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Jc23 63 机床 床身 工作 台面 设计 说明书 CAD

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Jc23—63A机床床身工作台面设计【说明书+CAD】,Jc23,63,机床,床身,工作,台面,设计,说明书,CAD

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扬 州 市 职 业 大 学毕 业 设 计（论文）设计（论文）题目：Jc2363A机床床身工作台面工艺专用机床主轴箱部分设计系 别： 机械工程系专 业: 机械制造工艺与设备/计算机应用与维护班 级: 姓 名: 学 号: 指导老师: 完成时间: 目录第一章：参考文献第二章：设计课题内容简介第三章：总体方案的确定 第四章：主轴箱的设计一主轴箱总体设计概述 二确定箱体结构图，绘制原始数据图三主轴箱动力计算四传动方案的确定（一）确定传动组数目及顺序（二）确定传动系统中轴的数目（三）确定传动比、拟订转速图第五章：齿轮的设计及强度校核第六章：轴的设计及强度校核 第七章：轴承的选用 第八章：主轴箱润滑第九章：轴承的强度校核第十章：总装图的确定第十一章：自我评价第一章：参 考 文 献1、组合机床设计沈阳工业大学等编上海科学技术出版社2、毕业设计指导书李恒权 等编青岛海洋大学出版社3、金属机械加工工艺人员手册赵如福 主编 上海科学技术出版社4、金属切削机床夹具设计手册上海柴油机厂工艺设备研究所 机械工业出版社5、机械制图大连理工大学工程画教研室 高等教育出版社6、互换性与测量技术陈于涛 主编机械工业出版社7、工装设计陈立德 主编上海交通大学出版社8、机械制造技术李华 主编高等教育出版社9、金属工艺学丁德全 主编机械工业出版社10、非标准设备设计姚永明 主编上海交通大学出版第二章 设计课题内容简介一.课题的来源. JC23-63A冲压机床是扬州扬力集团的新产品,年产量为4千台.冲压机床是冲压床的主要零件.该零件加工部位加工的部位多,加工量大,精度要求高,针对生产现状和要求,设计JC23-63A冲压机床滑动导轨为夹紧定位面,把专用机床固定在被加工机身上,这是由于被加工件的特点决定的,它体积和重量较大,如果用专用夹具对其进行夹紧是不太现实的,因此我们依靠它的自身的特点,把专用机床安装在工件上,这样不仅省时,省力,有节约了成本.二.设计的基本要求作为针对Jc2363A机床床身镗孔工艺而设计的专用机床，我们要保证其满足以下要求：1. 满足加工质量的要求：尺寸，形状，精度，形位公差。2. 满足提高生产率的要求。3. 结构简单，设计制造容易。4. 操作维修方便，使用安全可靠。-5. 保证体积小，占用面积少。6. 成本较低，一般应低于同样通用机床、组合机床7. 其他，诸如：外形美观、噪音较低、清除切屑容易符合环保要求等。三.专用机床设计中应注意的几个问题1. 由于专用机床只适用于特定的工序，所以对于尺寸或重量大的专用机床，只有在产品的生产期足够大，批量足够大的情况下才值得设计制造。2. 取得组合机床部件较方便时，可优先考虑采用组合机床，这样可以减少设计制造专用机床占用的时间。3. 专用机床应立足于本企业进行设计和制造，否则会增大制造成本。4. 要求机床占用车间面积较小时应优先考虑采用专机，因为专机比相同用途改装过的机床和组合机床的结构较紧凑，占地面积较少。5. 专用机床在工艺性能上，（如精度，表面粗糙度，生产效率等方面）如果得不到满足应从头检查设计思想、设计方法、加工质量装配质量等。找出问题进行解决，而不要轻易否定专用机床本身。第三章 总体方案的确定.一.加工工艺分析被加工零件需要在组合机床上完成加工工序及应保证的加工的精度是制定机床的主要依据,本机床是为加工JC23-63冲压机床工作台部分而设计的,被加工机床的工作台面是一个比较大的平面,为了使工作台面的平面度达到1000毫米的长度内偏差为0.02-0.05毫米,表面粗糙度Ra3.2微米,对于定位基准面的平行度可以保证在0.05毫米以内,到定位基准面的距离(L500MM)尺寸公差可以保证在0.05毫米以内.二.被加工零件的特点.被加工零件的毛坯为铸件,材料为HT200,硬度为HB150-200,工作台面的长为720mm,宽为480mm,高为200mm.工件壁厚较均匀,刚性较好.三.定位基准及加紧点的选择 由于机床本身的体积和重量较大,所以把专用机床固定在机身上，专用机床的底座与工件的导轨是接触,可以消除Z的移动、X的转动、Y的转动三个自由度,由于接触面积较大,定位可靠是主要的定位面,再以被加工零件的几个孔定位,可以消除X的移动,Y的移动,Z的转动,由于加紧力是由上自下,由于夹紧力较大故采用两夹紧点对称布置.四.机身配置形式及结构方案的确定 根据被加工零件的特点，加工要求，加工工艺过程方案，生产效率及现场调研等情况，经分析认为采用以工件为定位基准，加工工作台面，并采用多刃，端面铣刀以提高效率。第四章主轴箱的设计一.主轴箱总体设计概述 主轴箱是本专用机床的重要不见之一.它通过按一定速比排布的齿轮,将电动机给动力箱传来的动力传递给工作主轴,是其获得一定的动力,转速和转向. 根据被加工零件的特点,确定该专用机床的主轴箱安装在动力箱前面.二.确定箱体结构图,绘制原始数据图 主轴箱及前后盖由前面选材知,均采用灰铸铁HT200.箱体的形状和尺寸按标准GB3668.1-83选择.确定箱体外形的尺寸和在加工时的方便而得到的效率,初步确定箱体外形尺寸. 由于在加工时选用直径500面铣刀,则在选择箱体宽度时B须大于400. 确定箱体高度h 由机床总体设计,采用4级变速 最低主轴高度h1为: h1=d/2+（8-10） d为主轴齿轮的齿顶圆直径, 为箱壁的厚度. 计算得: h1=126+25+(8-10) =160.5 再根据机床总体设计的齿轮之间的中心距,初步确定主轴箱高度: h=160.5+202.5+152.5+144+131+172 =1010(mm) 根据上述计算值,按主轴箱轮廓尺寸系列标准,最后确定主轴箱轮廓尺寸为:B*h=5001000 根据以上的数据绘制主轴箱设计原始数据图: 三.机床主轴箱动力计算 1.运动形式的确定 (1)主轴箱与工件之间轴向定位,将刀头引入加工位置,在切削过程中设有相对位移. (2)切削运动是由主轴箱传动使刀轴旋转,进行切削。 (3)进给运动是丝杠传动 2.刀头形状和切削用量计算 (1)刀具材料:YG8;结构形式为了能够方便换用刀具选用镶齿结构形式刀头形状见图: (2)切削用量: a.刀具耐用度 参考,得T=420min; b.进给量的确定 参考,f=0.2mm/r;c.切削速度: 参考,v=41m/min;计算刀轴转速 n=26(r/min) 3.主轴箱所需动力计算 查工艺人员手册,得公式: 圆周铣削力 Fx=KFZ 其中CF为系数，ap为切削深度，af为每齿进给量，aw为铣削宽度， 。 z为刀齿数，n为转速 XF为切削深度对铣削力的影响； yF为进给量对铣削力的影响； uF为切削宽度对铣削力的影响 qF为铣刀直径对铣削力的影响 KFZ为切削条件改变时的修正系数； Fx=0.64 =10036N 铣削扭矩： M= =2509Nm 铣削功率： P= =5.04kw选用电机时，考虑机械效率=0.85，考虑刀头磨钝，系数k=1.2, N动=kP/ =1.25.04/0.85=7.2kw 根据计算值选动力箱，查机床设计手册，选7.5kw功率电机为宜。切削参数如下表：主轴扭矩M主(N*mm)切削速度V(m/min)进给量f(mm/r)主轴转速N(r/min)刀具耐用度T(min)动力箱总功率（kw）25091820.11164207.2 4由以上计算得： 选用Y160M-6三相异步电动机技术数据如表：功率(kw)电流(A)转速(r/min)效 率(%)功率因数(cos)堵转转矩堵转电流最大转矩7.517.0970860.782.06.52.0四传动方案确定 1.确定传动组数及顺序由于本专机在整个工件加工过程中有两道工序，即铣削工作台面和铣削T型槽，前面已经确定了加工工作台面的转速，加工T型槽的刀具查工艺人员手册，确定所需刀轴转速26r/min.在设计时由于考虑专机实用性，要求还需另外一个转速，为116r/min。由此确定主轴箱2级变速，现在确定变速轴在传动中的顺序。由经验的知，通常非标准设备主轴转速常比电动机转速低，由电机到主轴其总的趋势是降速，在分级变速情况下，按传动顺序来说，靠近主轴的传动轴的最低转速较低，起承受的扭矩较大，因此，传动件的尺寸也较大；而靠近电机的传动中，所需尺寸则相应较小。因袭在设计传动时，遵循“传动件前多后少”的原则，遵循这个原则，初步设想将变速放在二轴。 2确定传动轴的数目 一般传动中轴的数目要比传动组的数目多一个，这时电机轴就是第一轴的主动轴，而主轴 则是最后一个从动轴。本专机虽然转速级数不多，不应该过过多的传动轴，因为用过多的传动轴结构回比较大。但是为了避免电动机产生的振动和热量传给主轴，设想采用四级传动，其中一组速比不大的传动，起“分离传动”的作用。通常起“分离传动作用”都是用一组皮带传动，比如内专机只所以不用皮带传动，是因为主轴箱在总设计中是放在进给箱前面的，如果用皮带传动在实际应用中回比较困难。 3.拟订转速图，确定传动比选用电机转速为970r/min,需要的刀轴转速分别为116r/min,26r/min.查非标准设备设计，获得有关传动比设计的经验数据，分配各轴传动比1：2.1，1.7：1，1：2，1：3.5和1：2.1，1：2.6，：1：2，1：3.5 齿轮齿数比分别为21：45，36：21，21：40，18：63 21：45，20：52，21：40，18：63 五齿轮的设计（一）电机齿轮的设计 1. 选齿轮精度等级，材料及齿数 选8级精度齿轮，在传动中无特殊要求，均采用45钢软齿面，小齿轮. 调质217255HBS;大齿轮正火162217HBS,Z1=21,Z2=45 2.按齿面接触疲劳强度设计 d1t 式中下标t 代表试选，是因为齿轮参数待求不，无法确定k值。试选Kt=1.4,开始是可能预选数与实际数相差较多，但后面还进行校正。 T1=9.5510P1/n1 =9.55107.5/970=73840Nmm 由手册查得，本齿轮为非对称布置， 取d=0.8 再查机床设计手册得： ZE=189.8 ZH=2.5; 齿轮的接触疲劳极限 Hlim1=595N/mm Hlim2=555N/mm; N1=60n1jLn=609701(2830010) =2.810 N2=N1/=2.810/2.1=1.310 由机床设计手册，查得： 接触疲劳寿命系数 ZN1=1,ZN2=1; 取SH=1,则 H1=5951/1=595N/ mm H2=5551/1=555 N/ mm 取H2代入计算： d1t =82.3mm v=4.17m/s6m/s 所以8级精度合适。现在可以准确的计算k值=0.88 查手册得： kv=1.1 kA=1 k=1.08 则系数k=kvkkA=1.111.08=1.086，需修正。d1=77.9主要尺寸则由上述计算可得： m=77.9/21=37.1,取标准值m=4;分度圆 d1=mZ1=421=84mm; d2=mZ2=445=180mm;此两直径为最后齿轮的直径值。则由此可计算出齿轮的其他参数值，中心距 a=84+180=132mm;齿宽 b=dd1=820.4=32.8;圆整取 b1=b2=30mm.3校核齿根曲疲劳强度F=2kT1/bd1mYFYsF 查手册得：YF1=2.76 YF2=2.17; 同样查得：Ys1=1.55 Ys2=1.8 Flim1=440N/mm Flim2=420N/mm. YN1=1, YN2=1, 取SF=1.4 F1=Flim1YN1/SF=440*1/1.4=314.3N/mm2 F1= Flim2YN2/SF=420*1/1.4=300N/mm2; F1=2.761.55 =76N/mm F1=76=69.5N/mm 则由上述计算可知，弯曲疲劳强度足够。4结构设计由上面计算则可得出结构齿顶高 ha=ham=14=4mm齿根高 hf= (ha+c)m=(1+0.25)4=5mm齿根高 h=ha+hf=9mm齿顶圆直径da1=d1+2ha1=82+24=90mm da2=d2+2ha=180+24=188mm齿根圆直径df1=d1-2hf=82-25=72mm df2=d2+2ha=180-25=170mm基圆直径 db1=d1cos=82cos20=77mm db2=d2cos=180cos20 =169mm齿厚S s=6.28齿槽宽 e=6.28中心距 a=84+180=132mm顶隙 C=cm=0.254=1mm齿轮结构图参见零件图。（二）轴齿轮设计根据设计轴齿轮的方法，同样可设计出轴齿轮结构。