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文件编号 机械加工工艺过程卡产品型号零（部）图号共 1 页产品名称摆杆零（部）名称摆杆第 1 页材料牌号HT200毛坯种类铸件毛坯外形尺寸每毛坯件数1每台件数1备注工序号工序名称工 序 内 容车 间设 备工 艺 装 备工 时刀具检具准终单件1铸造木模，手工造型2冷作清砂，浇冒口3热处理人工时效4油漆非加工表面涂红色底漆5车（1） 夹20外圆，找正不加工表面。钻扩铰、孔至图纸要求（2） 翻面车总长28mm,倒角至图纸要求机加工车床CA6140YG6硬质合金端面车刀、划针盘，麻花钻，扩孔钻，铰刀，翻面心轴钢板尺，光滑极限量规，游标卡尺6min7min6铣以 mm孔和端面定位铣20台阶加工到图纸要求机加工铣床X52KYG6硬质合金三面刃铣刀游标卡尺5min6min7钻以 mm孔和端面定位，钻铰mm孔机加工钻床Z525麻花钻，铰刀光滑极限量规5min6min8铣以mm孔、孔端面和mm孔定位铣将尺寸13.5mm加工到图纸要求机加工铣床X52KYG6硬质合金三面刃铣刀游标卡尺5min6min9铣以mm孔、孔端面和mm孔定位铣宽为16的槽，将尺寸9mm加工到图纸要求机加工铣床X52KYG6硬质合金三面刃铣刀游标卡尺5min6min10检验按图纸要求检验各部尺寸及形位公差描图11入库清洗，加工表面涂防锈油，入库 描校 底图号 装订号编制（日期）校对（日期）标准化（日期）审核（日期）会签（日期）标记处号更改文件签字日期标记处号更改文件签字日期XX学院课程设计（论文）说明书作 者： 学 号： 系 部： 专 业： 题 目： 杠杆臂加工工艺及铣床夹具设计 指导者：评阅者： 2014 年 11 月 课程设计（论文）中文摘要 杠杆臂零件加工工艺及钻床夹具设计是包括零件加工的工艺设计、工序设计以及专用夹具的设计三部分。在工艺设计中要首先对零件进行分析，了解零件的工艺再设计出毛坯的结构，并选择好零件的加工基准，设计出零件的工艺路线；接着对零件各个工步的工序进行尺寸计算，关键是决定出各个工序的工艺装备及切削用量；然后进行专用夹具的设计，选择设计出夹具的各个组成部件，如定位元件、夹紧元件、引导元件、夹具体与机床的连接部件以及其它部件；计算出夹具定位时产生的定位误差，分析夹具结构的合理性与不足之处，并在以后设计中注意改进。关键词 工艺，工序，切削用量，夹紧，定位，误差课程设计（论文）外文摘要Title： The deflector rod and the fixture design process Abstract：The deflector rod parts processing technology and drilling fixture design is the design of process design, including machining process design and fixture three. In process design should first of all parts for analysis, to understand part of the process to design blank structure, and choose the good parts machining datum, design the process routes of the parts; then the parts of each step in the process to the size calculation, the key is to determine the craft equipment and the cutting dosage of each working procedure design; then the special fixture, the fixture for the various components of the design, such as the connecting part positioning devices, clamping element, a guide element, fixture and machine tools and other