,17,

15、2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,形容词、副词比较等级的其它用法 1. 比较级前可用“数词十名词”构成的名词短语表示确定的度量。如： He is two inches taller than his father./ He is taller than his father by two inches. 他比他爸爸高两英寸。 2. 表示“越来越”用“比较级+and+比较级”. 3. “越，就越”常用“the+副词比较级+the+副词比较级”结构。前者是状语从句，后者是主句。如： The more haste, the less speed 欲速则不达。 4. 比较级用于否定结构可表“最不

16、过”。如: Nothing better! 那最好不过了!,18,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,5. 英语里的比较级有时并无具体的比较含义，这种比较级叫做绝对比较级。如： younger generation 青年一代 higher education 高等教育 the lower classes 下层阶级 6. 有时单用原级亦可表比较级。如： You are five minutes late 你晚了五分钟。(latetoo late) 7. 用拉丁比较级superior，inferior，senior，junior，prior，major，minor等表示比较级。如： This

17、carpet is far superior to that one in quality 这条地毯的质量远胜过那一条。(后一般须接to) Jones is senior to Smith 琼斯比史密斯资格老。(后须接to),19,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,KEY TO EXERCISES 1. (1) C(2) A(3) C(4) A (5) A (6) D (7) D (8) B (9)D (10)C(11)B(12)A (13)A (14)B (15)A 2. (1) The population in this city is larger than in that ci

18、ty. (2) The more English articles you have read, the faster you can read. (3) Of the three railroads, this one is the longest. (4) This factory is three times as large as that one. (5) This work is as difficult as the one we finished last year. (6) He has made more achievements in research than we h

19、ave. (7) This park is the tidier and cleaner of the two. (8) He speaks English the best in our class. (9) The production of this factory has increased ten per cent more of 1990. (10) We need fewer people to finish this work than they do.,20,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,Part C Translation 1(1) 他依然不愿谈实质性的东西。 (

20、2) 他只不过要求这位教师给成绩不太好的学生以公平待遇/公平对待成绩不太好的学生。 (3) 她为一家期刊写文章。 (4) 我没有足够的时间读书。 (5) 我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干活不比其他任何人差。 (6) 我们原来/原本盼着下星期放假，但现在我们可能走不了了。 (7) 乃她儿子，也就是我老板的侄子，也在店里当伙计。 (8) 当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直于到他雇我。他雇了我。 (9) 你能跑多快就跑多快。 (10) 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训好。,21,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,2(1)如果商店有存货，售货员马上拿出采；试衣的过

21、程立刻开始。 (2)一切都没有问题的话，交易可以而且经常也是不到5分钟就做成了，几乎没有什么闲聊，每个人都很满意。 (3)在那种情况下，售货员，正如这个名称所暗示的，尽量卖给顾客别的东西。他提供与顾客的需求尽可能相近的物品。 (4)她买衣服的方式几乎在每一个方面都与男人正好相反。 (5)与很多笑话相反，大多数妇女买衣服时都有极好的价值观念。她们总在留意有没有事先未料想到的减价便宜货。,22,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,非谓语动词,非谓语动词，也叫非限定动词，是指动词不定式、动名词和分词。它们是动词的非限定形式，在句子中起着一些特殊作用。分词总结：分词短语做的成分可还原为从句，因此可

22、以用从句来检验。 三种形式： 不定式 to do sth（复合形式-带逻辑主语 eg: for sb. to do sth） 动名词 doing 分词 doing; done 主要考点 不定式：宾语，后置定语 动名词：名词，作主、宾语(记忆一些动词) 分 词：状语、定语、表语,23,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,动词不定式,动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，由“to +动词原形“构成，在句中起名词、形容词或副词的用，可以作状语、定语、主语、宾语等。 一、作主语 1. 带to的不定式作主语 To hesitate means failure. 犹豫不决意味着失败。 To be obey

23、ed is natural to her. 别人听命于她，也感到很自然。,24,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,在现代英语中，更为常见的形式是把先行词it置于句首，作形式主语，而把实际主语的不定式置于谓 语动词之后，尤其是当主语较长，或谓语动词不是连系动词，或谓语动词为被动语态时；而在疑问句和感叹句中则必须用这种形式。 It is not easy to remember all these words in an hour. 在一个小时内记住所有这些词可不容易。 It was expected of him to see the play. 他可望去看这出戏。 How long di