轴齿轮结构尺寸如下：模数 m1=4 m2=5齿数 Z1=20 Z2=36齿形角 =20分度圆直径 d1=mZ1=420=80mm D2=mZ2=536=180mm齿顶高 ha1=ham1=14=4mm Ha2=ham2=15=5mm齿根高 hf1= (ha+c)m1=(1+0.25)4=5mm Hf2= (ha+c)m2=(1+0.25)5=6.25mm齿全高 h1=ha1+hf1=4+5=9mm H2=ha2+hf2=5+6.25=11.25mm齿顶圆直径da1=d1+2ha1=80+24=88mm da2=d2+2ha2=180+25=190mm齿根圆直径df1=d1-2hf=80-25=70mm df2=d2+2ha=180-26.25=167.5mm齿距 p1=m1=3.144=12.56mm p1=m2=3.145=15.7mm齿厚S S1=6.28mm S1=7.25mm齿槽宽 e1=6.28mme2=7.25mm顶隙 C1=cm1=0.254=1mmC1=cm2=0.255=1.25mm齿轮结构图参见零件图。(三)轴齿轮结构设计 由上面设计齿轮的过程，同样可设计出轴齿轮的结构。 结构尺寸如下： 模数 m1=5 m2=4齿数 Z1=21 Z2=52齿形角 =20分度圆直径 d1=mZ1=521=105mm D2=mZ2=452=208mm齿顶高 ha1=ham1=15=5mm Ha2=ham2=14=4mm齿根高 hf1= (ha+c)m1=(1+0.25)5=6.25mm Hf2= (ha+c)m2=(1+0.25)4=5mm齿全高 h1=ha1+hf1=5+6.25=11.25mm H2=ha2+hf2=4+5=9mm齿顶圆直径da1=d1+2ha1=105+10=115mm da2=d2+2ha2=208+8=216mm齿根圆直径df1=d1-2hf=105-26.25=92.5mm df2=d2+2ha=208-25=198mm齿距 p1=m1=3.145=15.7mm p1=m2=3.144=12.56mm齿厚S S1=7.25mm S1=6.28mm齿槽宽 e1=7.25mme2=6.28mm顶隙 C1=cm1=0.255=1.25mmC1=cm2=0.254=1mm齿轮结构图参见零件图。(四)轴齿轮结构设计 由上面设计齿轮的过程，同样可设计出轴齿轮的结构。 结构尺寸如下： 模数 m1=5 m2=5齿数 Z1=40 Z2=18齿形角 =20分度圆直径 d1=mZ1=540=200mm D2=mZ2=518=90mm齿顶高 ha1=ham1=15=5mm Ha2=ham2=15=5mm齿根高 hf1= (ha+c)m1=(1+0.25)5=6.25mm Hf2= (ha+c)m2=(1+0.25)5=6.25mm齿全高 h1=ha1+hf1=5+6.25=11.25mm H2=ha2+hf2=5+6.25=11.25齿顶圆直径da1=d1+2ha1=200+10=210mm da2=d2+2ha2=90+10=100mm齿根圆直径df1=d1-2hf=200-26.25=187.5mm df2=d2+2ha=90-26.25=77.5mm齿距 p1=m1=3.145=15.7mm p1=m2=3.145=15.7mm齿厚S S1=7.25mm S1=7.25mm齿槽宽 e1=7.25mme2=7.25mm顶隙 C1=cm1=0.255=1.25mmC1=cm2=0.255=1.25mm齿轮结构图参见零件图。（五）主轴齿轮结构设计 由上面设计齿轮的过程，同样可设计出轴齿轮的结构。 结构尺寸如下：模数 m=5 齿数 Z=63分度圆直径 d=mZ=563=315齿顶高 ha=ham=15=5mm齿根高 hf= (ha+c)m=(1+0.25)5=6.25mm齿根高 h=ha+hf=5+6.25=11.25mm齿顶圆直径da=d+2ha=315+25=325mm齿根圆直径df1=d1-2hf=315-26.25=302.5mm基圆直径 db=dcos=315cos20=296mm齿距 P=m=3.145=15.7mm齿厚S s=6.28mm齿槽宽 e=6.28mm中心距 a=202.5mm顶隙 C=cm=0.255=1.25mm齿轮结构图参见零件图。六轴的设计（一）花键轴的设计 1.求花键轴的功率P、转速n、转矩T P=P=7.50.97=7.175kw N1=462kw T=9.5510=155604Nmm 2初步估算轴的最小直径 d1-2=A=(107-118) =30mm; 考虑轴上键槽削弱，轴径需增大，取d1-2=45mm。 3轴的结构设计 （1）拟订轴上零件的装配方案 轴上大部分零件包括轴承，轴套，滑移齿轮，大齿轮，右轴承，仅右端轴承和端盖装配。 （2）根据轴向定位及固定要求，确定轴的各段直径和长度。 轴结构如图： 轴结构说明：轴段位置轴段直径和长度(mm)说明装轴承段d1-25-6D1-2=d5-6=45这两段轴径有滚动轴承的内圈孔径决定。初选圆柱滚子轴承7309，其尺寸dDT=4510025,故d2-3=d6-7=45。l1-2=l5-6=25该轴段长度有滚动轴承宽度决定故l2-3=l5-6=T=25mm.花键段2-3D2-3=50考虑齿轮装卸方便，取d2-3d1-2=45。L2-3=120此段长度取决于总体设计。轴环段3-4D4-5=66齿轮左端轴环定位，根据d4-5=50,按设计手册推荐轴环高度h=（0.07d+30.1d+3）=(0.0750+30.150+3)=6.510。取h=8.故取轴环直径d4-5=d3-4+28=66L4-5=10轴环宽度一般为高度的1.4倍，即l4-5=1.4h=11.2但由于设计方面的要求，取l4-5=10mm。齿轮段4-5d4-5=54设计所计算所得。l4-5=135设计时计算所得。（3）轴上零件的周向固定 齿轮与轴采用平键联接。按轴径尺寸由机械设计手册查得，采用平键尺寸为bhl=18728。同时为了保证齿轮与轴的良好的对中性，故采用H7/r6的配合。滚动轴承与轴的周向固定采用过盈联接来保证，选H7/m6。 （4）轴端倒角取245。4选择轴的材料，确定许用应力 轴的材料：该轴无特殊要求，选用45钢，调质处理。由于的尺寸较大，性能数据，按毛坯直径200mm的选用，查手册得，B=650 N/mm,s=360 N/mm,-1=300 N/mm,-1=155 N/mm. 许用应力：由手册查得：+1b=215 N/mm,0b=100 N/mm,-1b=60 N/mm 5.选轴的材料,确定许用应力 轴的材料选用时考虑到无特殊要求,选用45钢,调质处理.由于尺寸较大,性能数据按毛坯尺寸200mm,查手册得B=650N/mm 抗拉屈服极限B=360N/mm,弯曲疲劳极限-1=300N/mm剪切疲劳极限-1=155 N/mm. 许用弯曲应力: +1=215 N/mm, 0=100 N/mm, -1=60N/mm. 6.画轴的结构简图,计算支反力. 画轴的结构简图,可确定出轴承支点跨距L2=32mm,L3=172mm,悬臂L1=92mm,由此可画出轴的受力简图. 水平面支反力 RBH=1475N RDH=Ft-RBH=1758-1475=283N 垂直面支反力 RBv=537N RDV=Fr-RBv=640-537=103N 7.水平面弯矩图,扭矩图(1) 水平面弯矩图MH截面C处 McH=RBHL2=147533=48675Nmm(2) 垂直面弯矩图截面C左边 Mcv1=RDVL3=103172=Nmm截面C右边 Mcv2=RBvL2=53733=17721Nmm(3) 合成弯矩图 截面C左边Mc1=51800Nmm 截面C右边 Mc2=51800Nmm(4) 扭矩图扭矩 T=73841Nmm8.按弯扭合成应力校核轴的强度从计算可得截面C处弯矩最大,应该校核该截面的强度,截面C的当量弯矩 =0.6 Me=61626Nmm查工艺人员手册,得公式: a=7.48N/mm则校核结果:b-1=60 N/mm,截面C强度足够.9按疲劳强度精确校核轴的安全系数 判断危险剖面：截面A,2,3,B主要受扭矩作用，虽然键槽、轴肩及过盈配合所引起的应力集中均将削弱轴的疲劳强度，但由于轴的最小直径是按联轴器所设计的，所以这几个截面均不需要校核。 从应力集的对轴的疲劳强度影响来看，截面C处过盈联接，所引起的应力集中最重，从受载情况来看，截面C的弯矩最大。所以校核截面C的疲劳强度。如下表：计算内容及公式计算结果说明扭矩T （Nmm）15560由计算得到合成弯矩M （Nmm）51800由计算得到轴的直径(mm)50由计算得到抗弯截面模量Wc=-10194由机械设计得公式抗扭截面模量Wc=-22460由机械设计得公式弯曲应力幅（Nmm）5.08按对称循环系数应力计算扭转应力幅（N/mm）1.64按脉动循环系数应力计算扭转平均剪应力（Nmm）m1.47按脉动循环系数应力计算弯曲扭转的疲劳强度-1=255-1=140由机械设计得公式弯曲扭转的等效系数=0.2=0.1由机械设计得公式尺寸系数0.84由机械设计得公式0.78表面质量系数0.9由机械设计得公式有效应力集中系数K=1.66（圆角处）K=1.43由机械设计得公式K=2.63（配合处）K=1.89取K=2.63K=1.89只考虑弯曲作用时的安全系数17.7由机械设计得公式只考虑弯曲作用时的安全系数34.1由机械设计得公式安全系数15.7由机械设计得公式许用安全系数为1.51.8，由上面计算可知，安全系数足够。 . （二）轴的设计 1求轴的功率P，低转速n,转矩T P3=P=7.50.97=7.057kw N3=970=178r/min 于是，T=9.5510=378619Nmm 2.求作用在齿轮上的力 因已经知道大齿轮的分度圆直径为： D1=mZ1=452=208mm; 圆周力Ft=3640N; 径向力Fr=Fttg =3640tg20=1324N; 小齿轮分度圆直径为： D2=mZ2=215=105mm; 圆周力Ft=7212N 径向力Fr= Fttg = 7212tg20=2625N 3.初步估算轴的最小直径 此轴有两个转速，但由于设计时要满足两个转速下的工作环境，故在设计中用低转速来求最小直径，这样才能保证哟足够的强度进行工作。安装轴承处为轴的最小直径d1-2=A=(107-118) =33mm考虑轴上键槽削弱，轴径需增大，取d1-2=50mm。4轴的结构设计 （1）拟订轴上零件的装配方案 轴上大部分零件包括轴承，轴套，大圆柱齿轮，轴套、小圆柱齿轮，右轴承，仅右端轴承和端盖装配。 （2）根据轴向定位及固定要求，确定轴的各段直径和长度。5画轴的结构简图，确定许用应力 轴的材料：该轴无特殊要求，选用45钢，调质处理。由于的尺寸较大，性能数据，按毛坯直径200mm的选用，查手册得，B=650 N/mm,s=360 N/mm,-1=300 N/mm,-1=155 N/mm. 许用应力：由手册查得：+1b=215 N/mm,0b=100 N/mm,-1b=60 N/mm.轴结构如图： 6.画轴的计算简图，计算支反力 画轴的计算简图，确定轴承支点跨距L1=35mm,L2=99mm,L3=78mm, 水平面支反力 RAH=-6327NRDH=Ft1-Ft2+RAH=6327+3640-7212=2755N 垂直面支反力 RAv=2303N RDv=Fr-RAv=2303+1324-2625=1002N 7.画弯矩图，扭矩图 (1)水平面弯矩图截面B处 MBH=RAHL1=632735=221445Nmm截面C处MCH=RAH(L1+L2)=6327(35+99) =911088Nmm (2)垂直面弯矩图 截面B处 左边MBv1=RAvL1=230335=80605Nmm 右边 MBv2=RDv(L2+L3)=1002(99+75)=174348 Nmm截面C处左边MCv1=RBv(L1+L2)=2305(35+99)=331920 Nmm 右边MCv2=RBvL3=100275=75150 Nmm (3)合成弯矩图 截面B左边 MB1=235658 Nmm MB2=281841 Nmm截面C左边 Mc1= =969666 NmmMC2= =914182 Nmm（4）扭矩图 扭矩 T=378619 Nmm8.按弯扭合成强度校对轴的强度 从前面计算可知，截面C处弯矩最大，应该校对该截面的强度。截面C的当量弯矩 =0.6 Me=995921Nmm查工艺人员手册,得公式: a=36.24N/mm则校核结果:b-1=60 N/mm,截面C强度足够. 轴段位置轴段直径和长度(mm)说明装轴承段d1-25-6D1-2=d5-6=50这两段轴径有滚动轴承的内圈孔径决定。初选圆柱滚子轴承7309，其尺寸dDT=5011028,故d2-3=d6-7=50。l1-2=l5-6=28该轴段长度有滚动轴承宽度决定故l2-3=l5-6=T=28mm.齿轮轴套段2-3D2-3=60考虑齿轮装卸方便，取d2-3d1-2=60。L2-3=125此段长度取决于总体设计。自由段3-4D3-4=65考虑轴承用轴肩定位，根据滚动轴承，查手册得轴肩安装尺寸d3-4=65mmL4-5=10轴肩宽度一般为高度的1.4倍，即l4-5=1.4h=11.2但由于设计方面的要求，取l4-5=10mm。（3）轴上零件的周向固定 齿轮与轴采用平键联接。按轴径尺寸由机械设计手册查得，采用平键尺寸为bhl=18728。同时为了保证齿轮与轴的良好的对中性，故采用H7/r6的配合。滚动轴承与轴的周向固定采用过盈联接来保证，选H7/m6。 （4）轴端倒角取245。5画轴的计算简图，计算支反力 可参考输入轴的计算方法进行计算，由于时间紧迫，过程在此略去。