components; positioning error calculated by the analysis of fixture, jig structure the rationality and the deficiency, pay attention to improving and will design in.Keywords：process, cutting dosage, clamping, positioningI目 录目 录II1 序 言42 零件的分析52.1零件的形状52.2零件的工艺分析53 工艺规程设计63.1 确定毛坯的制造形式63.2 基面的选择63.3 制定工艺路线73.3.1 工艺路线方案一73.3.2 工艺路线方案二83.3.3 工艺方案的比较与分析83.4 选择加工设备和工艺装备93.4.1 机床选用93.4.2 选择刀具93.4.3 选择量具93.5 机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定103.6确定切削用量及基本工时114 铣尺寸12mm两端面夹具设计174.1研究原始质料174.2定位基准的选择174.3 切削力及夹紧分析计算174.4 误差分析与计算194.5 零、部件的设计与选用204.5.1定位销选用204.5.2 定向键与对刀装置设计204.6 夹具设计及操作的简要说明22总 结23参考文献24致 谢25 1 序 言机械制造业是制造具有一定形状位置和尺寸的零件和产品，并把它们装备成机械装备的行业。机械制造业的产品既可以直接供人们使用，也可以为其它行业的生产提供装备，社会上有着各种各样的机械或机械制造业的产品。我们的生活离不开制造业，因此制造业是国民经济发展的重要行业，是一个国家或地区发展的重要基础及有力支柱。从某中意义上讲，机械制造水平的高低是衡量一个国家国民经济综合实力和科学技术水平的重要指标。杠杆臂零件加工工艺及钻床夹具设计是在学完了机械制图、机械制造技术基础、机械设计、机械工程材料等的基础下，进行的一个全面的考核。正确地解决一个零件在加工中的定位，夹紧以及工艺路线安排，工艺尺寸确定等问题，并设计出专用夹具，保证尺寸证零件的加工质量。本次设计也要培养自己的自学与创新能力。因此本次设计综合性和实践性强、涉及知识面广。所以在设计中既要注意基本概念、基本理论，又要注意生产实践的需要，只有将各种理论与生产实践相结合，才能很好的完成本次设计。本次设计水平有限，其中难免有缺点错误，敬请老师们批评指正。2 零件的分析2.1零件的形状题目给的零件是杠杆臂零件，主要作用是起传动连接作用。零件的实际形状如上图所示，从零件图上看，该零件是典型的零件，结构比较简单。具体尺寸，公差如下图所示。2.2零件的工艺分析由零件图可知，其材料为HT200，该材料为灰铸铁，具有较高强度，耐磨性，耐热性及减振性，适用于承受较大应力和要求耐磨零件。杠杆臂零件主要加工表面为：1.车端面，表面粗糙度值为3.2。2.车端面，表面粗糙度值3.2。3.车配合面，表面粗糙度值3.2。4.两侧面粗糙度值、12.5，法兰面粗糙度值6.3。杠杆臂共有两组加工表面，他们之间有一定的位置要求。现分述如下：(1)左端的加工表面： 这一组加工表面包括：左端面。这一部份只有端面有6.3的粗糙度要求。其要求并不高，粗车后半精车就可以达到精度要求。(2).右端面的加工表面： 这一组加工表面包括：右端面；粗糙度为12.5；其要求也不高，粗车可以达到精度要求。3 工艺规程设计本杠杆臂来自假设年产量为12000台，每台需要该零件1个，备品率为19%，废品率为0.25%，每日工作班次为1班。该零件材料为HT200，考虑到零件在工作时要有高的耐磨性，所以选择铸铁铸造。依据设计要求Q=12000件/年，n=1件/台；结合生产实际，备品率和 废品率分别取19%和0.25%代入公式得该工件的生产纲领 N=Qn(1+)（1+)=17850件/年3.1 确定毛坯的制造形式零件材料为HT200，铸件的特点是液态成形，其主要优点是适应性强，即适用于不同重量、不同壁厚的铸件，也适用于不同的金属，还特别适应制造形状复杂的铸件。考虑到零件在使用过程中起连接作用，分析其在工作过程中所受载荷，最后选用铸件，以便使金属纤维尽量不被切断，保证零件工作可靠。