24、d it take you to get there? 你们用了多长时间到达那儿？ What a joy it was to see him! 见到他是个多大的乐啊！ 2. “wh-疑问词（why除外）+带to的不定式”作主语 What to do next has not been decided yet. 下一步该做什么还没决定。 Where to stay for the night is a most urgent problem. 在哪儿过夜是个十分紧迫的问题。,25,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,二、作表语 To see her is to love her. 谁看见她谁

25、都会喜爱她。 The duties of a postman are to deliver letters and newspapers.邮递员的职责是投递信件和报纸。 He is yet to come. 他还没有来。 注：不定式作表语时往往具有情态意义。 Shes to blame. 她应该受到责备。（表应该） Nobody is to know. 不应让任何人知道。（表命令） Its nowhere to be found. 哪儿也找不到它。（表可能） We are to meet twice a mouth. 我们将一个月碰两次头。（表计划） Am I never to see her

26、 again? 难道称就永远见不到她了吗？（表注定）,26,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,三、作宾语 不定式在句子中可作宾语，其逻辑主语也是全句的主语。 She likes to play with the child. 她喜欢同那孩子玩。 He seemed to know the way. 他好象认识这条路。 My wife also asks to join her greeting and thanks. 我妻子也要我顺致她的问候和感谢。 后接不定式的动词有：afford, agree, aim, ask, claim, choose, decide, decline, de

27、mand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, threaten, wish等。 They havent decided whether to go. 他们没有决定是否去。 I have told him when to start. 我已告诉他什么时候出发。 He found it impossible to keep silent any longer. 他认为不能再保持沉默了。,27,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,四、作介词宾

28、语 1. 带to的不定式作介词except或but的宾语 It had no effect except to make him angry. 除了激怒他之外没有起别的作用。 2. 不带to的不定式作介词except或but的宾语，此时介词前有实义动词do的限定形式或非限定形式。 She can do everything except cook. 她什么都会做，就是不会做饭。 He doesnt wont to do anything except help me. 他只想帮助我。 They did nothing but complain. 他们只是抱怨。 3. 带wh-疑问词的不定式短语

29、作介词of的宾语 The question of what to use has not been discussed. 使用什么的问题还没有讨论。,28,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,五、作主语补语 1. 句子主语为带to的不定式（短语） To know everything is to know nothing. 样样都懂，样样稀松。To doubt, under the circumstance, is almost to insult. 在这种情况下，怀疑几乎等于侮辱。 2. 句子的主语为抽象名词 Our plan is to finish the work next wee

30、k. 我们的计划是下星期完成这项工作。His dream is to be an engineer. 他的梦想是当一句工程师。 常见的抽象名词有：aim, duty, hope, intention, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion, wish等。,29,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,3. 句子的主语为what引导的名词性从句等。 What he needed was to have a day off. 他所需要的是休一天假。 此时如果主语部分中有实义动词do的限定或非限定形式，作主语补语的不定式可省略to。 What he did was (

31、to) help you. 他所做的事情是帮助你。 All I have to do is (to) wash the dishes. 我所要做的一切是洗这些碟子。 4. 带wh- 疑问词的不定式短语作主语短语 Our difficulty is where to find a guide. 我们的困难是上哪儿找个向导。,30,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,六、作宾语补语 在有些动词后面的复合宾语中，不定式（短语）可以做宾语补足语，宾语为不定式（补语）的逻辑主语。不定式作宾语补语有带to与不带to的两种情况。 1. 带to的不定式作宾语补语 1）在表示思维活动的动词后；这类动词有：c

32、onsider, discover, find, hold, imagine, judge, know, prove, suppose, think, understand等。 We believe him to have gone abroad. 我们想信他已经出国了。 2）在表示请求、允许或命令的动词后； 这类动词有：allow, ask, beg, forbid, order, permit, persuade, request,warn等。 They warned me not to be late. 他们告诫我不要迟到。,31,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,3）在某些役使动

33、词后；这类动词有：cause, compel, enable, force, get, oblige, press, urge等。 Ill get someone to help you. 我将找人来帮你。 4）在表示愿望的动词之后； 这类动词有：desire, intend, mean, want, wish等。 He wished those books to be returned soon. 他希望那些书能早点归还。 5）在表示爱憎的动词后；这类动词有：dislike, hate, like, love, cant bear等。 His wife dislikes him to be