6校核轴的强度（略） （三）轴的设计 1.求轴的功率P、低转速n、转矩T P=P=7.50.97=6.845kw N3=89r/min T=9.5510=734492Nmm 2初步估算轴的最小直径 此轴有两个转速，但由于设计时要满足两个转速下的工作环境，故在设计中用低转速来求最小直径，这样才能保证哟足够的强度进行工作。d1-2=A=(107-118) = 考虑轴上键槽削弱，轴径需增大，取d1-2=45mm。 3轴的结构设计 （1）拟订轴上零件的装配方案 轴上大部分零件包括轴承，轴套，滑移齿轮，大齿轮，右轴承，仅右端轴承和端盖装配。 （2）根据轴向定位及固定要求，确定轴的各段直径和长度。 轴结构如图： 轴段位置轴段直径和长度(mm)说明装轴承段1-2、5-6D1-2=d5-6=60这两段轴径有滚动轴承的内圈孔径决定。初选圆柱滚子轴承7309，其尺寸dDT=5011028,故d2-3=d6-7=50。l1-2=l5-6=31该轴段长度有滚动轴承宽度决定故l2-3=l5-6=T=31mm.齿轮、轴套段2-3D2-3=65考虑齿轮装卸方便，取d2-3d1-2=60。L2-3=130此段长度取决于总体设计。轴齿段3-4D3-4=80此段见齿轮设计部分。L3-4=40此段见齿轮设计部分。轴肩段4-5d4-5=70考虑轴承用轴肩定位，根据滚动轴承，查手册得轴肩安装尺寸d3-4=70mml4-5=10此段长度取决于总体设计由于设计方面的要求，取l3-4=50mm。（3）轴上零件的周向固定 齿轮与轴采用平键联接。按轴径尺寸由机械设计手册查得，采用平键尺寸为bhl=18728。同时为了保证齿轮与轴的良好的对中性，故采用H7/r6的配合。滚动轴承与轴的周向固定采用过盈联接来保证，选H7/m6。 （4）轴端倒角取245。4画轴的结构简图，确定许用应力 轴的材料：该轴无特殊要求，选用45钢，调质处理。由于的尺寸较大，性能数据，按毛坯直径200mm的选用，查手册得，B=650 N/mm,s=360 N/mm,-1=300 N/mm,-1=155 N/mm. 许用应力：由手册查得：+1b=215 N/mm,0b=100 N/mm,-1b=60 N/mm.5画轴的计算简图，计算支反力 可参考输入轴的计算方法进行计算，由于时间紧迫，过程在此略去。6校核轴的强度（略） （四）主轴的设计 1.求轴的功率P、低转速n、转矩T 主轴功率有前面计算可知，切削功率为5.04KW, 主轴最低转速为铣削燕尾槽时所用转速26r/min. 切削力 p=56DfHB =56D0.1150 =99297N 切削扭矩 M=10fHB =100.1150 =4302271Nmm 2初步估算轴的最小直径 此轴有两个转速，但由于设计时要满足两个转速下的工作环境，故在设计中用低转速来求最小直径，这样才能保证哟足够的强度进行工作。d=A=(107-118) =68.29mm 考虑轴上键槽削弱，轴径需增大，取d=75mm. 3. 轴的结构设计 主轴前支撑采用一个双列向心圆锥滚子轴承，内空有1：12内孔，通过锥度孔可以调节轴承轴向间隙；内圈孔靠一个锁紧挡圈轴向定位。齿轮左边有一锁紧螺母，通过锁紧螺母来调整轴向位置，从而调整齿轮的旋转精度和接触高度。后支撑采用一圆锥滚子轴承，用以承受轴向和径向载荷，轴承靠轴肩轴向定位。 主轴结构图如图样。七.轴承的选用 在选用轴承时，考虑到主轴以外的其他几根轴基本不承受轴向载荷，而主要承受径向载荷，设计时首先考虑深沟球轴承，深沟球轴承主要适用于转速较高，轴向载荷小的地方，而圆锥滚子轴承虽然能同时承受轴向径向载荷，但价格较贵，从专机实用性方面考虑用深沟秋轴承较为合适。花键轴选用2310型号轴承，轴选用2311型号轴承，轴齿选用2312型号轴承。 在切削时，主轴前端由于刀具和工件之间产生较大的切削力，所以选用318214双列向心短圆柱滚子轴承。承受径向载荷，此轴承与箱体之间用一锁紧挡圈来调整轴承间隙；主轴后支承采用圆锥滚子轴承承受轴向和径向载荷，使主轴轴向定位。八主轴箱润滑 主轴箱润滑选用液压油进行润滑，由于润滑部位不多，从专机的经济性方面考虑，采用手动润滑方式。 九.轴承的校核(略) 十画总装图 总装图见图样。 十一.设计自我评价27英文原文Constructure and Technology of Machine ToolsSize, Bed and Tailstock of Engine latheSIZELathe size is determined by swing and length, of the bed. The swing is twice the distance from the live center point of the spindle to the top of the bed, or the largest diameter that can be turned over the ways of a lathe. For example, a 10-in, lathe will ruin a 10-in,-diameter workpiece over the ways, but not over the car-riage cross-feed slide. Sometimes two numbers are used to indicate swing.The length of the bed includes the part the headstock rests on. It determines also the distance between centers. A typical size might be a 3-foot bed with a dis-tance of 23 in. between centers. Lathe beds are offered in many different lengths for each available swing size.A lathe should have a swing capacity and distance between centers that is at least 10 percent greater than needed to do any job that may be required. Standard lathes come in a variety of designs and styles and may have a swing ranging from about 9 to 53 in. They are generally classified as small, medium swing, and heavy duty. Bed bodyThe bed body is the base of lather, is 1.It is spine of lather, can use to install or prop up all of other parts.Be located on a bed body coping of is to lead a track.General more expensive lather from V type peace lead a track to combine, but more the lather of cheapness be only even to lead a track.Lead the structure of track to be different with the manufacturing.Some manufactory adoption demand can replace of the Cui fire steel lead a track, but other some manufactory adoption and bed body the flames Cui fire of the integral whole lead a track.Lead how the accuracy of track is the function of decision lather.Lead the track have to be accurate but nicety, in order to make principal axis box, tail and the bed saddle always accurate fixed position.Direct Be located on under the bed body pioneer track of is 1.1 match with this Nie and make to can move bed saddle while turning to begin a round.TailThe tail can follow a bed body to lead a track to move and reign to place top to clip tight.It constitute tofrom two Zhu piece namely main parts.The lower part piece is direct to depend in leading a track, upper part piece depend on the lower part piece, regulate bolt two parts connect together.The upper part piece can in front and back turn to move to carry on by adjusting a tail an awl degree a car to pare, or re- adjust a tail center to carry on straight line the car pare.While turning to move a tail a hand round, tail set tube namely slippery body can in the upper part piece outside move.Tail set the tube have 1 and can pack top or other knife(like auger and Jiao knife) of awl bore.Only set with tail the tube have homology the knife of the awl degree then can pack in the set the tube bore.Want to unload a knife inside tube from the set.as long as fall back a hand round can make a set of tube send back inside upper part piece.Can move a set the Luo pole of the tube to carry loose open an awl handle, so can unload knife.Have to caution avoid an usage unwell go together with of awl body.If appear an awl body unwell go together with, cant usage hand round Luo pole to unload a knife.Want since not the damage heart stalk again can unload knife, can usage underneath two kinds of one of the methods:(1)Tail set the body with namely slippery tube turn one short distance and open three claw card the card dish of the dish claw, forward glide tail the awl body which make to block clip tight in the card dish the claw, tight the solid tail clip tight plank, fall back the hand round can unload knife inside tube from the set.