半闭环数控车床液压传动与控制设计【说明书+CAD】
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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 半闭环数控车床液压传动与 控制设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923021学生姓名： 陆文杰 指导教师： 许菊若 （职称：副教授 ） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 半闭环数控车床液压传动 与控制设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0923021 学生姓名： 陆文杰 指导教师： 许菊若 （职称：副教授 ） （职称： ）2012年11月25日 课题来源 校企合作开发课题科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等） 随着世界技术不断迅速发展，各部门对液压传动提出更高要求，液压传动与电子技术配合在一起广泛应用于智能机器人、海洋开发、宇宙航行、地震预测与各种伺服系统，使液压传动的应用提高到一个崭新高度。液压传动是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，是工农业生产中广为应用的一门技术。如今，流体传动技术水平的高低已成为一个国家工业发展水平的重要标志。 1795年英国约瑟夫布拉曼，在伦敦用水作为介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，有进一步得到改善。 第一次世纪大战后液压传动广为应用，特别是1920年以后，发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在19世纪末20世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925年维克斯发明了压力平衡式叶片泵，为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础，20世纪初康斯坦丁尼斯克对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际的研究；1910年对液压传动夜里连轴节液力变矩器等方面的贡献，是这两方面领域得到了发展。 我国液压技术在50年代刚刚兴起，60年代得到较大的发展。76年制定了元件型诺，设计了部分基型，近十几年液压技术得到普遍应用，目前应用范围之广，已涉及到各个领域。在国际市场，德国、美国、日本等几个国家基本掌控了先进液压传动。但我国相对较落后，可是最近发展迅速，逐渐追上德国、美国、日本等几个国家基本掌控了先进液压传动的脚步。目前，液压传动发展的动向，概括有以下几点：（1） 节约能源，发展低能耗元件，提高元件效率；（2） 发展新型液压介质和相应元件，如发展高水基液压介质和元件，新型石油基液压介质；（3） 注意环境保护，降低液压元件噪声；（4） 进一步发展电气-液压控制，提高控制性能和操作性能；（5） 重视发展密封技术，防止漏油；（6） 重视液压油的污染控制；（7） 其他方面，如元件微型化、复合化和系统集成化的趋势仍在继续发展，对液压系统元件的可靠性设计、逻辑设计，与电子技术高度结合，对故障的早期诊断、预测以及防止失效的早期警报等都越来越受到重视。 研究内容(1) 明确工作循环并做工况分析。(2) 明确主机的具体性能要求，进行负载分析和运动分析。(3) 拟定液压系统原理图。确定系统的回路方式执行元件及液压泵类型调速调压及换向方式。(4) 液压元件选择。(5) 液压系统验算。压力计算系统容积效率计算和发热估算。(6) 液压系统主要元件设计。(7) 绘制图纸并编写设计说明书。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析研究办法：通过查阅专业文献资料初步掌握数液压传动与控制的相关知识； （2）结合前期工作及其所掌握的理论知识对液压系统进行设计，并完成其应用前景的研究。（3）图纸绘制以及进行整个液压系统设计的审查，编写设计计算说明书可行性分析：对平面布置简明、合理。研究计划及预期成果20012年11月12日-2009年12月25日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月11日-2010年3月5日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年3月8日-2010年3月14日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月15日-2010年3月21日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月22日-2010年4月11日：液压系统图的设计。2013年4月12日-2010年4月25日：尾座及液压站的设计。2013年4月26日-2010年5月20日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：预期成果设计出符合机械厂要求的通用型的，半闭环数控车床液压传动与控制系统并且满足生产需要。特色或创新之处 设计过程中要重视设计方法和设计工具的现代化，积极推广应用价值工程。 通过阅读大量的资料，参考一系列液压传动，设计出尽量使液压传动的可靠性，加工精度，变速范围，操作宜人性，工作效率及防护结构适合实际使用已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 根据调研情况，半闭式数控车床液压系统图已经确定，尾座也设计完成。 尚需解决的问题：采用半闭环控制其调式比开环要复杂，设计上也要有其自身的特点，技术难度较大。指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日英文原文 Machinery, Machina Mechine derived from the Greek and Latin, Mechanical gear (figure 1) means clever design, as a general mechanical concept, can be traced back to the Roman period, main is to distinguish and hand tools. Of modern Chinese language the word Machine is organization is (Mechanism) of the English and the floorboard of the Machine (the Machine). Mechanical characteristics are: machinery is a combination of physical components. To determine the relative motion of mechanical parts. So the Machine can convert mechanical energy or accomplish useful mechanical work, is the most basic concept in modern mechanical principle, the modern concept of Chinese machinery more derived from the word Machine of the Japanese, Japanese machinery should supplies to do the following definition (that is, in accordance with the following three characteristics is called mechanical Machine) :1, the machinery is a collection of objects, concentration to the various parts are also difficult to deformation.2, the object must implement the mutual movement, single, regulations.3, to exert energy into a useful form, or converted into mechanical work effectively.Mechanism and machine definition is derived from the mechanical engineering, belongs to the most basic concept of modern mechanical principles, mechanical more modern concepts derived from Chinese of the word machine in Japanese.All have certain sports machine and the floorboard of the system. Such as machine tools, tractors, etc. Mechanical engineering is related to the theoretical basis of natural science