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河南理工大学万方科技学院本科毕业设计（翻译)Torque Converter principles and structure by moment1）The form of torque converter and characteristics Torque converter fluid as the working medium is a non-rigid torque variableConverter is one type of hydraulic transmission.orque converter has excellent features, automatic adaptive, variable speed, goodGood low speed performance and stability, vibration isolation, and no mechanical wear, is the other transmission elementPieces of irreplaceable.After centuries of development, continuous expansion of the application of torque converterLarge, from automobiles, engineering machinery to the petroleum, chemical, mining, metallurgy and machinery, and other areasHas been widely used.Torque converter flow field theory, design and manufacturing, realTesting and other research work, in recent years, has also been rapid development.Abroad haveGenerally the hydraulic transmission for cars, buses, luxury buses, heavy-duty gasCars, some tractors and construction machinery.The widely used torque converter are the following forms: (1) GeneralWorking through three rounds of closed type hydraulic torque converter.Simple structure, starting and low speed vehiclesExercise, the main advantage of the increased torque performance torque converter, shift when the use of torque converterBuffer capacity, high-speed torque converter lock will make full use of efficient mechanical transmissionPerformance; (2) Multi-wheel torque converter work.Mainly for applications that require high starting torqueConstruction machinery and vehicles, and the need for more torque converter on the mechanical conditions of work;(3) guide vane torque converter.When the load required for two-way movement, on the dynamic performanceWith a constant speed or constant force requirements and other special traction characteristics, with a torque converter must beHas an adjustable feedback control functions, and dynamic indicators meet certainRequirements.Main application areas, with special traction requirements of the various military and civil machinery,Such as air refueling hose reel drag around machinery, active and passive two-way movement Constant load testInspection machinery, large fixed elevator machinery, land or ship based around the mechanical drag of underwater objectsEtc.; (4) a brake hydraulic torque converter traction.Towing capacity, while ensuring,Full use of the deceleration torque converter performance.Russia developed a slightCited a brake hydraulic torque converter.2）The construction of hydraulic torque converterTorque converter to the liquid as the medium, increased from the engine transmission andTorque.By the rotating torque converter pump and turbine wheel, and stationaryThree components, the guide wheel.The pieces of aluminum alloy casting, or stamping and welding steel plateMade.Pump wheel and the torque converter shell into one.Bolted to the flywheel, turboThrough the driven shaft and the transmission system connected to the piece.After all the work round the assembly, the formation ofCircular ring of circular cross section body.It has a closed working chamber, the liquid in the cavityCirculation, in which the pump wheel, turbine and guide rollers, and the input shaft, output shaft and shellAssociated bodies.Power grasp internal combustion engine, electric motor, etc.) drive the input shaft rotates, the liquidBody turns out from the centrifugal pump, in turn through the turbine, and then return pump idler pulley wheel, WeekRe beginning to circulate.Axis of impeller mechanical energy input passed to the liquid.High-speedLiquid drive a turbine rotation, the energy to the output shaft.By the torque converter fluidInteraction of angular momentum and leaves the change of torque transmission.Torque converterDifferent from the coupling of the main features is that it has a fixed guide wheel.Guide wheelDiversion effect of the liquid so that the torque converter output torque can be higher or lower than the inputTorque, which is called torque converter.And moment coefficients with the output speed rises.Torque converter input shaft and output shaft by the fluid between the contact among the components do not workA rigid connection.Torque converter is characterized by: to eliminate shock and vibration, overloadProtection performance and good starting performance; the output shaft speed can be greater than or less than the input shaftSpeed, the speed difference between the two axes with the size of the different transfer torque; have a good self-Dynamic speed performance, load increases output speed automatic decline, and vice versa automatically increased;Power machine to ensure a stable work area, the basic load transients will not be reflectedTo the power machine on.Torque converter efficiency in the vicinity of the higher rated operating conditions.Impeller isTorque converter core.The type and arrangement of its location and shape of leaves,Decision on the role of the performance of torque