(2)The spare parts blocked in the tail the set the tube carry a department to add the cartful bed card claw, use one small hammer light Kou this card claw, can unload a knife.The beard match heart while falling back a tail a hand round.If back a Luo pole bitter end with the very big dint for the meeting Ya to live, so will make inner part the thread transform even damage.General cant move a hand round by hand and forward when the Luo pole block.Occurrence this kind of circumstance, preventfrom further damage of had better way is in hand round top put a big live a wrench, forward move hand round.Will never the ability use the hand handle that the hammer son knock a hand round.The principal axis box of common latherPrincipal axis box the module be tight solid left carry in the lather.It is constitute by the principal axis box principal axis, Be made the principal axis revolve by the wheel gear or the wheel gear set and the leather belt round.The principal axis have can pack to clip and turn to begin to work a piece of enclosure.The principal axis have many turn soon.Principal axis box from 3-5 accept.Because lather top process of work piece the accuracy be decided by accuracy of clip the principal axis axis of revolution of hold the work piece, past have to very carefully manufacturing and install principal axis and it all enclosure.The principal axis contain a bore and the head of this bore be one awl bore, can use to install knife of take the awl handle.Install a principal axis box to live top, with 1 go together with into the principal axis awl inside bore.The principal axis box is top and can revolve with the work piece. past call to live top.It is a the awl metals which take point piece.The work piece can use to accept a work piece when the work piece revolve and all lather be top all for 60 degrees Cape.Install an enclosure on the principal axis, often usage three kinds of in general use principal axis head:1.Thread principal axis headThe thread principal axis is most in common use on the lather head.Arrive the enclosure Ning for install a principal axis up, until with the principal axis method orchid dish close match each other.Thread principal axis main weakness of the head is to cant carry on anti- pare toward the car, anti- because of some enclosure(for example card dish) to hour would loose open.2.cam lock tight principal axis headThe cam lock tight principal axis head contain a very short awl body, it can go together with into flower dish or card dish back of inside awl slot.From the flower dish or the card dish back stretch out many cam lock tight minor axis, these minor axises can go together with into the bore of principal axis head inside.Turning to move these cams can be tight their lock at provision position.3.the long awl key spread to move a principal axis headIt has a very long awl body.The awl body take additional key with an inside thread set claw.Flower dish or card dish have to with its awl degree homology combine take outside thread key slot.This kind of just to lock tight type the principal axis be the most widespread in the medium-sized lather.It allow a principal axis at just to or anti- to revolve all the ability slice to pare.Drive the motive of principal axis is supply by an electric motor, deliver the motive to the principal axis to have four kinds of in common use method from the electric motor:1.The even leather belt spread to moveIn the majority the leather belt spread move of the lather, it is direct to drive motive through a leather belt deliver give attach a tower round in principal axis.The dissimilarity for moving the leather belt to the tower round position, convertibility principal axis speed.For acquire lower soon with greater motive, can usage carry round on usages back.2.the triangle leather belt spread to moveThe circumference of each leather belt round top all open a V type slot.Triangle leather belt will by the square the Qian person is inside slot.The triangle leather belt cant run into the bottom of leather belt round.This kind of spread to move a way to also have 1 to spread with even leather belt to move likeness of carry on the back a round equip.3.have no class to become to soon spread to moveThis kind of equip need not parking can change active round with from move a speed of.Actually only when the tool machine circulate just need to be become soon.Have no class to become to soon spread to move of spread and move leather belt round from two V type on the side of the half round constitute.The leather belt a side of the round can open and namely take off with another a side to open.Move to arrive smaller diameter in take off open the hour. the leather belt toward, make from move a round creation lower speed.When leather belt round two sides match at, force leather belt to outwardly move to arrive bigger diameter, make from move a speed to enlarge.Can by hand move or the liquid press to carry on become soon.When the adoption liquid press a way, bedside box coping of control the dish can make the liquid press a system precision action.Dont turn this a control dish when the electric motor is stop.Direct spread to move of turn soon scope to 300-1600 to turn/cent.For acquire lower turn soon, have to first parking, turn to move to carry on the back a round to shake a hand.Low speed scope for 43-230 turn/cent.4.the wheel gear spread to move to become soon a boxThis kind of include wheel gear and become soon organization, can acquire many turn of dissimilarity soon.Operation can usage attach at the bedside speed on the box cent degree dish to choice need of speed.Move 2 or three hand handle or shake the hand adjustable stanza speed.The bed saddle of the common lather, enter to give with car thread organization.Bed