and technology, Mechanical gear (figure 2) combined with the accumulation of technical experience in the production practice, study and solve in the development, design, manufacture, installation, use and repair of all kinds of machinery an applied subject of theoretical and practical problems. Every development in the field of engineering requirements in mechanical engineering has adapted to the development, need mechanical engineering provides the necessary machinery. Some mechanical invention and improvement, and could lead to new engineering technology and the emergence and development of new industry. Large machinery manufacturing success, for example, led to the establishment of electric power system; The invention of the locomotive led to the rise of railway engineering and railway undertakings; The invention of the internal combustion engines, gas turbines, rocket engines, etc and progress, as well as the successful development of aircraft and spacecraft has led to the rise of aviation and aerospace business; The development of high voltage equipment lead to the success of many new synthetic chemical engineering and so on. Mechanical engineering is in all respects under the pressure of rising demand for development, at the same time from different disciplines and the advancement of the technology improved and innovative ability. Machinery is a simple device, it can transfer energy, force from one place to another place. Mechanical gear (FIG. 3) it can change the shape of the object structures to create new objects. In life, all around us there are thousands of different kinds of machinery in the work for us.Everyday understanding of mechanical is a mechanical device, which is all kinds of machines and equipment. From the point of view of mechanical professional: machinery has a very important basic position. Machinery is a modern society the five factors of production and service (that is, people, money, energy, materials and machinery). When Marx to industrial society, industrial society, especially in big industrial society, which is machine production machine age. Whether from life in contact with all kinds of physical devices, such as telephones, electric lights, television, refrigerator, elevator and so on contains the machine, or included in the general machinery, and from the point of production, all kinds of machine tools, automation equipment, aircraft, ships, god five, six, and so on, are short of machinery. So, machinery is one of the foundations of modern society. If someone say agriculture is the foundation, also understandable, but in modern society, mechanical serve as the basis for the rest of the industry and engineering, it is no exaggeration to think is the big pillar in society. Any modern industrial and engineering applications require machinery, is the Peoples Daily life, are increasingly used all kinds of machinery, such as cars, bicycles, watches and clocks, cameras, washing machine, refrigerator, air conditioner, vacuum cleaners, etc. The first machine is defined as the Roman architect vitruvius pollio (Vitruvii) in it Mechanical gear (figure 4) for building ten book mainly for carrying heavy things work machinery and tools: the difference between mechanical (machane) and tools (organon) seem to have the following differences between. The machine is most artificial and very big power and effect, such as heavy ballista and grapes press. While the tool is a manipulation of the staff carefully processing, to achieve the purpose of such as were the shape of light range ballista or circular spiral device. Thus, tools and machinery are used in the indispensable thing. The ancient Greek for cylindrical gears. Alexandria, Mr Hiro (Heron of Alexandria) in the 1st century first discussed the basic elements of machinery, mechanical elements considered to be five classes: wheel and shaft, lever, pulley, wedge, spiral. Hiros discourse reflects the classical mechanical characteristics. BC China has guidelines on the application of complex gear system, the incense burner in the application of the permanent control level of the bogie and other parts of a cross. Annotations, said: the machine, the crossbow