精密平面磨床微进给及微位移工作台设计【含CAD图纸+PDF图】
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无锡太湖学院毕毕业业设设计计（论论文文）开开题题报报告告题目：题目： 精密平面磨床微进给及微位移精密平面磨床微进给及微位移 工作台设计工作台设计 信机 系系 机械工程及自动化 专专 业业学 号： 0923150 学生姓名： 邱文浩 指导教师： 范圣耀 （职称：副教授） （职称：副教授）2013年1 月15日 课题来源课题来源自拟题目科学依据科学依据（1）课题科学意义当代社会，制造业特别是机械制造业是国民经济的支柱产业，现代制造业正在改变着人们的生产方式、生活方式、经营管理模式乃至社会的组织结构和文化。由于中国潜在的巨大市场和丰富的劳动力资源，世界的制造业正在向中国转移，中国正在成为世界的制造大国。我国在家电等若干产品的产量已居世界第一位。但是在自主知识产权的创新设计、先进制造工艺和装备及现代化管理等方面仍然存在很大差距，所以我们还没还不是领先于世界的制造强国。机械制造业是国民经济和社会发展的物质基础，是一个国家综合国力的重要体现。伴随经济全球化，我国正在成为世界机械制造业的中心，但是与发达国家相比，我国机械制造业不仅制造工艺装备陈旧、生产自动化技术落后，企业管理粗放、缺乏自主创新产品与先进技术等，而且在快速、高品质、低成本，以及优质服务方面也有较大的差距。因此正确分析我国机械制造业的品牌优势、技术优势和成本优势，并依据不同类型制造业的特点，有针对性地提出制造业的信息化战略对策具有重要意义。（2）精密加工技术的研究状况及其发展前景精密和超精密制造技术是当前各个工业国家发展经济的核心技术之一,因此了解精密与超精密加工的国内外发展状况及发展趋势对我国发展装备制造业具有十分重要的意义。目前精密加工所能达到的加工精度距加工的极限还有相当的距离。国外有人声称已开发了以原子级去除单位的加工方法，但目前还未在实际生产中得到应用。为了促进精密加工技术的发展，应深入研究和探讨下列几个问题，即发展前景：(1)努力开发加工单位极小的精密加工方法；(2)开发精密的机械机构；(3)开发高精度的检测系统；(4)开发适用于精密加工并能获得高精度、搞表面质量的新型材料。研究内容研究内容 设计一台精密数控平面磨床，用砂轮周边磨削平面，也可以磨削台阶平面、能用于机械制造业及工具磨具制造业，能加工各种难加工材料（如陶瓷材料） ； 磨床总体设计方案确定，绘制机床总体布局图； 砂轮修整器设计计算； 垂直进给机构的设计，伺服电机和滚珠丝杠副设计计算，绘制垂直进给机械结构的装配图 ； 结合数控技术的微位移工作台的设计；拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析实验方案设计一台精密数控平面磨床，用砂轮周边磨削平面和台阶平面，用于机械制造业及工具模具制造业，且能加工各种难加工材料。确定了该精密平面磨床工作台的各个部件及其功能分配，完成了该平面磨床的传动选择以及总体布局设计。利用滚珠丝杆为主要器件，结合梯形螺纹丝杆压杆来检测其稳定性；通过压电、电致伸缩器件在微位移系统中的压电耦合效应和砂轮修整器特性提高了该工作台的加工精度。将 840D 数控技术作用于平面磨床工作台并选择西门子 IFK6 交流伺服电机作为为进给机构和微位移系统的电力源，完成了精密平面磨床微进给及微位移工作台的设计。研究计划及预期成果研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012 年 10 月 28 日-2012 年 11 月 28 日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2012 年 12 月 01 日-2013 年 01 月 30 日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填毕业设计开题报告书。2013 年 01 月 25 日-2013 年 02 月 10 日：填写毕业实习报告。2013 年 02 月 20 日-2013 年 03 月 20 日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013 年 03 月 20 日-2013 年 04 月 30 日：微进给机构微位移系统设计。2013 年 05 月 01 日-2010 年 05 月 21 日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：这套低成本、高效率、高可靠性、人性化精密平面磨床，能在市场竞争中处于有利地位。微进给及微位移技术的应用范围广泛,其推广应用社会经济效益十分显著,国内制造业水平有显著的提高。特色或创新之处特色或创新之处使用 840D 数控系统，效果明显，方便改变参量，能有效的提高加工工件的精度。采用固定某些参量、改变某些参量来研究问题的方法，思路清晰，简洁明了，行之有效。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题图书馆中提供了大量的资料，包括前辈们辛苦的劳动成果，使得我可以像站在巨人肩膀上一样来设计课题，当然，由于学生的条件约束性，不能到工厂进行实际装配操作，理论依据也有待完善。指导教师意见指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日 教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日 英文原文英文原文THE PROGRAMMES OF MODERN MECHANICAL DESIGN The mechanical design of products that is not purely mathematical calculations using the methods, also difficult to use mathematical models to describe the complete, and must be in accordance with product features Formal description help design expert knowledge and experience for reasoning and decision-making. Thus, for the purpose of computer-aided design products, the need to address the use of computer storage and product design knowledge and design experts, and other parties to the decision-making problem, The resulting product characteristics of knowledge-based design methods. At present, the intelligent design method is to use 3D graphics software and virtual reality technology in design, visualization better, Users can develop early in a certain degree of direct participation in the design, but systemic poor, and parts of the structure, shape, Size, location to determine the reasonable, demand software with high degree of intelligence, or have extensive experience in the designers. 2, the modular design structure From the perspective of planning products : definition of design tasks to the functional structure-based products, The product has been used solutions (such as common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task, That the decomposition of tasks on each task to consider whether there are corresponding to the product solution, so that in the product planning stage design tasks to eliminate potential conflicts, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design process of adjustment, which can improve design efficiency and reliability, while also reducing the cost of new product. Feldmann will describe the design of the function of the product mix is divided into four tiers, (1) Product (2) functional components (3) major functional components (4) functional components. And using application-oriented features of the directory structure, the functional components for more specific qualitative and quantitative description. Meanwhile developed products suited to the development of an early design stage and the use of the software tools STRAT. That the majority of machinery specialized functions can be used existing product solutions, and with the new solution is only a small number of special features, Therefore, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacturing risks are very favorable. Promotion of the product function on the basis of the analysis, will be divided into products with a particular function in one or several of the basic modular structure, through options and combinations of these basic modular structure formed into different products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system. Ideal modular structure should have a standardized interface (Department of connectivity and tie), and is serialized, and generalized, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economy, interchangeability is, compatibility and relevance. Chinas combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and deformation of composite design combined according to the classification modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into