新职业英语 土建英语 Unit 3[基础教学]

1、土 建 英 语,新职业英语,Unit 3 Designing a Building,English for Civil Engineering,Warming-up,Reading A,Listening,Speaking,4,1,2,3,Reading B,5,Writing,6,Vocabulary and Structure,8,Self-evaluation,7,Grammar,9,The Greatest Building,10,Warming-up,Task 1,Task 2,Warming-up,Task 1,A team of a construction project in

2、volves people who play different roles. Match the people with their Chinese equivalents,1. architect 2. civil engineer 3. interior designer 4. quantity surveyor 5. engineer in charge 6. mechanical engineer 7. electrical engineer 8. structural engineer,A. 结构工程师 B. 电气工程师 C. 室内设计师 D. 建筑师 E. 机械工程师 F. （工

3、时、造价等）估算员 G. 主管工程师 H. 土木工程师,Warming-up,Task 2,Match the phrases with their Chinese equivalents,1. preliminary design 2. specifications 3. comparison of drafts 4. process flow chart 5. master plan 6. technical design 7. color scheme 8. working drawing,A. 明细规范 B. 方案比较 C. 总体规划图 D. 初步设计 E. 色彩布局 F. 工艺流程图

4、 G. 施工图 H. 技术设计,Reading A,Task 1,Text,Task 2,Task 3,Task 4,Reading A,Task 1 Before reading the passage, see how much you know about design procedures by answering the following questions. 1. What is an architectural design? 2. What factors should be taken into consideration before a design is comple

5、ted,Reading A,声音,翻译,How to Design,The design of each construction project has its own specific characteristics, but the steps or phases that are needed to build the structure are similar. These steps are mainly,Reading A,声音,翻译,Step One: Study Performance Requirements The designer must study the perf

6、ormance requirements thoroughly. Some of these requirements include matters such as load intensities and their duration, and the effects of dynamic action,Reading A,声音,翻译,Step Two: Investigate Local Conditions The design of any civil engineering structure is greatly influenced by local conditions. E

7、ven if the performance requirements are the same and the same type of structures is selected for different locations, each structure will exhibit differences in design so as to comply with the local conditions. Site elevations, foundation characteristics, water tables, immediate surroundings, and th

8、e environment as a whole are some of the local conditions that will need to be investigated,Reading A,声音,翻译,Step Three: Draw a Preliminary Design Size ratios depend on the type of structures, Its use, and the major design procedure that is adopted. Cross-sections of the area, and the use of availabl

9、e empirical rules, combined with some rough calculations will help the drawing of a preliminary design. Preliminary sizes and size ratios, have to be assumed before any analysis can take place,Reading A,声音,翻译,Step Four: Carry out a Structural Analysis The stress levels to be expected from the prelim

10、inary design can now be determined. In most cases, strength is the initial design criterion, while all other criteria are used for checks at later stages,Reading A,声音,翻译,Step Five: Select Shapes and Sizes The revised selection of sizes and shapes and their ratios takes place after analysis. These ar

11、e compared with those initially assumed. To arrive at an economical design, it is usually necessary to repeat the analysis with the revised sizes and shapes. For an optimum design, computer programs can be used to carry out this trial-and- error procedure, which typically assumes dimensions and chec

12、ks the resulting stresses by means of analysis,Reading A,声音,翻译,Step Six: Develop a Secondary Design Most designs are initially based on the strength criterion. Overall structural stability, deformations, dynamic behavior, the occurrence of secondary stresses due to temperature changes, and the desig

13、n and retention of connections could all be classified as secondary design criteria. When these secondary effects are investigated, they may prove to be major effects requiring modifications or revisions of the initial design. Based on experience, the engineer may be able to recognize at an early st

14、age how relevant any secondary criteria will be and will include these in the initial design,Reading A,每个建筑项目的设计都有其具体的特点，必要的设计步骤大致相同。这些步骤主要有,如何进行设计,Reading A,第一步：研究性能要求 设计者必须全面研究性能要求。这些要求包括负荷强度和持续时间，以及动态作用的影响,Reading A,第二步：考察当地条件 任何一项土建工程的结构设计都极大地受到当地条件的影响。即使性能要求相同而且建筑类型也相同，如果建筑地点不同，每个建筑在设计上也会有所差异，从

