真空泵的磁性液体密封设计【含CAD图纸+PDF图】
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合金钢在普通碳素钢基础上添加适量的一种或多种合金元素而构成的铁碳合金。根据添加元素的不同，并采取适当的加工工艺，可获得高强度、高韧性、耐磨、耐腐蚀、耐低温、耐高温、无磁性等特殊性能。合金钢的主要合金元素有硅、锰、铬、镍、钼、钨、钒、钛、铌、锆、钴、铝、铜、硼、稀土等。其中钒、钛、铌、锆等在钢中是强碳化物形成元素，只要有足够的碳，在适当条件下，就能形成各自的碳化物，当缺碳或在高温条件下，则以原子状态进入固溶体中；锰、铬、钨、钼为碳化物形成元素，其中一部分以原子状态进入固溶体中，另一部分形成置换式合金渗碳体；铝、铜、镍、钴、硅等是不形成碳化物元素，一般以原子状态存在于固溶体中。合金钢种类很多，通常按合金元素含量多少分为低合金钢（含量5），中合金钢（含量510），高合金钢（含量10）；按质量分为优质合金钢、特质合金钢；按特性和用途又分为合金结构钢、不锈钢、耐酸钢、耐磨钢、耐热钢、合金工具钢、滚动轴承钢、合金弹簧钢和特殊性能钢（如软磁钢、永磁钢、无磁钢）等。在钢中除含铁、碳和少量不可避免的硅、锰、磷、硫元素以外，还含有一定量的合金元素，钢中的合金元素有硅、锰、钼、镍、硌、矾、钛、铌、硼、铅、稀土等其中的一种或几种，这种钢叫合金钢 各的合金钢系统，随各自的资源情况、生产和使用条件不同而不同，国外以往曾发展镍、硌钢系统，我国则发现以硅、锰、钒、钛、铌、硼、铅、稀土为主的合金钢系统 合金钢在钢的总产量中约占百分之十几，一般是在电炉中冶炼的按用途可以把合金钢分为8大类，它们是：合金结构钢、弹簧钢、轴承钢、合金工具钢、高速工具钢、不锈钢、耐热不起皮钢，电工用硅钢。合金工具钢合金工具钢具有更高硬度、耐磨性，更好的淬透性、热硬性和回火稳定性等。因而可以制造模具、量具和其它工具。1、低合金工具钢低合金工具钢是在碳素工具钢的基础上，加入少量的合金元素Cr、Mn、Si、W、V等 ，提高钢的淬透性和回火稳定性，因而提高钢的强度、耐磨性和热硬性。在230 260回火后硬度仍保持HRC60以上，从而保证一定的热硬性。常用的低合金工具钢有9SiCr、CrWMn等。低合金工具钢的热处理为球化退火、淬火和低温回火。最后组织为回火马氏体、合金碳化物和少量残余奥氏体。2、高速钢高速钢是一种高碳合金工具钢，用高速钢制的刀具，可以进行高速切削，具有良好的热硬性。当切削温度高达600左右时硬度仍无明显下降。 高速钢中含有大量的合金元素W、Mo、Cr、V等，使钢具有高的硬度和耐磨性，较高的热硬性，足够的强度和韧性等。这些性能当然也要通过适当的热处理才能保证。高速钢的铸态组织中有粗大的鱼骨状合金碳化物，使钢的机械性能降低，但不能用热处理来消除，只有采用反复锻击的办法将其击碎，并均匀分布在基体上。高速钢锻造之后，要进行退火，以消除应力，降低硬度，为以后的淬火作组织上的准备。高速钢只有通过正确的淬火和回火才能使性能充分发挥出来。W18Cr4V钢的最终热处理工艺曲线如图所示。淬火温度较高的目的是使大量的合金碳化物溶入奥氏体中，以得到良好的红硬性。高速钢淬火后，还保留一部分残余奥氏体，一次回火难以全部消除，影响钢的硬度和耐磨性，故必须经多次回火使其全部转变，一般常采用560三次回火，每次保温1小时。3、硬质合金硬质合金是将特制的高熔点、高硬度的金属碳化物粉末和粘结剂混合，压制成型，再经烧结而成的一种粉末冶金材料。硬质合金的性能特点是：硬度高HRA(8693)，相当于HRC(6981)。热硬性好(可达9001100)，耐磨性优良。因此硬质合金主要用做切削工具。其刀具的切削速度比高速钢可提高47倍，寿命提高580倍，制造模具、量具寿命可提高20150倍。有的金属材料如奥氏体耐热钢和不锈钢等用高速钢无法切削加工，若用含WC的硬质合金就可以切削加工。合金模具钢用于制作冷、热模具的钢种为模具钢1.冷模具钢包括冷镦模、拉丝模、滚丝模等，属于接近室温状态下对金属进行变形加工的一种模具。要求有高的硬度和良好的耐磨性，以及足够的强度和韧性，热处理变形要小。小模具用CrWMn来制造，大型模具采用淬透性高、抗磨性高的Cr12钢来制造。这类钢热处理过程是球化退火，淬火，低温回火。回火后组织是回火马氏体，合金碳化物和少量的残余奥氏体。2.热模具钢在高温下工作的模具钢如热锻模。要求在高温下有高的强度及足够的耐磨性和韧性，良好的抗热疲劳性，为使整体性能一致，还需有良好的淬透性。合金量具钢合金量具钢用于制造各种测量工具，如千分尺、量规、块规等。常用量具为了保证量具的精确度，制造量具的钢应具有良好的尺寸稳定性、较高的硬度及耐磨性。量具钢没有专用钢。尺寸小、形状简单、精度较低的量具，用高碳钢制造；复杂的精密量具用低合金刃具钢制造。alloy steelIn the ordinary carbon steel on the basis of adding some one or more alloying elements which constitute the iron-carbon alloy. According to the different elements added, and take appropriate processing technology.Will be high-intensity, high toughness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, low temperature resistance, high temperature, non-magnetic, and other special properties. Steel is the main alloying elements silicon, manganese, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, cobalt, aluminum, copper, boron, such as rare earth. Including vanadium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, such as in steel is strong carbide forming elements. As long as there is sufficient carbon, under appropriate conditions, will be able to form their own carbide; When carbon or missing in the high-temperature conditions, while atomic enter solid solution. Manganese, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum carbide formation of the elements. Atomic part of the state to enter solid solution, another part of a replacement alloy cementite; Aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, silicon carbide forming elements is not, to the general state of atoms in solid solution in existence.There are many kinds of steel, normally divided into the number of alloy elements in low alloy steel (content 10%);By mass into high-quality steel, alloy steel qualities; According to characteristics and uses are divided into alloy structural steel, stainless steel, acid-proof steel, wear-resistant steel, heat-resistant steel, alloy tool steel, rolling bearing steel, spring steel and special alloy steel performance (such as soft magnets, permanent magnet steel, non-magnetic Steel).In steel, in addition to iron, carbon and a small amount of the inevitable silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, also contain a certain amount of alloying elements. Alloy elements in steel with silicon, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, Ge, alumina, titanium, niobium, boron, lead, rare earth, and so one or several of them,Steel is the steel that the steel system.With their resources, the production and use of different conditions and different. Foreign previous development nickel, steel Ge system, China was found to silicon, manganese, vanadium, titanium, niobium, boron, lead, rare earth-based steel alloy steel in the steel system in the total output of about 10 per cent. Generally in the smelting furnace by the use of the steel can be divided into eight major categories.They