small and product level, component level, component level and component level, and the use of expert knowledge and technology to their CAD portfolio into different varieties, the functional module specifications, by the combination of these functional modules into different processing center overall program. The design for the directory as a choice variation mechanical structure tools, design elements for the solution of integrity, Structure of the organization formed Solution Set design catalog. And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions, is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements. According to the mechanical parts connectivity features, be grouped into four types : 1) direct inter-positioning components, and self-adjustment of components; 2) structure common to the assembly; 3) having a nested structure and nested components connectivity; 4) modular structure with modular components and connectivity. And the potential use of symbols said typical components and the connecting element rules, This realization of the connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization.Mechanical systems during the design, the functional establishment of a module to function decomposition, and a functional decomposition of the best pills with the degree of functional institutions type correspondence. Structure establishment of a module, as a functional solution of choice in order to achieve mapping algorithm. 2, the characteristics of knowledge-based Product design knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer Aided Design program. Mechanical systems design is mainly based on the products with the characteristics and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation capacity, completing the type, consolidated. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, research must automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, scholars at home and abroad design mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, The method can be summarized in the following several. 2.1coding method Under the conversion campaign functions (functions) to organizations classified, and the use of codes to describe functional yuan and the institutional category, which established the System Design Expert System knowledge base. On this basis, binary logic and fuzzy theory combined the establishment of the expert systems of the reasoning mechanism, and work spaces for four Special Machine Design program. Use of the theory of biological evolution through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the evolution of organisms principle, At the institutional design, the use of network theory to map the structure of expression topology map, and through the coding technology put the structure and properties of individual chromosome into a binary string of a few, and prepared in accordance with the design requirements fitness, use of the theory of biological evolution control reproductive mechanism, through selection, crossover, sudden variations, and other means adapt to the low value out unsuitable individuals, a rapid evolutionary process is the optimal adaptive individual, that is the best design requirements of agency programs. 2.2 knowledge mixed expressions Complex mechanical systems design, adoption of hybrid knowledge expression to describe the design of all types of knowledge is particularly well-suited, This has been our design many scholars consensus. In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, to the rules, frameworks, process and neural network methods of knowledge representation and combined with the design to suit different types of knowledge described. Of a single variety of methods of knowledge representation (rules, the framework and process), according to the object-oriented programming principles. with the framework of the slots said the attribute with the rules said the dynamic characteristics of objects using a process that knowledge, A mixed composition of the knowledge expression patterns, and successfully developed the object-oriented NC milling machine gearbox design GBCDIS intelligent system and change Speed box structure design expert system GBSDES. 2.3 the use of knowledge-based development tools Coupling in the CAD system, the use of knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT - DCOM. using the object-oriented methods, the creation of object-oriented database design, Coupling of designers for the design and structural design provides a broad and reliable design spectrum. NEXPERT is using the linear guide describes the design needs to be based on knowledge of the design, This seeking out of knowledge-based solutions, and develop linear guideway design expert system.2.4 Design of Contents Construction of modules, functional element solution and body three progressive design directory, This will be three progressive design directory as a mechanical transmission programs Intelligent Design Theory of Knowledge Base system design and development support tools. 2.5 Based on the example of the method In the development of expert system-based design of the knowledge base, using the basic description of the predicate design requirements, conditions and design of the selected program, frame structure described engineering practice and various concept entity, through case-based reasoning technology to generate candidate solutions to the allocation aspirin products design requirements. 