saddleThe bed saddle use to the control and to accept to slice to pare a knife and it constitute tofrom five main parts.1.saddleBE 1 pack on beds body square combine follow lead a track glide of the H form Zhu piece.The bed saddle that is on the saddle lock tight bolt bed saddle lock tight arrive bed body in order to carry on a car to carry noodles and cut off.2.slip away a plank boxFix on the saddle, and hang a front in bed body.It include wheel gear, clutch and hand to move with auto enter the hand handle which use to the bed saddle.Slip away to pull there is a denticle round on the box.But denticle round again with bed before the body underneath of Chi mutually the Nie match, can by hand turn to move to slip away to pull a box of hand round, can make bed saddle lengthways move.Slip away a plank box to include auto enter to give to use of rub a clutch and open to match Luo mother, open to match Luo mother stop to lean on silk Gang a thread of above, only at car thread usage.3.horizontal knifePack on the saddle.The saddle is horizontal to process to lead a track for the Yan tail type, then accept to lead a track.ability by the square with lather of center line perpendicular.Horizontal knife the Yan tail which also match each other with saddle Yan tail lead a track.Turn to move horizontal drag along a plank hand a handle can make knife horizontal to pound knife(turn dish)Pack on the horizontal knife, can revolve 360 degrees, and at arbitrarily position top clip tight.Compound knife bottom fifty-fifty turn namely 180 degrees degree which carry on cent.Turn there is also a Yan tail on the dish lead a track.Can use one short silk Gang move the top part, horizontal knife and compound knife the silk Gang all have cent degree value for the engrave of l/1000 inch one degree wreath, used for a car to pare a work piece to close end size with car thread make nicety adjust.5.penknifeHave to engrave one degree wreath with shake a handle.Can at compound knife glide inside the T type slot of the coping.Can use to clip tight with fixed position the knife clip.Enter to give organization with car threadEnter to give and car thread organization from enter to the box, silk Gang, light Gang with slip away the wheel gear and the clutch in the plank box to constitute.Enter direct to the box Be located on a principal axis box module under.Deliver the motive that the principal axis be left to carry to through the wheel gear into to the box.Enter the wheel gear which include many dissimilarity size to the box, can provide the underneath two kinds of transformation:(1)Change enter to give quantity;(2)Change car thread principal axis box the principal axis turn soon with bed saddle route of travel of ratio.Usually having to move 2-3 hand handle just may acquire precision of enter to give quantity and exactitude of thread number/inch.Wheel gear box the front be fish-eye a designation diagram, indicate to acquire need into give quantity or thread number/the hand handle of the inch position.Silk Gang and light the Gang deliver the motive to the bed saddle with carry on auto enter to give with the thread slice to pare.At small scaled lather last usage a light Gang, but just have on the large lather two alone of Gang.The bed saddle maneuver all organic move toward sport into give.Lengthways enter to the direction from the bedside box up of anti- to hand handle control, usage dissimilarity of control the hand handle can use dissimilarity the way acquire mobile enter give.(1)At more early of lather up, lengthways enter give hour will slip away a plank box up of enter to the transformation hand handle move to top position.then enter the auto give shake to change direction right side can move bed saddle.For acquire horizontal auto enter to give, will enter to move to an underneath position for transformation hand handle, and will same auto enter give shake to change direction the right side can.Horizontal enter to the direction from the bedside box up of anti- to hand handle control.(2)Two types of lather have an enter to give the choice the hand handle.move upward noodles for lengthways enter give, get down for horizontal enter give.Then, move a clutch can the realization be mobile to enter give.(3)Three types of lather has lengthways mobile one to enter alone horizontal with enter to the hand handle to the hand handle(or clutch).(or clutch)(4)Large other control way of the lather adoption, all lather all have 1 to be located on a principal axis box a principal axis neighborhood of silk Gang/light the Gang be anti- to the hand handle.Car thread, will enter to the transformation hand handle put position ly mobile enter to all take off to open for the hand handle and the clutch.Only open to match Luo a mother action just on this position.It is 1 to lengthways open to match Luo a mother.Move to slip away a plank box top to open to match Luo mother hand handle, open to match Luo mother shut to match to make bed saddle a principal axis each turn to move a fix distance.Or so move of direction from enter to anti- to hand handle control.The car right Xuan thread, bed saddle have to from right to left shift move, namely move toward the principal axis box direction the car left Xuan thread, bed saddle have to from left rightwards move, namely to tail direction move.Only at car thread just the usage open to match Luo a mother.The lather work piece clip tight enclosure and thick carThe lather work piece clip a tight enclosurePass work with various different usage a piece to clip a tight enclosure, can consumedly increment the lather process the category