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附录B港口起重机中国经济在过去的高速增长已经大幅增加了本国港口货流量，以至于不断扩大老港口以及不断修建新的港口以应对快速增长的集装箱业务以及大宗货物的流通。中国的港口扩展进程对本国港口装备行业的发展产生了强烈的刺激，这一进程强烈需要大量的各种各样的港口起重机的迅猛增加，包括集装箱起重机、桥门式起重机以及其他能够处理散料货物的装卸设备。由国资委掌控的中国港口工程集团有限公司是中国最大的港口起重机和散料装卸设备的供应商。该集团包括世界最大的港口集装箱起重机生厂商振华港口机械有限公司（ZPMC）和精于生产用于港口的桥门式起重机以及干散货物的装卸设备的上海港口机械厂（SPMP）。上海港口机械厂主要市场是中国本地，虽然它在寻求扩大海外销售。尽管它没有同行振华港口机械有限公司出名，上海港口机械厂拥有很多的大型生产设施，它计划不久将一部分生产线转移到上海附近的长兴岛。振华港口机械有限公司已经在那里建立了一个大型集装箱起重机组装厂。上海港口机械厂主要的生产项目是桥门式起重机和其它用途的港口起重机。在过去的两年里，该公司已经获得了来自全国港务局的的145份桥门式起重机的合同，这其中包括正在建设的新港口和正在扩张的港口。最近几年，上海港口机械厂已经向美国，伊拉克以及缅甸提供桥门式起重机。缅甸的仰光港口购买了一座跨度为47米，起重量为40吨的桥门式起重机，然而美国的BIW购买了三台起重量分别为15t,150t, 和 300t起重机。另外，上海港口机械厂已向伊拉克的一些港口提供了12台起重机自从萨达姆下台后。在中国，上海港口机械厂最近的主要订单是桥门式起重机，这其中包括天津海外矿产航运码头的8台起重量为40t，回转半径为45m的起重机，然而，位于中国南部的广东盐田港务局已经购买了6台这样的起重机。其它一些大的订单包括镇江港务集团的7台起重量为10t，回转半径为25m的起重机和防城港务局的10台起重量为25t，回转半径为33m的起重机，而营口港务局已经13台起重量为25t，回转半径为35m和2台起重量为40t，回转半径为44m的桥门机。许多起重机按照订单在建上海港口机械厂也提供港口和海湾其它用途的起重机，这些大多数按照客户的要求建造。它已经向许多国外客户提供岸边集装箱起重机，这其中包括泰国的曼谷港，台湾的高雄港和加拿大的温哥华港。在中国国内，该公司已向上海港，天津港，烟台港以及其他的一些港口提供岸边集装箱起重机。该公司也向国内外客户提供轮胎式龙门起重机。订购其它港口起重机的公司包括广东的广州，它购买了一台25t的浮吊，而中港港口已购买了两台125/63t双小车龙门起重机和一台700t的桥式起重机。2003年，中港港口与上海港口机械厂签订一台2600t的浮吊合同，这是该公司近些年做的最大吨位的起重机。其它的一些用户包括江苏省的中原南通造船厂，它已经购买了两台300t用于船坞的戈利亚特起重机，而上海外高桥船厂已将上海港口机械厂的两台600t戈利亚特起重机用于船舶建造中。上海港口机械厂有两个厂区。在上海的厂区有2000名工人，江苏的厂区有1500名工人。在这3500名工人中，有800名技术人员和管理人员从事于设计，开发，建造港口类和其它类起重机以及大宗干散货物的装卸设备。目前，该公司正准备迁出它在上海的厂区，因为该区是预留给2010上海世博会的一块滨水区。该公司的上海分厂将于2006年年底关闭，它将迁移到一个在上海附近长兴岛的新厂区。“新厂区将比现有的厂区大，”李说，“当2006年年底我们迁出时，我们将做好第一阶段的准备工作。”除了将上海的厂区迁移到新址外，该公司希望将来能与振华在业务上合作。中国港湾建设（集团）总公司的高层们被人们认为他们已经告诉上海港口机械厂它将与振华在招标项目上有更多合作。两家公司希望保持各自的制造能力，然而，将来合作的精确细节仍没有确定。另外，上海港口机械厂的合作公司振华正在加强其作为世界最大的船岸集装箱起重机生产商的地位，生产量几近世界集装箱起重机市场年产量的一多半。另外，它还经营着四个起重机生产综合体和一些其他的业务。振华的产品系列包括集装箱起重机，轮胎式龙门起重机，干散货物船用装卸设备，斗轮堆取料机，门式起重机，浮吊以及工程船只。该公司还扩展到生产包括大型钢桥的大型钢结构。振华扩大生产全世界有37个国家和地区超过150个航运码头正在使用振华的起重机和其它的产品。振华已经提交了705台集装箱起重机，按照手头的订单将于2006年交付另外的128台集装箱起重机。除此之外，截止2005年底，振华已经向世界各地的客户交付了1148台轮胎式龙门起重机，按照手头的订单将于2006年交付308台轮胎式龙门起重机。振华正在扩大生产设施，预计不久订单数将会增加。该公司拥有四个起重机生产综合体在上海及周边地区，江阴，常州，湛江和长兴岛。长兴岛生产基地将于2001年完成，占地面积100万平方米，有3.5千米的海岸线。该基地每年能够生产160台船岸集装箱起重机和300台轮胎式龙门起重机以及20，0000吨的大型钢桥结构。其计划在长兴岛进一步填海3百万平方米，届时它将成为振华最大的生产中心。韩国看重国内在一个支离破碎的全球港口起重机行业中，韩国生产商不得不在国内市场寻求更多的商机。韩国的集装箱起重机和港口起重机设备制造产业近几年越来越依赖国内市场，当该国的制造商面对来自中国振华港机在主要的国际市场的价格竞争。全球的其他制造商也面临着同样的问题，他们中没有那一家在国际集装箱起重机市场上占有超过8%的份额。除了振华，来自欧洲和日本的生产商在岸边集装箱和轮胎式龙门起重机的竞争也很强烈。而韩国的现代重工，三星重工，斗山重工，大宇重工等仍然参加国际竞标，赢得大批订单的机会越来越少。业内人士认为斗山重工是唯一一家在过去的几年里赢得集装箱起重机大订单的韩国港口起重工生产商，韩国厂商持有订单的不到10起重机单位。斗山重工最近完成交付42股橡胶轮胎龙门起重机（ RTGC ）,该订单是新加坡管理局于2004年授予的。包括最近的合同。自1997年以来，斗山重工已收到新加坡总共有120 RTGCs的订单。最近一批RTGCs是专为提高安全性。埃斯克的RTGCs装有16个车轮而不是通常的8 。“我们向国内和国际提供集装箱起重机。大多数工程都是一两组，但是新加坡已经订购了120组，” 一位来自斗山重工材料处理设备部门的人士评论斗山重工，“集装箱起重机能吊起一个还是两个集装箱取决于用户，但是现在双扩张器很常见。之前我们最大的订单就是同釜山港签订的10台集装箱起重机。”建造发电厂斗山重工的主要业务包括设计和建造发电厂。除了提供保护设备，它还生产涡轮机和发电机组。它有大的铸件和锻造划分。其它的主要业务还包括在中东建造海水淡化厂。集装箱港口装卸设备是由斗山的材料处理设备部生产的，该部门还为其他行业生产煤炭处理设备和散装货物处理设备。新加坡港口管理局是RTGCs的最大客户。最近的其他用户还有科伦坡的南方航运码头，斯里兰卡以及釜山港的韩国快车公司。该公司还生产船岸集装箱起重机。最近的龙门起重机用户包括印度尼西亚的雅加达集装箱码头，印度孟买附近的贾瓦哈拉尔尼赫鲁港，以及温哥华的弗雷泽航运码头。“我们的港口起重机的销售前景不容乐观。由于价格因素，振华港机正在掌控着国际市场，”内部人士透漏，“我们正在寻找不涉及振华业务的工程，因为它并不经营所有的工程。于2004和2005年我们同新加坡签订合同。我们在其他任何方面没有取得成功，但我们仍然会为各种竞标投标。”斗山希望成为给韩国光阳湾扩建工程的安装集装箱起重机的一名投标人。的集装箱起重机将安装在计划扩建港口。该公司的研发部门参与开发安装在该扩建港口的边集装箱起重机的新的自动化控制装置。“集装箱起重机也有技术周期。除了自动化，它没有别的发展方向，”该内部人士透漏，“我们正在开发更多的自动控制装置，但是新的功能还没有商业化。”“我国政府计划的光阳湾码头项目，将于3月2日宣布将其发展成为一个自动化码头。我们必须适应这一点。投标已被推迟了大约6年。我们预计该项目将在2007年或2008年再次招标。 ”韩国的其他集装箱起重机生产商也希望参与光阳湾扩建工程的投标，该工程有可能被授予一家韩国公司。在投标的企业中现代重工将被委托设计制造釜山东集装箱码头（ PECT ）的五个自动化轨道式龙门起重机（ RMGCs ），也被称为自动转移起重机在。该码头已成为韩国第一个安装自动起重机的码头，服务新泊位有4个或5个。该起重机有双悬臂包括两个行车线。堆叠高度按照1比6的比例为9英尺6寸高，龙门运行速度150m/min的，小车的运行速度为120m/min和空葫芦的运行速度为75-80m/min。 