3, Intelligent Design Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software, Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products. In the use of mathematical theory at the same time, in consideration of the theory of systems engineering, product design technology and systems development methodologies VDI2221. developed for product design in the early development of the multimedia system software MUSE. Automatic teller machines during the design, the entire product development process as product planning development and production planning stage three, and full use of existing CAD cutting-edge technologies - virtual reality technology. 1) Product Planning-concept products. Its task is to determine the external product characteristics, such as color, shape, surface quality, ergonomics, etc., and the idea of using the initial three-dimensional CAD model shows that the establishment of products to reflect the shape of a simple model, The model can establish virtual environment, using data cap and 3D mouse, Users also to some extent involved in the environment, and can quickly generate different shapes and colors. Detection is a three-dimensional model of the effect of the external shape, as well as a design variable geometry shows that the basis for the same time the process of developing various types of analysis. 2) development-design products. According to the main stage, Synthesis System principle, a three-dimensional model of the configuration and integration solution elements, Solutions based on the design elements of the different goals have different meanings : it is the basic elements, such as bolts, or wheel shaft connected; it can also be a composite elements, such as mechanical, electrical and electronic components, control technology or software components of the drive system; It may also be requested, character, shape, and so on. To achieve functional solution of the key elements of the three-dimensional distribution model, will be the configuration of products (design model solution to the relations between elements), Product Configuration analysis is integrated product planning and development an important means of the results. 3) production planning-processing and assembling products. At this stage, mainly discusses the assembly process of CAD technology, proposed using computer image display solution elements in the corresponding location of the assembly process. through virtual assembly model reveals fashion and the relationship between the assembly, which found difficulties and problems, and find a way to solve problems, and that technology will be integrated CAD product development for the three stages, the design process can be integrated with the analysis of the product planning, development and production planning to the alternating row. Therefore, it can be found in all the earlier stages of the problems that exist so that their products in the development process of continually refined and improved. Chinas use of virtual reality technology is still in the design phase has just begun. The use of object-oriented technology, focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis package design expert system, and with the help of high-performance graphics and the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology, in 3D environment from all angles right expert system design program for observation, If inter-agency campaign convergence position of conflict, and so on.Construction of the standard modules, overall product structure and its manufacturing process and use the design (see Figure 1) as rapid prototyping technology. Recommended in the product development process will be rapid prototyping technology, multimedia technology and virtual expression and neural networks (used in various stages of the process required for the occasion) combined application. With that computer software and hardware to keep on improving. will be possible to multimedia graphics processing technology for product development, For example, 3D graphics (3D model) to replace assembly, demolition and design Connector when the three-dimensional structure of the imagination, and so on. Intelligent CAD system SIGRAPH-DESIGN as a development platform product development process is divided into conceptual design, assembly design and components design and design variables to technology as the foundation, a cam linkage Offset conceptual model. From the literature on the research work, the concept of the model is to determine the type of institutions, a number of consolidated basis, using software SIGRAPH-DESIGN design variables for the function, With the diagram so that the structure and change parameters, and the concept of model parameters passed to the assembly under one model, parts design. Network technology to flourish, Collaborative Design and Manufacturing, and the users of products from the functional requirements Design processing finished assembling the parallel project of the possible. However, to achieve these objectives by one of the important prerequisites for that product design effect of 3-D visualization. To this end, 3D graphics software, intelligent design software used in more and more products to the design, Virtual reality technology and multimedia, hypermedia tool is the design of products began to bear fruit. Currently, Germany and other developed countries are focused on research-media technology, product data exchange standards STEP, and the standard Virtual Reality Modeling Language VRML (Virtual Internet platform environment based on the standard exchange format) Product design applications. Mechanical Products programs are moving towards computer-aided design to achieve, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction. product design computer method of a late start, but there were no mature, to achieve the above objectives of the program design software tools. The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve this objective effective way. Although these methods are integrated use of the field more, not only with the mechanical design of the domain knowledge, but also to the theory of systems engineering, artificial intelligence, computer hardware and software engineering, Network technology and other fields of knowledge, it is still necessary product design efforts. Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success. My design scholars have been aware of CAD technology and international exchange and cooperation of the importance and the measures that should be taken.THE NUMBER CONTROLS THE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY1. numerical controls programming and its developmentThe number controls to weave distance is one of the link that current CAD/ CAPP/ the CAM system inside can develop the performance obviously most , its at realize the design processes the automation and increases to process the accuracy with process the quantity and shorten the product research to manufacture period etc. develop to emphasize to want the function. At have got a flood of application such as aviation industry, car industry etc. realm. Because producing the physically strong need, domestic and international all the logarithms controls to weave the distance technique proceeded the extensive research, and obtained the plenteous result. The underneath controls to weave for the logarithms distance and its developments make the some introduction.1.1 numerical controls programming basic conceptNumber control to weave distance is from spare parts diagram paper to acquire the number control the whole process that process the procedure. It of the main mission is a calculation to process to walk the knife in the knife orders.( cutter location point brief name the CL orders)The knife orders to take generally to have for the knife the stalk line has with knife to hand over to order superficially, many stalks processes the inside to still want to out the knife stalk deal.1.2 numerical controls programming technology development introductionControl the procedure establishment problem,50s that process the inside for the sake of the solution number, the MIT designed a kind of used for exclusively the machine spare parts number control the language that process the procedure establishment, calling the APT.( Automatically Programmed Tool)Afterward, the APT is several through the development, becoming such as the APTII, APTIII( stereoscopic slice the use), APT( the calculate way improves, increasing to much sit to mark the curved face process to weave the distance function), APTAC( Advanced contouring)( the increment slices the database management system) with advanced version in etc. in APT/ SS( Sculptured Surface)( the increment carves the curved face processes to weave the distance function).Adoption APT language establishment the number controls the procedure has procedure Chiens, walking vivid etc. in control in knife advantage, make number controlled to process to weave the distance from face to the machine bed instruction of edit collected materials the language class, rises to face to several why chemical element. APT still contain many inconvenient places: The adoption language defines the spare parts several why shape, and is hard to describe complicated and several why shape, lack the several keeping the view why; Is in need of to have to exercise to the spare parts shape, knife the track keep the view sketch show with the knife verification means of having the track; It is hard to link with the system of CAPP effectively with the database of CAD; Not easy automation working up highly, gather turn.Weakness,1978 that aim at the language of APT, France reaches the airplane company starts developing gathering three design, analysis, the NC processes the system that integral whole turn, calling for CATIA. Appear the elephant EUCLID, UGII, INTERGRAPH, Pro/ Engineering, Master CAM and NPU very quickly later on/ GNCP etc. system, these systems resolved all and effectively several why the shape, spare parts is several why the manifestation of the shape, hand over to design with each other, the modification and knife has the track born, walk the knife process imitate true manifestation, verification etc. problem, pushed the CAD to turn to integral whole the direction development with CAM.80s, in CAD/ the integral whole of CAM turning the foundation of the concept, became gradually the calculator gather manufacturing system( CIMS) and proceed together the concept of the engineering( CE).Current, for the sake of the demand of the orientation CIMS and CE development, the number control to weave the distance system face to gather turn to turn the direction development with intelligence.In the aspects of gathering turning, then develop to match the standard parameter in STEP( Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data) turn characteristic shape system is work that lord, have proceeded now the large quantity have results to show the effect, is a domestic and international developing a little bit hot; In the aspects of intelligence turning, work just start, still treat we work hard.2.NC cutting tool path production method research development present situation2.1 based on spot, line, surface and body NC knife axle production methodThe number controls