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Y315滚齿机总体设计【说明书+CAD】,Y315,滚齿机,总体,设计,说明书,CAD
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附件1在机制系统中的绿色制造业上的调查和实践摘要：一个加工系统就是一个典型的制造系统，一个绿色制造加工系统的目的在于描述系统中输入、输出和控制元素的特点。基于这种结构的特点，这种绿色制造系统的制造难题也就出现了，在制造系统中出现的难题被归入三种等级或与之相关的子问题中。在绿色制造难题框架中的三个难题分别为最少的资源消耗、最少的环境代价和二者的综合。一系列在绿色制造系统上被作者所进行了很长时间的调查和实践下面大体介绍一下，比如说最优化的原材料切削系统、在加工中的能源节约装置、高效的专用夹具的设计、在制造装置中为绿色制造业制造的专用判别装置、在工艺过程中为绿色制造业制造的专用判别装置。关键词：加工系统 绿色制造业 构架 CLC 数量 th186 文献编码：A1 导论一个加工系统，主要包括机械加工工具和辅助机构，是一个加工坯料或将半成品加工成成品或通过改变形状和特征为下一工序加工半成品的输入、输出系统，这种由制造工具构成的单位、工厂或生产线就是一个典型的机械制造系统。这个把原材料加工成成品或半成品的制造过程对原材料来说是重要的价值增值过程，而且对人来说是一个重要的财富来源。然而在这个转换的过程中，两方面的影响也应运而生，一个是资源的消耗问题，另一个是对环境的影响问题。考虑到环境保护规章制度的严格执行和公众对环保的关注，上面提及的两个问题已被学术团体和工业界高度关注。一些调查早已经开始，但是仍然需要经过相当长的时间人们才能了解在机制中的两个问题，并且即使那些已经相当明确的问题也并未得到令人满意的解答。绿色制造业是一个全新的概念，一种与哲学一致的可持续发展策略。从绿色制造业的观点出发，本报告就对上面提及的一系列问题给出了一个全新的框架。正是基于这个框架，绿色制造业中的一些科学实验和成果也就出现了，这也正是最近几年由重庆大学倡导的绿色制造技术。2 在制造系统中出现的绿色制造难题绿色的制造业是在现代制造业中模态考虑从设计、捏造、包装、运输、使用、再循环到报废处理的整个产品生命周期期间的环境污染和资源消费的，并且它的目的是将不利的环境冲击减到最少而使资源的利用率最大，用最大的整合利益来调和经济利益和社会利益，使二者达到最佳化。实际上，绿色的制造业就是在现代的制造业中永续发展策略的具体化和周期经济的模态化。一个机械制造设备是一个基本的制造业系统，而且绿色制造业的概念和观点能完全地进入它之内被应用。图1给出一功能结构模型来描述机制系统的制造功能，它的输出为成品或半成品图1机制系统的功能结构模型图1中的输入能简而言之被称为机械制造资源。但是事实上，当运行这个系统时，这种明确存在却又无形的环境污染物就会在如图 2 所显示的生产框架中产生.这些环境的污染物主要地包含：1）固态废物 ：剩余材料，加工铁屑等2）液态废物 ：废冷却液，废润滑油等3）气态废物 ：冷却液烟雾，灰尘等4）噪声 5）其他 ：热能，震动图2给出制造系统的功能构架模型，强调了在绿色制造系统中物质的输入、程序控制、产品输出和环境的污染。依照绿色制造系统的功能构架模型，许多绿色制造业的重要问题就能被区别和划分。通常他们能被分类列入下列三个等级：1)资源消费的减到最小限度，最小 Ri（ i 1, 2, ), 和它主要地含三个子问题：材料的最小耗费，能源的最小耗费和附加物质的最小耗费。2)环境污染的排泄物减到最小限度，最小 W j. （ j 1, 2, )3)资源消费和环境的排泄放出的被综合的减到最小限度，最小 （ Ri ， W j ） .( i 1, 2, ; j 1, 2, )举例来说，机制程序中有多数的决策问题，比如说：加工程序的选择，加工机械的选择，工具的选择，冷却液的选择。在传统的机械制造中决策问题时需主要地考虑三个因素即时间、成本和质量。然而，机械制造中的机械要素在这些决策方面要牵涉到上面提到的问题，在机制程序中对资源消费和环境的排泄放出有可观的影响力。因此，从绿色制造业的观点，资源消费的这二个因数和环境的排泄放出也需要在决定问题时被考虑。附件2外文资料Abstract: The important position of the wheel gear and shaft cant falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box.The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively.So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear;ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bendi
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