15、而与当地条件相适应。选址的海拔高度、地基特征、地下水位、周围事物以及整个环境等都是需要深入调查的当地条件,Reading A,第三步：做出初步设计 大小比例取决于结构的类型、应用以及主要采用的设计程序。区域横截面，现有的经验法则结合一些粗略计算，都有助于做出初步的设计,Reading A,第四步：进行结构分析 现在可以决定初步设计中预期的应力水平。在多数情况下，强度是初始设计标准，而所有其他标准则用于后期检验,Reading A,第五步：选择形状和大小 经过分析，可以修正大小、形状和比例等，并与初始假设作比较。为了设计出一种经济的方案，通常都需要对调整后的大小和形状进行反复分析。为了达到最优化

16、设计，可以利用计算机程序执行反复试验程序，这是一种典型的，用于假定大小并且检验由此产生的应力的方法,Reading A,第六步：进行二次设计 大多数设计最初是基于强度标准。而整体结构的稳定性、变形、动力学行为和由温度变化引起的次应力、连接的设计和保留等都可作为二次设计标准。当深入研究这些影响后，就可能需对初步设计进行修改或修正。工程师可以根据经验，在早期发现这些二次标准的相关性并在初步设计时加以考虑,Reading A,characteristic,n. 特征，特性,e.g.1. The need to communicate with one another is a key charact

17、eristic of human society. 人类社会的关键特性就是人们需要与其他人 交流。 2. Babbling remains one of Jims less endearing characteristics. 唠叨一直是吉姆不太讨人喜欢的一个特点,Reading A,thoroughly,e.g.1. Im thoroughly confused by his words. 我对他说的话感到非常困惑。 2. I thoroughly enjoyed the dinner tonight. 我非常喜欢今天的晚餐,adv. 完全地；极度地,Reading A,influence,

18、v. 影响，起作用,e.g.1. A number of social factors influence life expectancy. 很多社会因素都会影响平均寿命。 2. Dont let me influence your idea. 别让我影响你的想法。 Useful Expression： influence sb. to do sth. 影响某人做某事,Reading A,comply with,服从，遵守,e.g.1. There are serious penalties for failure to comply with the regulations. 不遵守规则将受

19、到严重惩罚。 2. People who refuse to comply with the law will be punished. 不遵守法律的人将受到惩罚,Reading A,investigate,v. 查明；调查；审查,e.g.1. The researchers are investigating to find out how to improve the existing products. 研究者们正在调查找出改善现有产品的方法。 2. I heard a noise and went downstairs to investigate. 我听见响声，就下楼去看个究竟,Re

20、ading A,adopt,v. 采用,e.g.1. He has adopted a remarkably light-hearted attitude toward the situation. 在这种情形下他采取了一种异常轻松的 态度来面对。 2. The courts asked to adopt a more flexible approach to young offenders. 法庭要求对年轻罪犯采用较灵活的处理方法,Reading A,empirical,adj. 以经验为依据的,e.g.1. Empirical studies show that some forms of

21、 alternative medicine are extremely effective. 科学研究显示一些替换性的药物是非常有效的。 2. Researchers hope to find empirical evidence to confirm their investigation. 研究者们希望能找到实验依据证明他们的调查,Reading A,criterion,n. （尤指做出科学判断、决定的）标准，准则,e.g.1. We are looking for a very specific sort of person and this woman seems to fulfill

22、 all of our criteria. 我们正在找一个特别的人而这个女人正 符合所有的标准。 2. What are your criteria for judging a good person? 你判断一个好人的标准是什么,Reading A,economical,adj. 经济的，省钱的，节约的,e.g.1. Whats the most economical way of heating this building? 给这栋楼供暖最经济的方式是什么？ 2. A small car is more economical than a large one. 小型汽车比大型的更省钱,Re

23、ading A,optimum,adj. 最优的；最佳条件，最佳状况,e.g.1. A mixture of selected funds is an optimum choice for future security and return on investment. 对于将来投资回报的安全性，有选择性的基金的 混合是最好的选择。 2. It is the optimum conditions for growing rice. 这是种植水稻的最佳条件,Reading A,overall,adj. 包括一切的，全部的,e.g.1. The overall report is good, d

24、espite a few minor problems. 报告总体上好的，虽然有一些小问题。 2. Whats the overall cost of the products? 这个产品全部的费用是多少,Reading A,deformation,n. 变丑，畸形,e.g.1. The deformation of the bones was caused by poor diet. 骨骼的变形是由营养不良引起的。 2. The change of the temperature leads to the deformation of the wooden door. 温度的改变导致了木质门

25、的变形,Reading A,duration,n. 持续的时间，期间,e.g.1. He will be in hospital for the duration of the school year. 整个学前他都要住院。 2. Jack was interned and had to stay in the UK for the duration of the war. 杰克遭到扣押，在战争中不得不留在英国,Reading A,occurrence,n. 发生的事，事件,e.g.1. Hurricane in this place is a common occurrence. 这个地方刮