and scope of work piece.In common use of the common enclosure have three claw in general use card dishes, four claw list move the card dish, set claw card dish, flower dish, heel knife, center.etc., most of the work piece tongs will at behind the chapter elaborate.The car pare top pack to clip of work piece, put a person in the principal axis box the principal axis bore one difference path set tube with live top, stir dish to pack a head at the principal axis thread up.It has some slot and use to match each other with the lather card claw coda and drive fix at lather card on work piece claw.The work piece can also clip tight with tight solid arrive flower dish up, flower dish of diameter ratio stir dish big get many, so have more slot.Thick car(1)Fix the cartful bed card claw on the work piece, clip card claw at can assurance turn move of the work piece coda carry neighborhood.Want to promise to be a work piece at two top fixed position.The card claw coda should be in stir the dish slot.(2)Put a work piece on the lather, insure a tail a set all of the tubes to stretch out.Move a tail to make top be apart from ratio work piece length invite long place of 2 inches, clip a tail tight on beds body.(3)Carry the card claw of work piece put in live toply and add some lubricant(zinc powder and oil) inside tail center bore.(4)Turn to move a tail a hand round to make the dead top prison prison pack a person inside center bore, cant too tight also cant too loose.Otherwise, the card claw for work piece to turn move will send out sound.In front and back move card claw a coda, make tail top accommodation.(5)Whet a knife which slice to pare blade to put a person and clip tight in the knife clip.(6)Clip the knife put on the penknife, and make the following check:The knife clip dont certain stretch out a penknife a too long penknife should at compound knife T type slot of left carry;Point of a knife noodles should constitution at lather center Gao up.Some car work according to practice experience knife constitution slightly Gao at the center line, but this have to knife whet good.To sort operation personnel to say, suggestion the point of a knife want to whet to give settle of angle, and knife precision constitution centrally on-line.Pare to the car like soft aluminum etc. some material, if the knife whet accommodation.Then can knife constitution slightly Gao at the center line.Insure a few centrally on-line method of point of a knife:Use to live top is a foundation to adjust this point;Measure to lead a track to the bedside box top of distance combine with this to adjust point of a knife;At tail heart stalk or slippery body top uniform center line, Be a constitution knife of direction line.(7)Turn to fight with weapons to clip to make to slice to pare blade to slightly change direction a tail to carry, if knife constitution at mistake position, knife the circumstance take place in glide.(8)Check the bed saddle can make lather card claw not collision compound knife but again can move need to be be apart from.Bed saddle should the ability move ratio work piece half the length be slightly a little bit longer of distance.(9)connect power supply, combine up the clutch.(10)The left hand put on the bed saddle hand round., The right hand put at horizontal enter to the hand handle up, move bed saddle arrive work piece the tail carry and go toward inside horizontal enter give arrive beginning formation to slice a scraps stone(11)Try to slice 1/4 inch breadth.The certain depth carry on adjust to the work piece.(12)Parking, and usage card Chinese foot examination diameter.If work piece remaining have great capacity.Then can carry on two or the three time thick car.(13)Connect power supply, press lengthways mobile enter to the switch, the check slice to pare a circumstance.Iron scraps should crumb collapse.If long iron scraps, then very dangerous of, it will round a work piece.If the words by hand moved, then slicing scraps blade will cut the hand.(14)Should have no Zhan to flap.The Zhan flap from the knife and the work piece jump about but creation of vibration.This kind of vibration will make work piece the cave and convex gravamen of the surface formation.Zhans flap is too usually cause by underneaths four kinds of reason namely knife bluntness or whet inaccuracy;Work piece or knife are rigid bad;Knife or tongs outside stretch too long;It is loose to move a parts on the lather.(15)Carry on one vice-minister degree ratio work piece half a little bit longer of slice to pare.Observation slice to pare a circumstance, often attention tail of dead top, cant because of lead hot but damage tail dead top.While slicing to pare to exceed middle point should loose open lengthways mobile enter give, and withdraw horizontal enter give.(16)Move to bed saddle to start position afresh.(17)When its necessary can carry on two time or three time slice to pare, measure with the card Chinese foot exactitude size.Attention every time measure the work have to shut down first before the piece.(18)Unload a work piece from the tool machine, lather card claws put be having already processed to carry and lubricate dead top bore, and put back work piece to lather.