converter.Some have two or more hydraulic torque converterTurbo, idler pulley or pump wheel, so as to get different performance.The most common is being transferred,Single-stage (only one turbine) torque converter.Performance of both converter and couplerCharacteristics of integrated-type torque converter as, for example, can be fixed guide wheel can also be withWith the rotating impeller torque converter.To torque converter to work properly, to avoidThe avoidance of cavitation and ensure heat dissipation, need some auxiliary fuel system supply pressureSystem and cooling system.3）The torque converter worksTorque converter equipment currently used widely used by the pump wheel, turbine and guideRound consisting of three components of a single-stage two-phase integrated torque converter Lockup.Pump wheel and the vortexAre basin-shaped wheel.Even with the torque converter impeller housing as one of the active device; vortexWheels suspended in the torque converter, through the splined output shaft connected to a slave device; guideSuspended in the pump wheel and turbine wheel between the axle through one-way clutch and the guide sleeve fixedIn the transmission housing.After starting the engine, crankshaft driven pump wheel rotation, the centrifugal force generated by rotationThe pump wheel blades along the blade between the working fluid from the inner to the outer edge thrown; this divisionAs a liquid pump with both wheels turn together with the parks sub-circumferential speed, but also toward the vortexWheel speed of the axial points.The impact of the working fluid turbine blade, turbine and pump drive the direction of wheel rotation Division.Working fluid flow from the turbine speed can be seen as the working liquid for the turbineSub-surface flow speed of the turbine turn together with the sub-speed synthesis.When the vortexComparison of hours of wheel speed, the working fluid flowing from the turbine is backward, the impact of the working fluidFront guide wheel blades.Because the guide wheel is limited to one-way clutch can not turn back,So guide wheel blades will guide the working fluid flows back to move forward pump blades,For the pump wheel rotation, so that the torque acting on the turbine increases.As the turbine speed increases, sub speed bigger, when the turbine blade surface flowPoints out with the turbine speed and the speed with the velocity of rotation starting points that guide wheelThe back of the blade, the torque converter to reach the critical point.When the turbine speed to further increase The working solution will impact the back of guide wheel blades.Because one way clutch allows guideForward together with the pump wheel wheel rotation, so the working fluid, driven along the guide pulley wheel pumpFree rotation direction of rotation, the working fluid back to the pump wheel smoothly.When the flow from the turbineJust out of the working fluid exit to roller blade in the same direction, the torque converter does not produceBy torsion (where the torque converter fluid coupling condition is called condition) oOne-way clutches are commonly used one-way roller clutch and wedge two.When the one-way clutch outer seat within the seat relative to the direction of rotation to an outerSeat and was stuck between the seat refuses to move; when the outside relative to the seat to another seat withinA direction of rotation, the outer seat ring can rotate relative to the seat.Passed by the working fluid torque converter torque transmission efficiency than mechanical transmissionRate is low.Set in the torque converter clutch lock, you can high-speed conditionsLock the pump wheel and turbine together to achieve a direct transfer power to enhance the transmission torque converterDynamic efficiency.Lock the torque converter clutch in front of the turbine, by locking the piston, reducingVibrating plate and the turbine drive board composition.Automatic locking clutch in the hydraulic control systemUnder the control of energy at the right time to lock switch.4）Increasing of the torque converter principle momentsGeneral, thevehicle at low speeds, the need to increase the torque, the pump wheel passRed wizard flow turbine wheel, idler pulley and driven toward the turbine flow again, so VortexWheel torque has been increased.As the speed increases, the guide pulley driven flow againThe impact of changes in the angle of the turbine, the turbine torque are smaller increase.Finally, the impact ofThe flow guide wheel guide wheel of the negative impact, one-way rotating guide wheel, no longer played byAdd the function of torque.Specifically, before the car started, the turbine speed is 0, the engine through theTorque converter pump housing driven wheel rotation, and the hydraulic oil with a size ofMp of torque, the torque is the torque converter input torque.Hydraulic oil pumpWheel blades, driven to a certain speed toward the edge of the blade on the turbine, on the vortexRound of an impact torque, the torque is the torque converter output