年产量已达成批生产水平，而且零件轮廓尺寸不大，可以采用砂型铸造，这从提高生产效率，保证加工精度，减少生产成本上考虑，也是应该的。3.2 基面的选择基面选择是工艺规程设计中的重要工作之一，基面选择的正确与合理，可以使加工质量得到保证，生产效率得以提高。否则，不但使加工工艺过程中的问题百出，更有甚者，还会造成零件大批报废，使生产无法正常进行。粗基准的选择，对像杠杆臂这样的零件来说，选好粗基准是至关重要的。对本零件来说，如果外圆的端面做基准，则可能造成这一组内外圆的面与零件的外形不对称，按照有关粗基准的选择原则(即当零件有不加工表面时，应以这些不加工表面做粗基准，若零件有若干个不加工表面时，则应以与加工表面要求相对应位置精度较高的不加工表面做为粗基准)。对于精基准而言，主要应该考虑基准重合的问题，当设计基准与工序基准不重合时，应该进行尺寸换算，这在以后还要专门计算，此处不在重复。3.3 制定工艺路线制定工艺路线的出发点，应当是使零件的几何形状、尺寸精度及位置精度等技术要求能得到合理的保证。在生产纲领已经确定为成批生产的条件下，可以考虑采用万能性机床配以专用夹具，并尽量使工序集中来提高生产率。除此以外，还应当考虑经济效果，以便使生产成本尽量下降。3.3.1 工艺路线方案一1铸造木模，手工造型2冷作清砂，浇冒口3热处理人工时效4油漆非加工表面涂红色底漆5车（1） 夹40外圆，找正不加工表面。钻扩铰孔至图纸要求，保证尺寸1mm;倒角C1；（2） 翻面车总长72mm,倒角至图纸要求6铣以mm孔和端面定位铣台阶，将尺寸12mm加工到图纸要求7钻以mm孔和端面定位，钻铰10mm孔至图纸要求8铣以mm孔、孔端面和mm孔定位铣22凸台，将尺寸40mm加工到图纸要求9铣以mm孔、孔端面和mm孔定位铣宽为8的槽，将尺寸32mm加工到图纸要求10钻划5mm孔位置线，钻孔至图纸要求11检验按图纸要求检验各部尺寸及形位公差12入库清洗，加工表面涂防锈油，入库3.3.2 工艺路线方案二1铸造木模，手工造型2冷作清砂，浇冒口3热处理人工时效4油漆非加工表面涂红色底漆5铣（3） 夹40外圆，找正不加工表面外圆端面。钻扩铰孔至图纸要求，保证尺寸1mm;倒角C1；（4） 翻面铣总长72mm40外圆端面,倒角至图纸要求6铣以mm孔和端面定位铣台阶，将尺寸12mm加工到图纸要求7钻以mm孔和端面定位，钻铰10mm孔至图纸要求8铣以mm孔、孔端面和mm孔定位铣22凸台，将尺寸40mm加工到图纸要求9铣以mm孔、孔端面和mm孔定位铣宽为8的槽，将尺寸32mm加工到图纸要求10钻划5mm孔位置线，钻孔至图纸要求11检验按图纸要求检验各部尺寸及形位公差12入库清洗，加工表面涂防锈油，入库3.3.3 工艺方案的比较与分析上述两个方案的特点在于：方案一的定位和装夹等都比较方便，但是要更换多台设备，加工过程比较繁琐，而且在加工过程中位置精度不易保证。方案二减少了装夹次数，但是要及时更换刀具，因为有些工序在车床上也可以加工等等，需要换上相应的刀具。因此综合两个工艺方案，取优弃劣，具体工艺过程如下：1铸造木模，手工造型2冷作清砂，浇冒口3热处理人工时效4油漆非加工表面涂红色底漆5车（5） 夹40外圆，找正不加工表面。钻扩铰孔至图纸要求，保证尺寸1mm;倒角C1；（6） 翻面车总长72mm,倒角至图纸要求6铣以mm孔和端面定位铣台阶，将尺寸12mm加工到图纸要求7钻以mm孔和端面定位，钻铰10mm孔至图纸要求8铣以mm孔、孔端面和mm孔定位铣22凸台，将尺寸40mm加工到图纸要求9铣以mm孔、孔端面和mm孔定位铣宽为8的槽，将尺寸32mm加工到图纸要求10钻划5mm孔位置线，钻孔至图纸要求11检验按图纸要求检验各部尺寸及形位公差12入库清洗，加工表面涂防锈油，入库3.4 选择加工设备和工艺装备3.4.1 机床选用.工序30、40、50、60、70是粗车、精车。各工序的工步数不多，成批量生产，故选用卧式车床就能满足要求。本零件外轮廓尺寸不大，精度要求属于中等要求，选用最常用的CA6140型卧式车床。参考根据机械制造设计工工艺简明手册表4.2-7。.工序80、90是钻孔，选用Z525摇臂钻床。3.4.2 选择刀具.在车床上加工的工序,一般选用硬质合金车刀和镗刀。加工刀具选用YG6类硬质合金车刀，它的主要应用范围为普通铸铁、冷硬铸铁、高温合金的精加工和半精加工。为提高生产率及经济性,可选用可转位车刀(GB5343.1-85,GB5343.2-85)。.