the core work that weave the distance is a born knife to have the track, then will its long-lost the knife orders, through post pose to handle creation the number controls to process the procedure. The underneath has for the knife the track creation method makes the some introduction.The technique of CAD from two painting start, experience three line frame, curved faces develop the stage with the entity shape, a the till now parameter turns the characteristic shape. At two painting with three stage in frame in line, number control to process main then order, line is drive the object, if the bore processes, the outline processes, the flat surface district processes etc. This kind of process the level that request operate personnel higher, hand over with each other complicated. Develop the stage with the entity shape at the curved face, appear according to the entity processes. The entity processes of process the object is an entity( general mix with BREP for the CSG mean of), it from some basic vegetable through gathers to carry to calculate( and, hands over, differs to carry to calculate) but get. The entity processes and can not only used for the spare parts process to process with the half , the big area slices the drops the amount of remaining, increasing to process the efficiency, but also can used for according to the number of the characteristic controls the resear that weave the distance system?The entity processes to have generally the entity outline process to process with the entity district two kinds of. The entity processes of realizes method as the layer slice the method( SLICE), then use a horizontal plane slice to is processed entity, then to get of hand over line creation etc. be apart from the line conduct and actions walks knife track. This text needs from the system the angle sets out, realizing in ACIS is several why shape terrace this kind of according to order, the line, controls to process with the number of the entity.The parameter turns the characteristic shape there has been certainly of the development is period, but according to the knife of the characteristic just have the research of the born method in track just start. The characteristic processes to make number controlled to weave the distance the personnel not at are low level and several to those why information( such as: order, line, entity) proceed the operation, but change is direct to match the habitual characteristic in technical personnel in engineering proceed number control to weave the distance, increases consumedly plait distance efficiency.The W.R.Mail give the born sub- system in a the code of NC for aly basing on the characteristic with A.J.Mcleod in their research, the work principle of this system is: Each one of the spare parts processes the process can see to shape characteristic a total for proceeding processing that constitute that spare parts. Completed namely after processing respectively to whole shape characteristic or shape characteristic sets so the spare parts process. But the code of NC between each shape characteristic or shape characteristic set is automatic and born. The system of the current development is applicable to only a spare parts processes.2.2 based on characteristic NC knife axle production methodThe Leeand Chang developed a kind of convex and free curved face in automatic creation in method characteristic knife that use the system that conjecture boundary have track. The work principle of this system is: In convex and free curved face into a minimum rectangle piece, like this convex and free curved face characteristic were converted a cave characteristic. Minimum rectangle an a kind of indirect product for with end product model merging constituting drive calling conjecture model. The knife has the born method of the track is divided into three steps complete:(1), slice many characteristic;(2), slice the free curved face in characteristic;(3), slice to hand over the characteristic mutually.The JongYunJung studied according to the characteristic slices not the knife has the born problem in track. The article processes according to characteristic the track is divided into the outline processes to process with the inside district two type, and defined these two types process of slices the direction, pass the decrease slice the knife has the track attains the whole the excellent turning the purpose that knife have track. The article aims at a few and basic characteristic( the bore, inside is cave, step, slot) primarily, discussing the typical model of these basic characteristics walk the knife path, knife has the choice with process in proper order etc., and pass the IP( Inter Programming) technique avoid the repetition walks knife, with excellent turn to slice not the knife have the track. Moreover, the JongYunJong returned to study in him the doctoral dissertation of the 1991 the manufacturing characteristic withdraw with the knife that according to the characteristic has and the knife has the path.The foundation that characteristic process is an entity to process, also can think certainly that is a more deluxe entity to process. But the characteristic processes the different from entity processes, the entity processes it the localization of the oneself. The characteristic processes different from the entity processes to have primarily below what time:Speak from the concept, characteristic is operation habit that function to constitute the spare parts main factor, match the engineering the technical personnel, for engineering technical personnel be familiar with; The