(19)The rightness another half carry on a thick car(20)Some car work at loose open lengthways mobile enter to the hand handle after.Dont withdraw first horizontal enter to give but is to shut down, then.Unload a work piece, send back the bed saddle to the start position, lather card the claw be anti- to, so, not the change be horizontal to enter to give and then can carry on another a carry to process.If use this kind of method, and carry on heavy the words sliced to pare, should let up into give quantity to avoid knife over carry.Miller, planer and grinding machineIron bedThe miller is a kind of Xian knife to revolve, the work piece opposite Xian knife make into give sport of the metals slice to pare tool machine.The Xian knife install on the knife pole. carry on a fixed position with washer or set.Once the knife pole carry to fix on the principal axis, another a carry to reign at the knife pole of revolve in the bearings.The main parts of miller is:(1)start a hand handle(2)Principal axis(3) Bed body(4)working panel lifter(5)Ascend and descend silk Gang(6) Work set(7) Cent degree head(8) Become soon hand handle(9) Enter to the hand handle(10) The work pedestal move a hand handle(11) Cent degree head(12)knife poleThe principal axis of miller from electric motor through pack on beds body of a series wheel gear drive.Work pedestal of common miller can perpendicular at the principal axis sport.but the all-powerful miller have 1 can at horizontal slippery on the stage revolve of work the pedestal pare the Chi of wheel gear by Xian, spiral Chi and spiral slot.PlanerThis tool machine general use to process usually from the knife carry on to slice to pare to the work piece process of flat surface.it lord sport is back and forth sport, but enter to give sport direction and lord sport direction perpendicular.Cow head knife and knife of the planer pack on the slippery Zhen and carry on slicing to pare to process to the work piece while make headway.The adjustable work set which take one T type slot can use to clip to hold a work piece, can also used to set pincer pilers and other tongs to clip to hold a work piece.The cow head planer have a drive slippery Zhen to use of put a pole and regulate the organization of route of travel length, the slippery Zhen can use to accept a knife.On the knife take to have always bottom enter to give of organization, ability or so deflect to slice by carrying on angle to pare to process, general all for move into give.Cow head the work set of the planer is the box that a coping and on the side all open to have one T type slot body in order to pack to clip a work piece.The horizontal beam use stud bolt direct tight solid arrive cow head machine or bed of the planer.Auto enter to give or mobile enter to give to pass with Ji round mutually the Nie match of Ji claw to realization.The main parts of Dragon gate planer has a bed body, can in front and back move of work set, sign pillar, in signing pillar can top and bottom move of horizontal beam and tight solid knife in horizontal beam.Grinding machineThe grinding machine is the tool machine that a kind of usage emery wheel come to precision but availably carry on cylinder, cone or flat surface to whet to pare to attain shape, size and clean degree request.Pass a work piece opposite revolve of the emery wheel enter give or make revolve of the emery wheel opposite work piece enter give come to carry out metals to slice to pare to process.The grinding machine contain variety type.The in common use grinding machine has tool grinding machine, flat surface grinding machine, not intentional grinding machine, outside circle grinding machine with inside circle grinding machine etc.Common outside circle the main parts of the grinding machine have:(1)The bed body is common outside circle the main Zhu piece of the grinding machine be the bed body which put on one ground.(2)The work set pack a crest an in front department to lead a track at the bed body up of can the back and forth move work set hand to move or mobile enter give, make work piece the opposite emery wheel noodles make lengthways enter give.(3)head and tail of the head which is drive by the electric motor of and tail pack at the or so side of work pedestal that can deflect respectively in order to at top clip to hold a work piece.Grinding machine head of top is also a dead top, namely 2 all is top for dead, so can assurance is whetted stalk line of pare the work piece with it outside circle of together stalk degree.(4)Whet a head to take to have emery wheel and it drive whet of electrical engineering a head to pack after the bed body crest noodles a department of slippery up, whetting a head can move or mobile and opposite work the pedestal lead a track to make perpendicular move, make thus emery wheel to the work piece make into give sport.The tool machine experiment, accuracy examination and maintainThe tool machine experiment with accuracy examinationEach set tool machine at manufacturing and check fix behind should attain technique specification request.According to the normal regulations, the tool machine acceptance experiment should include:The air freight turn to experiment:Tool machine sport examination, examination certificate data of verification;Carry the lotus experiment to experiment with yield(to appropriation tool machine;)Several accuracy and is processed a work piece a degree with rough surface of accuracy examination;Tool machine the degree just experimented;Slice to pare an opportune moment bed to defend to flap function to experiment.Tool machine of these experiment should press above-mentioned in proper order carry on.Being process accuracy and its surface of work piece a rough degree examination can carry a lotus in the tool machine experiment in the meantime or at several accuracy examination go forward line.The accuracy examination include tool machine several accuracy, have already processed a work piece accuracy and its surface rough degree of