26、飓风是常有的事。 2. Laughter was a rare occurrence in her classroom. 她的教室里难得有笑声,Reading A,structure,n. 结构,e.g.1. The financial structure is the key of the company. 财务结构是组成公司的关键。 2. The structure of this sentence is very simple. 这个句子的结构非常简单,Reading A,Task 2,Read the passage and arrange the following steps in

27、 the right order,The correct order is _,E C D B F A,A. Develop a Secondary Design B. Carry out a Structural Analysis C. Investigate Local Conditions D. Draw a Preliminary Design E. Study Performance Requirements F. Select Shapes and Sizes,Reading A,Task 3,Read the passage again and decide whether th

28、e following statements are true (T) or false (F,T,T,F,F,F,F,T,F,The performance requirements are carefully studied at the very beginning. 2. The local conditions may affect the design considerably. 3. Site elevations, foundation characteristics, etc. decide the size ratios in a preliminary design. 4

29、. The stability is a criterion in initial design. 5. The sizes and shapes are selected in the third step. 6. For a good design, a trial-and-error procedure is conducted by engineers themselves. 7. Secondary design consideration include structural stability, deformations, etc. 8. Temperature changes

30、may affect the stability of a building,Reading A,Task 4,Answer the following questions by filling in the blanks,1. What are performance requirements? They include _ and their duration, and _ . 2. What are the local conditions for civil engineering structure? They include _ , foundation characteristi

31、cs, _ and immediate surroundings, etc. 3. What are closely related to preliminary sizes? Size ratios depend on _, its use, and the major _,load intensities,the effects of dynamic action,site elevations,water tables,the type of structures,design procedure that is adopted,Reading A,4. What is mentione

32、d as a criterion in the initial design? In most cases, _is the initial design criterion, while all other criteria are used for checks at later stages. 5. What is involved for an optimum design? For an optimum design _, can be used to carry out the _, which typically assumes dimensions and checks the

33、 resulting stress by means of analysis,strength,computer programs,trial-and-error procedure,Listening,Task 2,Task 3,Task 4,Task 1,Task 5,Listening,Task 1,Mrs. Li is calling John for the next monthly meeting. Listen to the conversation and complete the following statements,1. This conversation probab

34、ly takes place between a(n) _ and a(n) _ . 2. Mrs. Li asks John to _ and _. 3. John promises to respond to Mrs. Li either _or _,manager,secretary,proofread her plan for the meeting,send the plan to the architects and civil engineers,this afternoon,this evening,New Words workable adj. 可行的 proofread v

35、. 校对,Listening,Task 1 Script,Listening,Task 2,Listen to the conversation in Task 1 again and complete the following notepad,To talk about the next meeting,next Wednesday, the 15th,Architects and civil engineers,About the construction schedule,Purpose of the conversation: _ Time for the meeting: _ Pa

36、rticipants of the meeting: _ Main issue of the meeting: _,Listening,Task 3,Listen to the architect, Mr. Holt, as he gives his monthly progress report at the meeting. Fill in the blanks with what you hear,Mrs. Li: Shall we start our meeting? OK. Gentlemen, the purpose of our meeting today is to revie

37、w and discuss the 1 _ of this project. Mr. Holt, our main 2 _ for this project, will give us an account of the construction schedule and recent progress,progress,architect,Listening,Mr. Holt: First of all, I would like to explain what we have achieved. Generally speaking, the 3 _activities have been

38、 going smoothly. Let me start with the diversion structure. We have placed 2,656 cubic meters of concrete. This phase will be completed tomorrow and 4 _. Next, Id like to discuss the scheduled work for the next four weeks. We understand that the weather forecast is 5 _ that the rainy season will com

39、e earlier than usual. So we have concentrated our manpower and equipment on the 6 _and on the concrete placement,construction,on schedule,indicating,foundations,Listening,Task 3 Script,Listening,Task 4,An Environmental Inspector, Mr. Chen, is paying a visit to Mrs. Lis project. Listen to the convers

40、ation and answer the following questions,1. Whats the purpose of Mr. Chens visit? 2. What are the local residents from nearby communities worried about,His visit is to learn how the environment is beingprotected,They are worried about the possible negativeimpact on the environment especially during

41、theconstruction phase,New Words resident n. 居民 contamination n. 污染,Listening,3. What has the company done to protect the environment in general? 4. What does the company do to protect the river from contamination? 5. Where does Mr. Chen want to go at last,The company have studied the relevant enviro

42、nmental protection regulations and fully complied with everything,They clear away things like empty cement bags and other waste materials from the river banks twice a day,He wants to go to the construction site,Listening,Task Script,Listening,Task 5,Listen to a passage about structural design and fi