entity is a low layer several why object, carries to calculate through a series of cloth but get a several why, do not take any function language righteousness information; The entity processes to usually process to the an of whole spare parts( entity).But in reality a spare parts uses only probably not too on processing the knife is an over, usually process through , the half processes, the processes a series of work in etc. step, the different part in spare parts has with the different knife generally the proceeding processes; Sometimes a spare parts since use the car .The for this reason entity processes primarily the of using for the spare parts processes and the half processes. But the characteristic processes then from resolved the above problem essentially; The characteristic processes to have more intelligences. Can rule for the particular characteristic some several kinds fix of process the method, especially those are already the characteristic that rule in the STEP standard is also such. If we all established to all standards characteristic to process the method particularly, so to those from standard characteristic enough of the spare parts processed its convenient and then caned imagine. If the system of CAPP can provide the homologous craft characteristic, so the system of NCP can reduce to hand over consumedly to input with each other, have more intelligences. But it is what cant realize that these entities process;The characteristic processes to benefit to realize to gather completely from CAD, CAPP, NCP and the system of CNC, realize the double of the information face the fluxion, for CIMS is to proceed together the engineering( CE) lay the good foundation; But the entity processes incapable to these for dint of.2.3 active duty several main CAD/CAM in system NC knife axle production method analysis2.3.1 active duty CAM constitution and main functionThe current mature the system of CAM is main to realizes with two kinds of forms the CAD/ the system of CAM gathers: The CAD/ the system of CAM that integral whole turn( such as: UGII, Euclid, Pro/ ENGINEER etc.) with opposite and independent the system of CAM( such as: Master cam, etc. of Surf cam).The former including a data for unifying format direct from the system of CAD obtains the product several why model, and then pass the neutral document primarily to obtain the product from the other the system of CAD several why model. However, regardless is which kind of forms of the system of CAM, all be constituted by five molds piece, then hand over with each other the craft parameter inputs the mold piece, knife has the born mold in track piece, knife has the track edits mold piece, three process the development imitates true mold piece with post pose to handle mold piece. The underneath processes for the some a NC for of CAD/ the system of CAM only the method proceeds the discussion. 2.3.2 UGII processing method analysisThink generally that the UGII is a commerce inside best, have most the representative number control the software. Its have most the characteristics is a mighty knife in its function to have the born method in track. Including the car， line incises etc. to process the method perfectly. Among them has primarily below function:Pointto Point: Completing every kind of bore processes;Panar Mill: Flat surface .Include the single slicing to line, the double slices to line, the wreath slices and the outline processes etc.;Fixed Contour: Fix many stalks casts shadow to process. Have with the projection method control knife in the single last or several the ambulation on the curved face in a curved face, control the knife have the ambulatory being an already born knife to have the track, a series order or a suite line;Variable Contour: The variable stalk casts shadow to process;Parameter line: Waiting the parameter line processes. Can continue to process to single pieces curved face or many pieces curved faces;Zig Zag Surface :Cutting processes;Roughto Depth: The processes. Process to specify the depth the semi-finished product ;CavityMill: Many classes depth type processes. Be applicable to the convex mold specially to process with the of the cave mold;Sequential Surface: The curved face hands over to process. According to the spare parts, lead to move with the way of thinking that check the ambulation that have the control to provide the biggest degree to knife.The EDSU nigraphics still includes the function of a flood of other aspect, here different on enumerating.2.3.3 STRATA processing method analysisIt provides two kinds of plaits distance development environment for the customer, namely NC order the language connects operates the C with NC+ a ku. It can support three stalk, the car incises with the line the NC processes, combining cans support the line frame, curved face to is several to set up the mold why with the entity. Its the knife of NC has the born method in track is to bases on the entity model. The STRATA bases on the knife of NC of the entity has the track born provides of process the method include: Profile Toolpath: The outline processes; AreaClear Toolpath: The flat surface district processes; Solid Profile Too lpath :The entity outline processes; Solid Area Clear Tool path: The entity flat surface district processes; Solid Face Tool Path: The entity surface processes; Solid Slice Tool Path: The entity cuts the flat surface processes; Languag ebased Toolpath: According to the phonetic knife has the track born.Other CAD/ the software of CAM, such as Euclid, Cimitron, CV, the etc. of CATIA the function of NC