examination.Tool machine several accuracy experiment to include:The examination lead the straight and even degree of track:The flat surface degree of work pedestal;Sign pillar and scaleboard to the deviation of the perpendicular noodles and the horizontal plane:Principal axis fixed position accuracy and revolve accuracy;Parallelism and perpendicular degree of stalk and the surface opposite position:Silk Gang and turn round to equip of error margin etc.The rightness some concrete model number tool machine all should carry on examination according to the GOST.List is several the accuracy experiment shortage with discretion tool machine of function.Because this kind of experiment cant test to find out a tool machine component rigid, manufacturing and assemble quality of variety, especially tool machine one tongs a knife a system be rigid to process accuracy of influence.as a result nation standard compulsive sex provision include to process a work piece a kind piece accuracy, surface rough degree examination etc. tool machine accuracy examination standard.These experiment should after the tool machine first transport turn by air or load experiment, the tool machine main parts have a stability work temperature juniors line.To every variety tool machine work piece kind piece category, material and process characteristic all establishment correspond of standard.The tool machine maintainMaintain system(namely PMS) to carry on maintain to the tool machine according to the plan.This system can maintain equipments, check and check fix to carry on comprehensive measure, can preventfrom a wear away of equipments thus, contribute to an equipments of normal circulate.The method of implement PMS(1)After the check check fix this kind of method actually is periodical check but is not periodical check fix.Two check of partition time from easy the most short life span of the Sun piece but settle.If think after the check unnecessary carry on check to fix, tool machine continuous work far into next time check hour again check fix.This kind of method can preventfrom an equipments of abrupt break down.(2)Periodical check fix to include after attaining provision movement time carry on of check fix.(3)Standardize check what to fix be that the equipments is in the plan the provision of partition time necessity of check fix.(to the equipments of each category type is standard of)PMS contents(1)Daily maintain to everyday normal circulate of the tool machine carry on small check fix.Can equip the list of the tool machine when its necessary and the parts carry on adjust.(2)Periodical check press schedule to plan to carry on.Involve an external appearance check, clean and accuracy examination.(3)Periodical check still include part dismantle external appearance after pack check, all organization at in operation of check and adjust, tight firmware of check fix or replace, to the whole set tool machine or list the condition of the parts and wear away an authenticate of circumstance, and check result record condition at the tool machine organization report list up.according to report list decision next time check fix of date.The accuracy of the tool machine examination press approve of standard carry on.(4)Schedule to the check fix to is divided into small fix, medium fix, big fix 3 types.Daily the check fix tool machine not whole dismantle to unload can check fix or replace list component or equip.Medium fix to include daily check fix of havings component, main parts opposite position of repair and to basic component of part check fix.Big fix of is all basic component complete set to replace or check fix, main parts position of overall repair and tool machine repair empress attain the accuracy request.译文机床结构及工艺普通车床的尺寸、床身及尾架尺寸车床的尺寸（主要规格）根据回转直径和床身长度而定,所谓回转直径就是指主轴活顶尖到床身顶部距离的二倍，或在车床导轨上能进行车削的最大直径。例如一台10英寸的车床，在导轨上能车削10英寸直径的工件，但这并不是指床鞍横进给刀架所能加工的直径。有时用两个数字来表示回转直径。床身的长度包括安装其上的主轴箱部分，以及顶尖距。典型的床身尺寸是三英尺，加上顶尖距28英寸。车床床身可设计成对每种回转直径有许多不同的长度。床身的回转能力和顶尖距至少应比可能需加工的任何工件所需的大10%。车床有多种不同的设计和型号回转直径范围从9英寸到53英寸它们一般分为小，中、重三类。床身床身是车床的基座，是一大刚性整体铸件。它是车床的“脊骨”，可用来安装或支撑所有的其它部件。位于床身顶部的是导轨。一般较贵的车床由V型和平导轨组合而成，而较便宜的车床只有平导轨。导轨的结构随制造不同而异。有些制造商采用需要时可更换的淬火钢导轨，而其它一些制造商则采用与床身一体的火焰淬火导轨导轨的精度如何将决定车床的性能。导轨必须准确而精密，以便使主轴箱、尾架及床鞍始终准确定位。直接位于床身前导轨下的为一齿条。一小齿轮与这齿条啮合，使在转动手轮时能够移动床鞍。尾架尾架可沿床身导轨移动并在位置上夹紧。它由两个铸件即主要部件组成。下部件直接靠在导轨上，上部件靠在下部件上，调节螺钉将两部件连在一起。上部件可前后转动以调整尾架进行锥度车削，或重新调整尾架中心进行直线车削。转动尾架手轮时，尾架套筒即滑体可在上部件内外移动。尾架套筒有一个可装顶尖或其它刀具（如钻头和铰刀）的锥孔。只有和尾架套筒具有相同锥度的刀具才能装在套筒孔内。要从套筒内卸下刀具只要倒退手轮就可使套筒退回上部件内。可移动套筒的螺杆端松开锥柄，这样就可卸下刀具。必须小心避免使用不适配的锥体。若出现锥体不适配时，就不能使用手轮螺杆来卸下刀具。要既不损坏心轴又可卸下刀具，可使用下面两种方法之一：(1)将尾架套筒即滑体转出一短距离，张开三爪卡盘上的卡盘爪，向前滑动尾架使卡住的锥体夹紧在卡盘爪内，紧固尾架夹紧板，倒退手轮就可从套筒内卸下刀具。(2)在尾架套筒内卡住的零件端部加一车床卡爪，用一小锤轻叩此卡爪，就可卸下刀具。倒退尾架手轮时须合心。若用很大的力退到螺杆末端就会轧住，这样就会使内部螺纹变形甚至损坏。螺杆卡住时一般不能用手向前移动手轮。发生这种情况时，防止进一步损坏的最好办法是在手轮上放一个大活扳手，向前移动手轮。决不能用锤子敲手轮的手柄。普通车床的主轴箱主轴箱组件紧固在车床左端。它由主轴箱主轴组成，经齿轮或齿轮组和皮带轮使主轴旋转。主轴装有可装夹并转动工件的附件。主轴有多级转速。主轴箱由3-5个支座支承。由于车床上工件的加工精度取决于夹持工件的主轴旋转轴的精度，故必须十分仔细地制造和安装主轴及其所有附件。主轴本身有一通孔，这个孔的前端是一锥孔，可用来安装带锥柄的刀具。安装主轴箱活顶尖时，用一锥套配入主轴锥孔内。主轴箱顶尖可随工件旋转故称活顶尖。它是一个带尖端的锥金属件。工件旋转时可用来支承工件，所有车床顶尖均为60度角。在主轴上安装附件，常使用三种通用的主轴头：1.螺纹主轴头车床上最常用的是螺纹主轴头。将安装的附件拧到主轴上，直到与主轴法兰盘紧密相配。螺纹主轴头的主要缺点是不能进行反向车削，因有些附件（例如卡盘）反向时会松开。2凸轮锁紧主轴头凸轮锁紧主轴头有一个非常短的锥体，它可以配入花盘或卡盘背面的锥槽内。从花盘或卡盘背面伸出许多凸轮锁紧短轴，这些短轴可配入主轴头的孔内。转动这些凸轮就可将它们锁紧在规定位置。3长锥键传动主轴头它有一个很长的锥体。锥体带附加键和一内螺纹套爪。花盘或卡盘必须与其锥度相同并带有外螺纹键槽。这种正向锁紧型主轴在中型车床中最普遍。它允许主轴在正向或反向旋转时均能切削。驱动主轴的动力由一电动机供给，从电动机将动力传递给主轴有四种常用的方法：1.平皮带传动在大多数皮带传动的车床中，直接驱动动力通过皮带传递给附在主轴的塔轮上。把皮带移动到塔轮的不同位置，就可改变主轴速度。为获得较低速和较大动力，可使用背轮。2三角皮带传动每个皮带轮的圆周上都开有一个V型槽。三角皮带将精确地嵌人槽内。三角皮带不能碰到皮带轮的底部。这种传动方式也有一个与平皮带传动相似的背轮装置。3无级变速传动这种装置不用停车就可以改变主动轮和从动轮间的速度。实际上只有在机床运行时才需变速。无级变速传动的传动皮带轮由二个V型侧面的半轮组成。皮带轮的一侧