43、ll in the blanks with what you hear,1 _ is a significant aspect of structural design. It usually starts with a basic shape and size, and then the ratios are changed by 2 _ This process is dynamic. The adjustment may be 3 _ , or it may be modeled on computers but the 4 _are constantly monitored. Othe

44、r considerations, such as 5 _, deformations, dynamic behavior, are also important criteria in a structural design,The selection of shapes and sizes,proper adjustment,a trial-and-error procedure,resulting stress,overall structural stability,New Words adjustment n. 调整，调节 constantly adv. 不断地，时常地,Listen

45、ing,Task 5 Script,Speaking,Task 2,Task 3,Task 4,Task 1,Speaking,Task 1,Work by yourself. Read and learn the following expressions by heart,Speaking,Task 2,Work in pairs. Suppose you are a representative for a construction company and you are hold a press conference about a new project. Discuss what

46、types of questions may be raised and how you should answer them,Example: A: Good morning, everyone. Im John Hopkins, from TCT Building Company. Any questions? B: Could you say the initial plan was a success from your point of view? A:_ _ _. B: Do you have plans for further improvements? A:_ _ _. B:

47、One last question: is it true that you said you expect to get approval of your secondary plans in the next monthly meeting? A:_. B:,Well, as I said before, the initial plan serves as a good beginning, which also needs constant modification. It was successful in a sense for it is a flexible and open

48、plan,Sure. The following-up plan has been discussed and we will consult the experts in this field in our meetings to ensure the plan suits the purpose,Yes, sure,Speaking,Task 3,Manager of TCT Building Work in pairs. Suppose you are the Senior Company, while your partner is an inspector. Practice mak

49、ing a conversation with the help of the instructions below,Senior Manager welcome the inspector for his/her visit explain the design details introduce the quality control strategies Inspector check the plans and designs check the quality of building materials expect to talk with the engineers and wo

50、rkers,Speaking,Task 4,Work in groups. Suppose you are chairing a meeting. Practice holding a discussion by following the steps given below,Reading B,Task 1,Task 2,Text,Task 3,Reading B,Building A-B: General Offices and Departmental Offices,Building A-B is aligned east-west and is situated at the nor

51、thwest corner of the site. The elevations of Buildings A-B and C are the same,Reading B,Building A-B contains two main office areas, the General Offices and Departmental Offices. In order to provide easy communication between these two groups they are placed together in one building with the General

52、 Offices to the south and the Departmental Offices to the north. They share a south-facing main entrance and are separated by an open-air courtyard. At the west side of the courtyard is a shared Exhibition Hall on Level 1 and a large Meeting Room on Level 3,Reading B,At the north and the south of th

53、e Exhibition Hall are a set of stairs and an elevator; the set at the south is for the General Offices and the set at the north for the Departmental Offices. An additional single staircase at the east side of the courtyard is shared by both,Reading B,Windows on Levels 1, 2 and 3 have window sills at

54、 900mm above the floor, while windows on Level 4 are floor to ceiling,Reading B,To reduce solar heat gain and glare: The upper part of the south faade has a large roof overhang. The lower floors of the south faade are shaded by a wall of ivy that climbs up to a long cantilever beam from the floor of

55、 Level 4. The west - facing window of the Exhibition Hall (Level 1) is 13.6 meters. The window slopes inward to reduce heat gain and to provide indirect light to the room. The west-facing window of the large Meeting Room (Level 3) is protected by a man-made wood, louvered screen,Reading B,Exterior w

56、all finishes are mainly exterior paint. Exterior window sills are aluminum 3mm thick. The interior courtyard walls are curtain walls. The columns around the courtyards rise up 3 meters above the parapet walls. The top of the columns are linked by a perimeter beam,Reading B,A 座和B 座均为东西走向，位于建筑区西北角。A 座

57、和B 座的楼高与C座一致,A 座和B 座：行政办公区和教学办公区,Reading B,A 座和B 座有两个主要办公区：行政办公区和教学办公区。它们同在一个建筑物内是为了方便沟通，其中行政办公去在南面，教学办公区在北面。它们还共用一个朝南的正门，并由一个露天的庭院隔开。在庭院西侧是一个共享的展览厅，该厅位于一层，以及位于三层的一个大会议室,Reading B,展览厅的北侧和南侧均有楼梯和电梯。南侧的楼梯供行政办公区使用，北侧的楼梯供教学办公区使用。另外，庭院东侧的单梯为共用梯,Reading B,一层、二层和三层的窗户有离地面900毫米的窗台，而四层的窗户则是从地板到天花板的落地窗,Reading B,为了减少太