is each has his merits, but its basic contents is alike with minor differences, having no the innate character differentiation.2.4 active duty CAM system knife axle production method main questionAccording to traditional CAD/ the system of CAM with the system of CNC work method, the system of CAM with direct or indirectly( pass the neutral document) of way obtain the product several from the system of CAD why data model. The system of CAM with three are several why a form for, or entity is driving object, bornly processing knife having track, and with knife having fixed position document through postpose to handle, provide with the code of NC form to the CNC machine bed, in the aspects of exsits in the movement process between whole CAD/ CAM and the system of CNC below severally of problem:The CAM system a low layer for can from the system of CAD obtaining product is several why information, cant catch the product automatically several why shape information with product high functions with language righteousness information. Therefore, whole the process of CAM must manufacturing in rich in experience the engineer participates the bottom, passing the sketch hand over to come to complete with each other.Such as: Making the engineer must choose to process the object( order, line, or entity) and control the term( pack to clip, interfere with with hits etc.), knife have, processes the parameter.( slice the direction and slice deep, enter to the deal, enter to wait the speed)The automation degree of whole system is lower.In born knife in the system of CAM had track, the same also include the low layer only several why information( straight line with arc of several position the information why), and a little amount process control information.( if enter to turn the rate, principal axis soon, change the knife etc.)Therefore, the system of CNC of the downstream since cant obtain the design request( such as business trip, surface clean an etc.) of the higher layer, also cant be had something to do with born knife having track to process the craft parameter.A mold a product data disunity, each mold piece is opposite and independent .For example the knife has to position the document only record the knife have the track but do not record to process the craft parameter homo logously, three the development really imitate only record the knife have the track interferes with with hits, but do not record with its the occurrence interferes with with hits of process the object and process the craft parameter relatedly.The system of CAM is an independent system. The system of CAD has no united product data model with CAM system, ising in integral whole turn of gather CAD/ CAM system even, the information shares too just one-way with single .The system of CAM cant comprehend well with make use of the system of CAD all informations concerning product, is a characteristic to have something to do with processing information particularly, the same the system of CAD also cant obtain the system of CAM produces of process the data information .This give to proceed together the engineering puts bring into practice to trap. 3. Computer simulation concept and applicationSeeing from the angle of the engineering, reallying imitate is to pass to study to the experiment of the system model a there has been of or the system that design the inside. The dynamic object of the analysis complicacy, imitate is really period that a kind of valid method, can reduce the risk, shorten the design with the manufacturing, combine economy investment. The calculator really imitate is to ask for help the calculator, make use of the system model to start experiment the investigative process to the actual system .It along with technical development in calculator but develop quickly, occupy the more and more important position in imitate really .The calculator imitates the true process can pass the figure 1 three basic activities of the main factor that show to describe:Setting up the mold activity is a simplification that foundation to pass to prognosticate or examine to the actual system, at neglect the next in importance factor and cant examine to change the deal is last, describing with the method proceeding between physics or mathematics, from but acquire the actual system to look like the model. The function of the together actual system in model here should have the alike with parameter with to should sex.Imitating the true model proceeds to the mathematics model( simplification model) of the system the certain calculate way handles, make its after becoming the fit form( such as changes into the number integral calculus to the on behalf to carry to calculate the model), become can drive the calculability model that calculator accept .Imitate the true model to speak and is a model for two times simplifying to the actual system.It is process to point to imitate the system to true model at compute the on board movement that imitating the reality check. Imitate is really to pass the experiment to a kind of technique that study the actual system, pass to imitate the true technique can make the inside construction in pure system changes the deal with the conditional influence in environment.The calculator imitates the true technical development trend to express primarily in the aspects of twoly :Applying the realm extends to turn with the intelligence that imitate the true calculator. The calculator imitates the true technique to not only continue to develop in the traditional engineering technique realm( aviation, the day , chemical engineering.etc. aspect), but also extend society economy, living creature.etc. many not engineering realm, in addition, proceed together to handle, the artificial intelligence, knowledge base waits the technical development with the expert system affect the development that imitate the true calculator.The number controls to process to imitate to really make use of the calculator to imitate to process the process physically, is emollient tool that the dependable that the verification number controls to process the procedure with predict to slice the process , to reduce the work piece try to slice, increasing production efficiency.