tooth; enclosed, the arrow around. Said wen jie zi explanation of machine is machine, the main mover , refers to the crossbow. Mechanical in leipzig, Germany in 1724 and liao poulter (Leopold) is defined as machines or tools is a kind of artificial device, use it to produce favorable movement; at the same time cant use other ways to save time and power, it can save. British mechanics, Willis (truly illis) in its agency theory (The Principle of Mechanism, 1841) give The definition of: Machinery gear speed reducer any machine (machine) are made in a variety of different ways of connecting a set of artifacts that make it a component, the component will happen in a certain sport, these artifacts and the initial movement of the components of relative motion relationship depends on the nature of the connections between them. German machinery at le loro (F.R euleaux) in the theory of kinematics (Theoretische Kinematik, Grundzuge einer Theorie China is the worlds first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years. After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our countrys mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.Just small ramming machinery: In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming. Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970s, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated. In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production. In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market. In 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market. Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.The mechanical processing: According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process. In 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports. Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting. Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.中文原文 机械，源自于希腊语之Mechine及拉丁文Machina， 机械齿轮（图1）原指“巧妙的设计”，作为一般性的机械概念，可以追溯到古罗马时期，主要是为了区别与手工工具。现代中文之“机械”一词为机构为英语之（Mechanism）和机器（Machine）的总称。机械的特征有：机械是一种人为的实物构件的组合。机械各部分之间具有确定的相对运动。故机器能转换机械能或完成有用的机械功，是现代机械原理中的最基本的概念，中文机械的现代概念多源自日语之“机械”一词，日本的机械应用品对机械概念做如下定义（即符合下面三个特征称为机械Machine）：1、机械是物体的组合，假定力加到其各个部分也难以变形。2、这些物体必须实现相互的、单一的、规定的运动。3、把施加的能量转变为最有用的形式，或转变为有效的机械功。机构和机器的定义来源于机械工程学，属于现代机械原理中的最基本的概念，中文机械的现代概念多源自日语之“机械”一词。 一切具有确定的运动系统的机器和机构的总称。如：机床、拖拉机等。 机械工程就是以有关的自然科学和技术科学为理论基础。 机械齿轮（图2）结合在生产实践中积累的技术经验，研究和解决在开发设计、制造、安装、运用和修理各种机械中的理论和实际问题的一门应用学科。各个工程领域的发展都要求机械工程有与之相适应的发展，都需要机械工程提供所必需的机械。某些机械的发明和完善，又会导致新的工程技术和新的产业的出现和发展。例如大型动力机械的制造成功，促成了电力系统的建立；机车的发明导致了铁路工程和铁路事业的兴起；内燃机、燃气轮机、火箭发动机等的发明和进步，以及飞机和航天器的研制成功导致了航空、航天事业的兴起；高压设备的发展导致了许多新型合成化学工程的成功等等。机械工程就是在各方面不断提高的需求的压力下获得发展动力，同时又从各个学科和技术的进步中得到改进和创新的能力。 机械是简单的装置，它能够将能量、力从一个地方传递到另一个地方。 机械齿轮（图3）它能改变物体的形状结构创造出新的物件。在生活中，我们周围有数不清的不同种类的机械在为我们工作。 机械的日常的理解是机械装置，也就是各种机器与器械。 从机械专业的角度来说：机械具有相当重要的基础地位。 机械是现代社会进行生产和服务的五大要素（即人、资金、能量、材料和机械）之一。 在马克思说到工业社会时候，说工业社会，尤其是大工业社会，即用机器生产机器的时代。无论从生活中接触的各种物理的装置，如电灯、电话、电视机、冰箱、电梯等等都包含有机器的成分，或者包含在广义的机械之中，而从生产中来看，各种机床、自动化装备、飞机、轮船、神五、神六等等，都缺不了机械。 所以，机械是现代社会的一个基础。如果有人要说农业也是基础的话，也无可厚非，但是在现代的社会来说，机械作为整个工业和工程的基础，可以毫不夸张地认为也是社会一根大柱子。 任何现代产业和工程领域都需要应用机械，就是人们的日常生活，也越来越多地应用各种机械了，如汽车、自行车、钟表、照相机、洗衣机、冰箱、空调机、吸尘器等等。最早的“机械”定义为古罗马建筑师维特鲁威（Vitruvii）在其著 机械齿轮（图4）作建筑十书主要对于搬运重物发挥效力的机械和工具作了区别：“机械（machane）和工具（organon）之间似乎有着以下的区别。即机械是以多数人工和很大的力量而发生效果的，如重弩炮和葡萄压榨机。而工具则是一名操纵人员慎重地处理来达到目的的，如蝎形轻弩炮或不等圆的螺旋装置。因此工具和机械都是利用上不可缺少的东西。”古希腊已有圆柱齿轮。亚历山大利亚希罗（Heron of Alexandria）在1世纪最早讨论了机械的基本要素，他认为机械的要素有五类：轮与轴，杠杆，滑车，尖劈，螺旋。希罗的论述反映了古典机械的特征。公元前中国已在指南车上应用复杂的齿轮系统，在被中香炉中应用了能永保水平位置的十字转架等机件。释文称：“机，弩牙；括，箭括。”说文解字对“机”的解释是“机，主发者也”，指弩机。 1724年德国莱比锡机械士廖波尔特（Leopold）给出的定义为“机械或工具是一种人造的设备，用它来产生有利的运动；同时在不能用其他方法节省时间和力量的地方，它能做到节省”。英国机械学家威利斯（R.Willis）在其机构学原理（The Principle of Mechanism，1841年）所给的定义是： 机械齿轮减速机“任何机械（machine）都是由用各种不同方式连接起来的一组构件组成，使其一个构件运动，其余构件将发生一定的运动，这些构件与最初运动之构件的相对运动关系取决于它们之间连接的性质。”德国机械学家勒洛（F.Reuleaux ）在其理论运动学（Theoretische Kinematik ，Grundzge einer Theorie des Maschienenwesens，1875年）中的定义为“机械是多个具有抵抗力之物体的组合体，其配置方式使得能够借助它们强迫自然界的机械力做功，同时伴随着一定的确定运动。”总体来讲，机械就是能帮人们降低工作难度或省力的工具装置，像筷子、扫帚以及镊子一类的物品都可以被称为机械，他们是简单机械。而复杂机械就是由两种或两种以上的简单机械构成。通常把这些比较复杂的机械叫做机器。 中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。 新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，
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