are: alloy structural steel, spring steel, bearing steel, alloy tool steel, high speed tool steel, stainless steel, heat-resistant skin can not afford steel, silicon steel electrician.Alloy tool steelThe alloy tool steel has a higher degree of hardness, the resistance to wear, better hardenability, hot rigidity and tempering stable and so on. Thus may make the mold, the measuring instrument and other tools.1st, low-alloy tool steelThe low-alloy tool steel is in the ordinary tool steel foundation, joins few alloying element Cr, Mn, Si, W, V and so on, enhances the steel the hardenability and the tempering stability, thus enhances the steel the intensity, the resistance to wear and the hot rigidity. Degree of hardness still maintained above HRC60 after 230 260 tempering, thus guaranteed the certain hot rigidity. The commonly used low-alloy tool steel has 9SiCr, CrWMn and so on.Low-alloy tool steel heat treatment for , quenching and low tempering. Finally organizes for the tempered martensite, the alloy carbide and the few remaining austenite.2nd, high-speed steelThe high-speed steel is one kind of high carbon alloy tool steel, with the high-speed steel system cutting tool, may carry on the high-speed cutting, has the good hot rigidity. When the cutting temperature reached as high as 600 about degree of hardness still not obviously to drop.In the high-speed steel includes massive alloying element W, Mo, Cr, V and so on, enable the steel to have the high degree of hardness and the resistance to wear, higher hot rigidity, enough intensity and tough and so on. These performance certainly also must be able to guarantee through the suitable heat treatment.In the high-speed steel casting condition organization has the thick fish bones shape alloy carbide, causes the steel the machine capability to reduce, but cannot use the heat treatment to eliminate, only has the means which uses repeatedly hammers strikes it to crush, and evenly distributes in the substrate. After high-speed steel forging, must carry on , the stress-relieving, reduces degree of hardness, will be the later quenching makes in the organization the preparation.The high-speed steel only through correct quenching and the tempering can enable the performance fully to display. The W18Cr4V steel final heat treatment craft curve like chart shows. A hardening temperature higher goal is causes the massive alloy carbide to dissolve into in the austenite, by obtains the good red hardness. After high-speed steel quenching, but also retains part of remaining austenite, a tempering completely eliminates with difficulty, affects the steel degree of hardness and the resistance to wear, therefore must pass through the multiple tempering to cause it completely to transform, generally often uses 560 three tempering, each time keeps warm for 1 hour.3rd, hard alloyThe hard alloy is high mp, the high degree of hardness metal carbide powder and the cementing agent mix which specially makes, suppresses takes shape, again passes through one kind of powder metallurgy material which agglutinates becomes.The hard alloy performance characteristic is: Degree of hardness high HRA (86 93), is equal to HRC (69 81). The hot rigidity good (may reach 900 1,100 ), the resistance to wear is fine. Therefore the hard alloy mainly with makes the cutting tool. Its cutting tool cutting speed may enhance 4 7 times compared to the high-speed steel, the life enhances 5 80 times, makes the mold, the measuring instrument life may enhance 20 150 times. Some metal material like austenite high-temperature steel and the stainless steel urgently need the high-speed steel to be unable the machining, if with contains WC the hard alloy to be allowed the machining.Alloy molding tool steelUses in coldly to manufacture, the hot mold aluminum is the molding tool steel1. Cold molding tool steelIncluding Leng Duimu, the wiredrawing mold, roll the silk mold and so on, belongs approaches under the room temperature condition to carry on the distortion processing to the metal one kind of mold. The request has the high degree of hardness and the good resistance to wear, as well as the enough intensity and toughness, the heat treatment distorts must be small. The small mold makes with CrWMn, the large-scale mold uses the hardenability to be high, the abrasion resistant high Cr12 steel makes.This kind of steel heat treatment process is quenching, low tempering. After the tempering the organization is the tempered martensite, the alloy carbide and the few remaining auste
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