在现代最近获得的订单中，有一份来自和记黄埔港口的四台和Uam港的一台岸边集装箱起重机的订单。根据现代销售部李经理的话，来自振华的竞争仍然是在赢得海外订单最主要的挑战，“我们正努力获得更多的项目，但振华的价格低廉。我们试图降低成本但是我们认为在将来这将会给我们造成不好的境况。”“如果顾客认为质量很重要，那么我们是没问题的，但是如果他们认为价钱是重要的，那么我们将不能获得该项目。我们有经验建造能吊起1或2个集装箱的起重机。我们从ABB公司购买起重机的主要控制系统，然后在韩国组装。”Portal powerChinas rapid economic growth in the past decade has resulted in a big increase in freight traffic through the countrys seaports . Old ports are being expanded and new ports built to handle the large growth in container and bulk cargo traffic all along the Chinese coastline.Chinas port expansion programme has provided a strong boost to the domestic port equipment industry, which has enjoyed a strong increase in demand for port cranes of various types, including container cranes and portal cranes along with bulk cargo handling equipment.State-run China Harbour Engineering (group) Corporation Ltd, established under the ruling State Council, is Chinas largest supplier of port cranes and bulk cargo handling equipment. The organization controls both Shanghai Zhenhua Port Machinery Co Ltd (ZPMC),the worlds largest manufacturer of quayside container cranes, and Shanghai Port Machinery Plant (SPMP), which specializes in the manufacturer of portal cranes and other cranes used in ports along with dry bulk cargo handling equipment.SPMPs main market is China, although the company is looking to expand its overseas sales. Although less well known than its associate ZPMC, SPMP also operates large manufacturing facilities, and is due to move part of its production shortly to Changxing Island near Shanghai where ZPMC already operates a large container crane fabrication plant.Portal and other harbour cranes are SPMPs major production item. During the past two years, the corporation has won contracts for 145 portal cranes from port authorities throughout China, both from new ports under construction and ports undergoing expansion.In recent years, SPMP has also supplied portal cranes to the United States, Iraq,and Myanmar.The port Rangoon of Myanmar in has purchased a 47m,40t portal crane while BIW of the United States has purchased three cranes-15t,150t, and 300t portal cranes. Elsewhere, SPMP has supplied 12 portal cranes to several ports in Iraq since the end of the Saddam regime. In China, SPMPs recent major orders for portal cranes include eight 40t, 45m radius cranes for Tianjin Overseas Mineral Terminal, while Yan Tai Port Bureau in Guangdong in southern China has purchased six 40t, 45m radius cranes. Other large orders include seven 10t, 25m radius cranes for Zhenjiang Port Group and an order of 1025t, 33m radius cranes from Fangcheng Port Bureau, while the Yingkou Port Group has ordered 1325t,35m radius cranes along with two 40t, 44m radius port cranes.MANY CRANES BUILT TO ORDERSPMP also supplies other cranes used in ports and harbours, many of which are built to order for clients. Quayside container cranes have been supplied to a number of foreign clients including Bangkok Port in Thailand, Kaohsiung Port in Taiwan, and Port of Vancouver in Canada. In China, SPMP has supplied quayside container cranes to Shanghai Port, Tianjin Port, Yin Kou Port, Yan Tai Port and others. The company also supplies rubber-tyred container gantry cranes to domestic and overseas clients.Customers for other cranes used in ports include Guangzhou Port in Guangdong, which purchased a 25t floating crane while Zhonggang Port has bought two double trolley 125/63t gantry cranes, along with a700t overhead crane, In 2003 Zhonggang Port awarded a contract to SPMP for a 2,600t floating crane, whichi is the largest crane the company has made in recent years.Other customers include Zhongyuan Nanytong