torque.This timeTurbine stationary andinto the turbine of the hydraulic oil flow along the turbine blade under the edge of the vortexRound the lower edge of a certain speed, along with the exit of the turbine blade under the edge of the same sideGuide to the red wheel, also produced a guide wheel on the impact of torque, and along the stationary guideBack into the impeller wheel blades.When the hydraulic oil on the turbine and the guide wheel torque an impact,Turbine and the guide wheel hydraulic oil also produces a torque of equal size and shock directionMt and opposite reaction torque Ms, where M t the direction of the direction and phase MpInstead, the direction of Ms and M p the same direction.According to the force balance of the original hydraulic oilManagement, available: Mt = Mp + Ms.Since the reaction turbine of the hydraulic oil, torque MtAnd the impact of hydraulic oil on the turbine torque, equal and opposite.So we know thatTorque converter output torque is numerically equal to the input torque and the guide wheel of the hydraulicAnd the reaction torque of the oil.Obviously the torque is greater than the input torque, the solutionPower converter with increased torque effect.Increasing torque converter output torqueIs the stationary part of the guide wheel hydraulic oil circulating the role of torque,Its value depends not only on red wizard from the turbine wheel flow rate, also depends on the solutionFlow direction and the angle between the guide wheel blades.When the flow rate is constant, leaves andThe larger the angle between flow, reaction torque is also greater, increasing torsion torque converterThe greater.This is the torque converter by moment theory.5) The development of manufacturing methods of torque converter status.The manufacture of hydraulic torque converter, with the form and structure of the torque converter should beVary together.The manufacture of the impeller can be divided into two categories: assemblyOverall casting style.The former impeller inner, outer and gold leaf were usedStamping or milling from the system, then, by welding, riveting way, the three-part groupComplete impeller, the method is low cost, single-piece, precision and flow channelThe advantages of high surface roughness, but the tooling costs.Which the impeller inner ring, outer ringFilm directly from the die casting into one, typically aluminum castings.According to the formation of flowCore of the system of law is different from the work of the whole round of the casting method is divided into core law andCore method, suitable for a curved surface shape of the leaf thickness and not soManufacturing.According to different materials to form the mold cavity, the work of the casting wheelCan be divided into sand casting and metal casting.Metal type, gypsum coreCasting aluminum impeller torque converter production methods to improve castingSurface roughness to ensure dimensional accuracy, and can cast the blade root of the fillet.Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which isthe pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols. Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted. Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the systemWith mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life; 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion / 7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved. The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage. Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.From：Nonlinear Dyn (2007)液力变矩器增矩原理与构造一 、液力变矩器的特性及形式 液力变矩器是以液体为工作介质的一种非刚性扭矩变 换器 ， 是液力传动的型式之一。 液力变矩器具有的优 良特性， 自动适应性、 无级变速、 良 好稳定的低速性能、 减振隔振及无机械磨损等， 是其它传动元 件无可替代的。历经百年的发展， 液力变矩器的应用不断扩 大， 从汽车、 工程机械到石油、 化工、 矿山、 冶金机械等领域都 得到了广泛的应用。液力变矩器的流场理论、 设计和制造、 实 验等研究工作， 近年来， 也得到了突飞猛进的发展。 国外已 普遍将液力传动用于轿车、 公共汽车、 豪华型大客车、 重型汽 车、 某些牵引车及工程机械等。 目前广泛使用的液力变矩器主要有下列几种形式 ： ( 1 ) 普 通三工作轮闭锁式液力变矩器。结构简单 ， 车辆起动和低速 行使时， 主要利用变矩器的增矩性能， 换档时利用变矩器 的 缓冲性能， 高速时将变矩器闭锁， 充分利用机械传动的高效 性能； ( 2) 多工作轮液力变矩器。主要用于需要起动转矩大 的工程机械和车辆， 和需要液力变矩器多工况工作的机械上 ； ( 3) 导叶式液力变矩器。当负载需作双向运动， 对动力性能 具有恒速或恒力等特殊牵引特性要求时， 液力变矩器必须具 有可调节反馈控制的功能， 并在动态指标方面满足一定的要 求。 主要应用领域是 ， 具有特种牵引要求 的各种军、 民用机械 ， 如空中加油软管曳绕卷盘机械 ， 主被动双向运动恒力加载试 验机械， 大型固定式提升机械 ， 陆基或船基水下物件曳绕机械 等； ( 4) 牵引 一制动型液力变矩器。在保证牵引能力的同时， 充分利用液力变矩器的减速制动性能。俄罗斯研制了一种牵 引一制动型液力变矩器。 二、 液力变矩器的构造 液力变矩器以液体作为介质， 传递和增大来自发动机的 扭矩。液力变矩器由可转动的泵轮和涡轮， 以及固定不动的 导轮三元件构成。各件用铝合金精密铸造或用钢板冲压焊接 而成。泵轮与变矩器壳成一体。用螺栓固定在飞轮上， 涡轮 通过从动轴与传动系各件相连。所有工作轮在装配后， 形成 断面为循环圆的环状体。它有一个密闭工作腔， 液体在腔内 循环流动， 其中泵轮、 涡轮和导轮分别与输入轴、 输出轴和壳 体相联。动力抓 内燃机、 电动机等 ) 带动输入轴旋转时， 液 体从离心式泵轮流出， 顺次经过涡轮、 导轮再返回泵轮， 周而 复始地循环流动。泵轮将输入轴的机械能传递给液体。高速 液体推动涡轮旋转， 将能量传给输 出轴。液力变矩器靠液体 与叶片相互作用产生动量矩的变化来传递扭矩。液力变矩器 不同于液力耦合器的主要特征是它具有固定的导轮。导轮对 液体的导流作用使液力变矩器的输出扭矩可高于或低于输入 扭矩 ， 因而称为变矩器。变矩系数随输出转速的上升而下降。 液力变矩器的输入轴与输出轴间靠液体联系， 工作构件间没 有刚性联接。液力变矩器的特点是 ： 能消除冲击和振动 ， 过载 保护性能和起动性能好； 输出轴的转速可大于或小于输入轴 的转速 ， 两轴的转速差随传递扭矩的大小而不同； 有 良好的自 动变速性能 ， 载荷增大时输 出转速自动下降， 反之 自动上升 ； 保证动力机有稳定 的工作区， 载荷的瞬态变化基本不会反映 到动力机上。液力变矩器在额定工况附近效率较高。叶轮是 液力变矩器的核心。它的型式和布置位置以及叶片的形状 ， 对变矩器的性能有决定作用。有的液力变矩器
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