中文译文中文译文现代机械设计方案机械产品的方案设计通常无法采用纯数学演算的方法进行，也难以用数学模型进行完整的描述，而需根据产品特征进行形式化的描述，借助于设计专家的知识和经验进行推理和决策。因此，欲实现计算机辅助产品的方案设计，必须解决计算机存储和运用产品设计知识和专家设计决策等有关方面的问题，由此形成基于产品特征知识的设计方法。目前，智能化设计方法主要是利用三维图形软件和虚拟现实技术进行设计，直观性较好，开发初期用户可以在一定程度上直接参与到设计中，但系统性较差，且零部件的结构、形状、尺寸、位置的合理确定，要求软件具有较高的智能化程度，或者有丰富经验的设计者参与。1、结构模块化设计方法从规划产品的角度提出：定义设计任务时以功能化的产品结构为基础，引用已有的产品解(如通用零件部件等)描述设计任务，即分解任务时就考虑每个分任务是否存在对应的产品解，这样，能够在产品规划阶段就消除设计任务中可能存在的矛盾，早期预测生产能力、费用，以及开发设计过程中计划的可调整性，由此提高设计效率和设计的可靠性，同时也降低新产品的成本。Feldmann 将描述设计任务的功能化产品结构分为四层，(1)产品(2)功能组成(3)主要功能组件(4)功能元件。并采用面向应用的结构化特征目录，对功能元件进行更为具体的定性和定量描述。同时研制出适合于产品开发早期和设计初期使用的工具软件 STRAT。认为专用机械中多数功能可以采用已有的产品解，而具有新型解的专用功能只是少数，因此，在专用机械设计中采用功能化的产品结构，对于评价专用机械的设计、制造风 险十分有利。提倡在产品功能分析的基础上，将产品分解成具有某种功能的一个或几个模块化的基本结构，通过选择和组合这些模块化基本结构组建成不同的产品。这些基本结构可以是零件、部件，甚至是一个系统。理想的模块化基本结构应该具有标准化的接口(联接和配合部)，并且是系列化、通用化、集成化、层次化、灵便化、经济化，具有互换性、相容性和相关性。我国结合软件构件技术和 CAD 技术，将变形设计与组合设计相结合，根据分级模块化原理，将加工中心机床由大到小分为产品级、部件级、组件级和元件级，并利用专家知识和 CAD 技术将它们组合成不同品种、不同规格的功能模块，再由这些功能模块组合成不同的加工中心总体方案。以设计为目录作为选择变异机械结构的工具，提出将设计的解元素进行完整的、结构化的编排，形成解集设计目录。并在解集设计目录中列出评论每一个解的附加信息，非常有利于设计工程师选择解元素。根据机械零部件的联接特征，将其归纳成四种类型：1)元件间直接定位，并具 有自调整性的部件；2) 结构上具有共性的组合件；3)具有嵌套式结构及嵌套式元件的联接 ；4)具有模块化结构和模块化元件的联接。并采用准符号表示典型元件和元件间的连接规则，由此实现元件间联接的算法化和概念的可视化。在进行机械系统的方案设计中，用“功能建立”模块对功能进行分解，并规定功能分解的最佳“粒化”程度是功能与机构型式的一一对应。“结构建立”模块则作为功能解的选择对象以便于实现映射算法。2、基于产品特征知识的设计方法基于产品特征知识设计方法的主要特点是：用计算机能够识别的语言描述产品的特征及其设计领域专家的知识和经验，建立相应的知识库及推理机，再利用已存储的领域知识和建立的推理机制实现计算机辅助产品的方案设计。机械系统的方案设计主要是依据产品所具有的特征，以及设计领域专家的知识和经验进行推量和决策，完成机构的型、数综合。欲实现这一阶段的计算机辅助设计，必须研究知识的自动获取、表达、集成、协调、管理和使用。为此，国内外设计学者针对机械系统方案设计知识的自动化处理做了大量的研究工作，采用的方法可归纳为下述几种。2.1 编码法根据“运动转换”功能(简称功能元)将机构进行分类，并利用代码描述功能元和机构类别，由此建立起“机构系统方案设计专家系统”知识库。在此基础上，将二元逻辑推理与模糊综合评判原理相结合，建立了该“专家系统”的推理机制，并用于四工位专用机床的方案设计中。利用生物进化理论，通过自然选择和有性繁殖使生物体得以演化的原理，在机构方案设计中，运用网络图论方法将机构的结构表达为拓扑图，再通过编码技术，把机构的结构和性能转化为个体染色体的二进制数串，并根据设计要求编制适应值，运用生物进化理论控制繁殖机制，通过选择、交叉、突然变异等手段，淘汰适应值低的不适应个体，以极快的进化过程得到适应性最优的个体，即最符合设计要求的机构方案。2.2 知识的混合型表达法针对复杂机械系统的方案设计，采用混合型的知识表达方式描述设计中的各类知识尤为适合，这一点已得到我国许多设计学者的共识。在研制复杂产品方案设计智能决策支持系统 DMDSS 中，将规则、框架、过程和神经网络等知识表示方法有机地结合在一起，以适应设计中不同类型知识的描述。将多种单一的知识表达方法(规则、框架和过程)，按面向对象的编程原则，用框架的槽表示对象的属性，用规则表示对象的动态特征，用过程表示知识的处理，组成一种混合型的知识表达型式，并成功地研制出“面向对象的数控龙门铣床变速箱方案设计智能系统 GBCDIS”和“变速箱结构设计专家系统 GBSDES”。2.3 利用基于知识的开发工具在联轴器的 CAD 系统中，利用基于知识的开发工具 NEXPERT-OBJECT，借助于面向对象的方法，创建了面向对象的设计方法数据库，为设计者进行联轴器的方案设计和结构设计提供了广泛且可靠的设计方法谱。则利用 NEXPERT 描述直线导轨设计中需要基于知识进行设计的内容，由此寻求出基于知识的解，并开发出直线导轨设计专家系统。2.4 设计目录法构造了“功能模块”、“功能元解”和“机构组”三级递进式设计目录，并将这三级递进式设计目录作为机械传动原理方案智能设计系统的知识库和开发设计的辅助工具。2.5 基于实例的方法在研制设计型专家系统的知识库中，采用基本谓词描述设计要求、设计条件和选取的方案，用框架结构描述“工程实例”和各种“概念实体”，通过基于实例的推理技术产生候选解来配匹产品的设计要求。3、智能化设计方法智能化设计方法的主要特点是：根据设计方法学理论，借助于三维图形软件、智能化设计软件和虚拟现实技术，以及多媒体、超媒体工具进行产品的开发设计、表达产品的构思、描述 产品的结构。在利用数学系统理论的同时，考虑了系统工程理论、产品设计技术和系统开发方法学VDI2221，研制出适合于产品设计初期使用的多媒体开发系统软件 MUSE。在进行自动取款机设计时，把产品的整个开发过程概括为“产品规划”、“开发”和“生产规划”三个阶段，并且充分利用了现有的 CAD 尖端技术虚拟现实技术。1) 产品规划构思产品。其任务是确定产品的外部特性，如色彩、形状、表面质量、人机工程等等，并将最初的设想用 CAD 立体模型表示出，建立能够体现整个产品外形的简单模型，该模型可以在虚拟环境中建立，借助于数据帽和三维鼠标，用户还可在一定程度上参与到这一环境中，并且能够迅速地生成不同的造型和色彩。立体模型是检测外部形状效果的依据，也是几何图形显示设计变量的依据，同时还是开发过程中各类分析的基础。 2) 开发设计产品。该阶段主要根据“系统合成”原理，在立体模型上配置和集成解元素，解元素根据设计目标的不同有不同的含义：可以是基本元素，如螺栓、轴或轮毂联接等；也可以是复合元素，如机、电、电子部件、控制技术或软件组成的传动系统；还可以是要求、特性、形状等等。将实现功能的关键性解元素配置到立体模型上之后，即可对产品的配置(设计模型中解元素间的关系)进行分析，产品配置分析是综合“产品规划”和“开发”结果的重要手段。3) 生产规划加工和装配产品。在这一阶段中，主要论述了装配过程中 CAD 技术的应用，提出用计算机图像显示解元素在相应位置的装配过程，即通过虚拟装配模型揭示造形和装配间的关系，由此发现难点和问题，并找出解决问题的方法，并认为将 CAD 技术综合应用于产品开发的三个阶段，可以使设计过程的综合与分析在“产品规划”、“开发”和“生产规划”中连续地交替进行。因此，可以较早地发现各个阶段中存在的问题，使产品在开发进程中不断地细化和完善。我国利用虚拟现实技术进行设计还处于刚刚起步阶段。利用面向对象的技术，重点研究了按时序合成的机构组合方案设计专家系统，并借助于具有高性能图形和交换处理能力的 OpenGL 技术，在三维环境中从各个角度对专家系统设计出的方案进行观察，如运动中机构间的衔接状况是否产生冲突等等。将构造标准模块、产品整体构造及其制造工艺和使用说明的拟订(见图 1)称之为快速成型技术。建议在产品开发过程中将快速成型技术、多媒体技术以及虚拟表达与神经网络(应用于各个阶段求解过程需要的场合)结合应用。指出随着计算机软、硬件的不断完善，应尽可能地将多媒体图形处理技术应用于产品开发中，例如三维图形(立体模型)代替装配、拆卸和设计联接件时所需的立体结构想象力等等。利用智能型 CAD 系统 SIGRAPH-DESIGN 作为开发平台，将产品的开发过程分为概念设计、装配设计和零件设计，并以变量设计技术为基础，建立了胶印机凸轮连杆机构的概念模型。从文献介绍的研究工作看，其概念模型是在确定了机构型、数综合的基础上，借助于软件 SIGRAPH-DESIGN 提供的变量设计功能，使原理图随着机构的结构参数变化而变化，并将概念模型的参数传递给下一级的装配模型、零件设计。网络技术的蓬勃发展，异地协同设计与制造，以及从用户对产品的功能需求设计加工装配成品这一并行工程的实现成为可能。但是，达到这些目标的重要前提条件之一，就是实现产品方案设计效果的三维可视化。为此，不仅三维图形软件、智能化设计软件愈来愈多地应用于产品的方案设计中，虚拟现实技术以及多媒体、超媒体工具也在产品的方案设计中初露锋芒。目前，德国等发达国家正着力于研究超媒体技术、产品数据交换标准 STEP，以及标准虚拟现实造型语言 VRML(Internet 上基于虚拟环境的标准交换格式)在产品设计中的应用。机械产品的方案设计正朝着计算机辅助实现、智能化设计和满足异地协同设计制造需求的方向迈进，由于产品方案设计计算机实现方法的研究起步较晚，目前还没有成熟的、能够达到上述目标的方案设计工具软件。作者认为，综合运用文中四种类型设计方法是达到这一目标有效途径。虽然这些方法的综合运用涉及的领域较多，不仅与机械设计的领域知识有关，而且还涉及到系统工程理论、人工智能理论、计算机软硬件工程、网络技术等各方面的领域知识，但仍然是产品方案设计必须努力的方向。国外在这方面的研究已初见成效，我国设计学者也已意识到 CAD 技术与国际交流合作的重要性，及其应当采取的措施。数字控制加工技术1数控编程及其发展数控编程是目前 CAD/CAPP/CAM 系统中最能明显发挥效益的环节之一，其在实现设计加工自动化、提高加工精度和加工质量、缩短产品研制周期等方面发挥着重要作用。在诸如航空工业、汽车工业等领域有着大量的应用。由于生产实际的强烈需求，国内外都对数控编程技术进行了广泛的研究，并取得了丰硕成果。下面就对数控编程及其发展作一些介绍。1.1 数控编程的基本概念数控编程是从零件图纸到获得数控加工程序的全过程。它的主要任务是计算加工走刀中的刀位点（cutter location point 简称 CL 点） 。刀位点一般取为刀具轴线与刀具表面的交点，多轴加工中还要给出刀轴矢量。1.2 数控编程技术的发展概论为了解决数控加工中的程序编制问题，50 年代，MIT 设计了一种专门用于机械零件数控加工程序编制的语言，称为 APT（Automatically Programmed Tool） 。其后，APT 几经发展，形成了诸如 APTII、APTIII（立体切削用） 、APT（算法改进，增加多坐标曲面加工编程功能） 、APTAC（Advanced contouri
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