Shipyard of Jiangsu Province has purchased two 300t goliath cranes for use in its shipyard, while Shanghai Waigaoqiao Shipyard uses two of SPMPs 600t goliath cranes for its shipbuilding operations. SPMP has two factories. The Shanghai plant employs 2,000 workers while a factory in Jiangsu Province employs 1,500 workers. The combined total of 3,500 workers includes 800 technical and management staff involved in designing, developing, and building portal and other cranes along with dry bulk cargo loading and unloading equipment.Currently, SPMP is preparing to vacate its Shanghai factory site as the companys existing plot of land is part of a riverside area earmarked by the Shanghai Expo in 2010. SPMPs Shanghai factory will close at the end of 2006, and move to a new site on nearby Changxing Island.“The new factory will be much bigger than the present plant,” Li said. “Phase 1 will be ready for us when we move at the end of 2006.”In addition to moving the Shanghai factory to a new site, SPMP expects future business operation with ZPMC.Officials at China Harbour Engineering (Group) Corporation are understood to have told SPMP of plants for SPMP and ZPMC to co-operate more in bidding for projects in future. Both companies are expected to retain their individual manufacturing capability, however, with precise details of future co-operation still some way from being finalised.Meanwhile, SPMP associate company ZPMC is strengthening its position as the worlds largest manufacturer of ship-to-shore container cranes, supplying slightly more than half the annual international container crane market. In addition to operating four crane production complexes for its crane manufacturing and other businesses.ZPMCs full range of products includes quayside container cranes, rubber-tyred gantry cranes, bulk material ship loaders and unloaders, bucket-wheel stackers and reclaimers, portal cranes, floating cranes, and engineering vessels. The company has also diversified into manufacturing other large steel structures including large steel bridges.ZPMC EXPANDING PRODUCTIONZPMCs cranes and other products are in use at over 150 shipping terminals in 37 countries and regions worldwide. By the end of December 2005, ZPMC had supplied 705 quayside container cranes, and had orders in hand to deliver another 128 quayside container cranes in 2006. In addition, at the end of 2005 ZPMC had delivered 1,148 rubber-tyred gantry cranes to customers worldwide and had orders in hand to deliver 308 rubber-tyred gantry cranes to customers in 2006.ZPMC is expanding production facilities in expectation that the volume of orders will grow in future. The company owns four crane production complexes in Shanghai and the surrounding area at Jiangyin, Changzhou, Zhangjiang and Changxing Island.The Changxing production site, which was completed in 2001, covers one million sq m, and has a 3.5km coastline. The facility is capable of manufacturing 160 quayside ship-to-shore container cranes each year along with 300 rubber-tyred gantry cranes and 200,000 metric tons of large steel bridge structures.Plans call for a futher 3 million sq m of land to be reclaimed at Changxing, which ZPMC will develop to become its largest production centre.Korea looks inward In a fragmented global port crane industry, Korean manufacturers are being forced to look for more business in their domestic markets South Koreas container crane and port crane equipment manufacturing industry has become more focused on the domestic market in recent years as manufacturers have faced tough price competition from ZPMC of China in major foreign markets. The problem is the same as