34、a smoker. 他妻子不喜欢他抽烟。,32,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,2. 不带to的不定式（短语）作宾语补语。在某些感官动词后； 这类动词有：feel, hear, notice, observe, perceive, see, smell, watch, listen to, look at等。 Did you notice him pause? 你注意到他停了一会吗？ 3. 动词help后，作宾语补语的不定式有带to和不带to的两种情况。 1）当help的动作执行者参与作宾补的不定式所表示的行为时，不定式可不带to, 特别是在美国英语中。 Will you help u

35、s clear the table? 帮我们一起收拾桌子好吗？ 2）当help的动作执行者不参与作宾补的不定式所表示的行为时，常用带to的不定式。 The money helped him to complete his education. 这笔钱帮助他完成了学业。,33,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,七、作形容词补足语（有的语法家也称这种不定式为宾语） 1.表示原因 Im glad to hear the news. 我听到这个消息很高兴。 常与不定式搭配的形容词有：content, fortunate, glad, grateful, happy, (un-)lucky, pr

36、oud, sorry, thankful以及surprised等一些用作形容词的过去分词。 2.表示一种虚拟条件 He should be sad to know this. (=He should be sad if he knew this). 如果他知道这件事会很难过。,34,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,3.句子的主语与不定式（短语）为逻辑上的施动关系。 He was stupid to leave her. (=It was stupid of him to leave her.) 他离开她是愚蠢的。 与不定式搭配的表示人的品格或智能特征的形容词有：brave, caref

37、ul, careless, clumsy, courageous, cruel, foolish, generous, honest, kind, nice, polite, reasonable, sensible等。 4.句子的主语与不定式为逻辑上的受动关系。 She was hard to leave. (= It was hard to leave her.) 离开她是很难的。 这类词常包括：agreeable, amusing, difficult, easy, hard, hopeless, (im-)possible, interesting, nice, pleasant等。,

38、35,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,八、作定语 不定式在句中作定语时，通常置于其所修饰的名词或代词之后。 1.被修饰的中心词与不定式之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。 He is the teacher to teach us English next term. 他是下学期教我们英语的老师。 His next book to appear this year will be popular. 他今年将出版的另一本书将受欢迎。 2.不定式与被修饰的中心词之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系。 It was a game to remember. 那是一场令人难忘的球赛。 I have nothing

39、 to say on this question. 在这个问题上，我没有什么话要说。,36,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,3.有些后面带不定式宾语的动词，其同源名词也可被作后置定语的不定式修饰。 His wish to visit China is quite understandable. 他访问中国的愿望是完全可以理解的。 （名词wish与常后接不定式的动词wish同源） Her decision to be a pianist is final. (decision与常后接不定式的动词decide同源),37,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,4.有些后面带不定式作补语的

40、形容词，其同源名词也可被作后置定语的不定式修饰。 Hes reputed for his ability to speak four languages. 他以能讲四国语言而闻名。 (ability与常后接不定式的形容词able同源） I was deeply impressed by her anxiety not to disturb anyone. 他生怕惊动任何人的心绪给我留下了深刻的印象。 （anxiety与常后接不定式的形容词anxious同源） 5. 不定式用作同位语 He gave the order to start the attack. (to start与order同位

41、) 他发出了开始进攻的命令。 He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里搭他上车。,38,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,九、作状语 1作目的状语 He cupped his ear to hear better. 他的手捂着耳朵，以便听得更清楚些。 I stayed there to see what would happen. 我留在那里看看会发生什么事。 2作结果状语 He lived to be a very old man.

42、他活得很长。 In 1935 he left home never to return. 1935年，他离开家再也没回来。 He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。,39,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,3作原因状语 I trembled to think of it. 我一想到那件事就不寒而粟。 She wept to see him in such a terrible state. 她看到他这种可怕的样子就哭了。 十、作独立成份 To tell you the truth, we know not

43、hing about it. 老实说，对那件事我们一无所知。 It happened, to be exact, at five minutes past two. 确切地说，这件事发生在两点过五分。,40,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,不定式和动名词,1、只能接doing做宾语的动词: finish, enjoy, appreciate, mind, deny, suggest, practise, avoid 2、既可接to do也可接doing，重点在于意 义不同 stop, try, remember, forget, regret eg：Do you remember be

44、ing introduced to Mr. Wang during your last visit?,41,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,特别指出： prefer 用法 prefer (doing) sth to (doing) sth else prefer to do sth,3、固定搭配 would like to do sth; be supposed to do sth would sooner/rather do sth than do sth else manage to do sth 设法完成某事/try to do Theres no + doing (cf: It

45、s no use doing) eg: There is no denying that he is dead.,42,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,4、感观动词后接省略to的不定式做宾补 feel, hear, see, watch, make, have, let eg: I have the boy fetch some water for me. 考点 (1) see/hear+宾+do/doing (2) make/have+宾+do/done eg: I have made myself understood. I have my bicycle repaired.,5、

46、不定式做后置定语 eg: I have a place to live in. We have several books for you to choose from.,43,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,Part B Grammar 1. (1) D(2) D (3) A(4) B(5) A(6) D (7) D (8) B (9) B(10) A 2. (1) To finish this work needs at least ten people. (2) Our aim is to pass the English test. (3) She has a lot of h

47、omework to do, so she cant go to the dance with you. (4) In order to achieve the goal, we must work hard. (5) I had him clean the room. (I asked him to clean the room.) (6) It is very necessary for them to enlarge their vocabulary. (7) They volunteered to go to work in the factory. (8) His task is t

48、o look after the sick. (9) We must set off right now so as to get there before 5. (10) We need two people to type this article.,44,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,Part C Translation 作为出租车司机，我对乘客一直感到好奇，并尽力从他们那里了解我能够了解到的事。在多次长途的旅程中，我同乘客们建立了友好关系,包括会计、律师、水暖工，并常常从他们那里得到非常有意义的指教。但是我决定请求他帮忙。我们现在离机场不远了，所以我就开门见山。,45,202

49、0/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，包括现在分词和过去分词两种。 一、现在分词与过去分词的区别 现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表现在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作已结束。 the moving story 动人的故事 the moved audience 受感动的观众 boiling water 沸水 boiled water 开水,分 词,46,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,二、现在分词的用法 1. 现在分词作定语时多置于它所修饰的名词前，如：

50、exciting news 振奋人心的消息 annoying children 惹人心烦的孩子 She is a charming child. 她是一个招人爱的孩子 He asked an embracing question. 他提了一个令人难堪的问题。 现在分词亦可置于它所修饰的名词之后，如： There were no soldiers drilling. 没有士兵在操练。 There is nothing doing. 不行！,47,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,2. 现在分词作状语 1）作时间状语 Stepping carelessly off the pavement,

51、 he was knocked down by the bus. 他不小心离开了人行道，被公共汽车撞倒了。While flying over the channel, the pilot saw what he thought to be meteorite.飞过英吉利海峡时，驾驶员认为他看见了一颗陨星。 2）作原因状语 Living in the country, we had few social engagements. 我们住在乡村，交际的机会很少。 Seeing that it was raining, George put on his raincoat. 鉴于下雨乔治穿上了雨衣。

52、,48,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,3）作条件状语 Adopting this method, we will raise average yield by 40 percent. 采用这种方法后，平均产量将提高40%。 4）作让步状语 Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 他们尽管了解这一切，还是要我赔偿损失。 Such committees, being evenly balanced, almost never succeed in making unequivocal judgments. 这种委员会虽然代表性

53、很均衡，但几乎从未做出十分明确的判断。,49,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,5）作结果状语 He fired, wounding one of the bandits. 他开了枪，击伤了其中一名歹徒。 He mistook me for a teacher, causing me some embarrassment. 他把我误认为教师使我有点儿不好意思。 6）作方式状语或伴随情况 He earns a living driving a car. 他靠开车谋生。 He ran up to her breathing heavily. 他气喘吁吁地跑到她跟前。,50,2020/12/9

54、,工程硕士研究生英语,三、过去分词的用法 1. 作定语 The boy gave a cry and with outstretched arms ran forward. 那孩子叫了一声，伸开两臂向前跑。 Did you pay a visit to the tomb of unknown soldiers? 你去看了无名英雄之墓吗？ The workers demand increased wages. 工人要求增加工资。 2. 作状语 1）作时间状语 Heated, the metal expands. 这种金属加热后即会膨胀。 I wont go until properly invited. 我要接到正式邀请才去。,51,2020/12/9,工程硕士研究生英语,2）作原因状语 Troubled by the loss of her child, she did not go for a holiday. 由于失去孩子而痛苦，她没去渡假。 Covered with confusion, he refused to eat. 他心烦意乱，不肯吃饭。 3）作条件状语 Considered from this point, the question will be of great importance. 从这一点看，这个问题是非常重要的。 Give