that faced by other port crane manufacturers around the world, none of which account for more than about an 8% share of the world container crane market. As well as ZPMC, competition from European and Japanese equipment suppliers is also strong, both for quayside container cranes and for rubber-tyred gantry crane contracts. While South Korean firms-including Hyundai Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries, Doosan Heavy Industries, and Hanjin Heavy Industries continue to bid for international contracts, winning large orders has become increasingly rare. Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co Ltd is believed to be the only South Korean port crane maker to have won a large container crane contract during the past few years, with most orders booker by Korean manufacturers being for less than 10 crane units. Doosan recently completed delivery of a 42-unit rubber-tyred gantry crane (RTGC) order to the Port of Singapore Authority PSN that was awarded in 2004. Including a recent contract. Doosan has received orders to supply the Port of Singapore with a total of 120 RTGCs since 1997. The recent batch of RTGCs is designed for increased safety. Esch of the RTGCs is fitted with 16 wheels instead of the usual eight. “We have supplied container cranes locally and overseas. Most projects are one or two units, but Singapore has been 120 units,” commented a source in Doosan Heavy Industries material handling equipment division. “Container cranes can lift one or two containers depending on the client, but the twin spreader design is normal now. Our biggest contract before was with Pusan Port for over 10 container cranes.” BUILDING POWER PLANTSDoosan Heavy Industries major activities include the design and construction of power plants. Apart from supplying protection equipment, Doosan also manufactures turbines and generator sets. Doosan has a large castings and forging division. Other major activities include the construction of desalination plants in the Middle East. Container port handling equipment is produced by Doosans material handling equipment division, which supplies coal handling equipment and bulk cargo handling facilities for other industries. Port of Singapore Authority is the largest customer for RTGCs. Other recent clients include Southern Gateway Terminals in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and Korea Express in the Port of Pusan. Doosan also supplies ship to shore container cranes. Recent quayside gantry crane clients include Jakarta Container Terminal in Indonesia, Jawaharlal Nehru Port near Mumbai in India, and Frazer Terminal in Vancouver. “Prospects for our port crane sales are not bright. ZPMC is dominating the world market due to price,” the source commented. “We are looking for projects not invoving ZPMC as they are not concerned with all projects. We got contracts in Singapore in 2004 and 2005. We had no success anywhere else, but we are still bidding on various tenders.” Doosan is expected to be one of the bidders for container cranes to be installed in South Koreas planned Kwangyang Bay Port expansion. The companys R&D division is involved developing new automated controls that will be required for quayside container cranes installed in the port expansion. “Container cranes are well developed in technical terms. There is nothing else to develop except for automation,” the source said. “We are developing more automated controls, but the new features are not commercialized yet. Our government has a plan for Kwangyang Bay 3-2 terminal project, which they announced will be developed as an automated terminal. We have to adapt to this. T