钻孔时选用高速钢麻花钻，参考机械加工工艺手册（主编 孟少农），第二卷表10.21-47及表10.2-53可得到所有参数。3.4.3 选择量具本零件属于成批量生产，一般均采用通常量具。选择量具的方法有两种：一是按计量器具的不确定度选择；二是按计量器的测量方法极限误差选择。采用其中的一种方法即可。3.5 机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定“杠杆臂” 零件材料为HT200，查机械加工工艺手册（以后简称工艺手册），表2.2-17 各种铸铁的性能比较，灰铸铁的硬度HB为143269，表2.2-23 灰铸铁的物理性能，HT200密度=7.27.3（），计算零件毛坯的重量约为2。表3-1 机械加工车间的生产性质生产类别同类零件的年产量件重型（零件重2000kg）中型（零件重1002000kg）轻型（零件重100kg）单件生产5以下10以下100以下小批生产510010200100500中批生产1003002005005005000大批生产30010005005000500050000大量生产1000以上5000以上50000以上根据所发的任务书上的数据，该零件的月工序数不低于3050，毛坯重量21202506.04.0顶、侧面底 面铸孔的机械加工余量一般按浇注时位置处于顶面的机械加工余量选择。根据上述原始资料及加工工艺，分别确定各加工表面的机械加工余量、工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸。3.6确定切削用量及基本工时切削用量一般包括切削深度、进给量及切削速度三项。确定方法是先是确定切削深度、进给量，再确定切削速度。现根据切削用量简明手册（第三版，艾兴、肖诗纲编，1993年机械工业出版社出版）确定本零件各工序的切削用量所选用的表格均加以*号，与机械制造设计工工艺简明手册的表区别。3.6.1 工序5夹40外圆，找正不加工表面B。钻扩铰、孔至图纸要求，保证尺寸1mm;倒角C1；翻面车总长45mm,倒角至图纸要求所选刀具为YG6硬质合金可转位车刀。根据切削用量简明手册表1.1，由于CA6140机床的中心高为200（表1.30），故选刀杆尺寸=，刀片厚度为。选择车刀几何形状为卷屑槽带倒棱型前刀面，前角=，后角=，主偏角=，副偏角=，刃倾角=，刀尖圆弧半径=。.确定切削深度由于单边余量可在一次走刀内完成.确定进给量根据切削加工简明实用手册可知：表1.4刀杆尺寸为，工件直径400之间时， 进给量=0.51.0按CA6140机床进给量（表4.29）在机械制造工艺设计手册可知： =0.7确定的进给量尚需满足机床进给机构强度的要求，故需进行校验根据表130，CA6140机床进给机构允许进给力=3530。根据表1.21，当强度在174207时，=时，径向进给力：=950。切削时的修正系数为=1.0，=1.0，=1.17（表1.292），故实际进给力为： =950=1111.5 （3-2）由于切削时进给力小于机床进给机构允许的进给力，故所选=可用。.选择刀具磨钝标准及耐用度根据切削用量简明使用手册表1.9，车刀后刀面最大磨损量取为，车刀寿命=。.确定切削速度切削速度可根据公式计算，也可直接有表中查出。根据切削用量简明使用手册表1.11，当硬质合金刀加工硬度200219的铸件，切削速度=。切削速度的修正系数为=1.0，=0.92，0.8，=1.0，=1.0（见表1.28），故： =63 （3-3） =120 （3-4）根据CA6140车床说明书选择 =125这时实际切削速度为： = （3-5）.校验机床功率切削时的功率可由表查出，也可按公式进行计算。由切削用量简明使用手册表1.25，=，切削速度时， =切削功率的修正系数=0.73，=0.9，故实际切削时间的功率为： =1.7=1.2 （3-6）根据表1.30，当=时，机床主轴允许功率为=，故所选切削用量可在CA6140机床上进行，最后决定的切削用量为：=3.75，=，=，=.倒角 为了缩短辅助时间，取倒角时的主轴转速与钻孔相同 换车刀手动进给。. 计算基本工时 （3-7）式中=+，=由切削用量简明使用手册表1.26，车削时的入切量及超切量+=，则=+= = （3-8）工序6 以mm孔和端面定位铣台阶，将尺寸12mm加工到图纸要求已知工件材料为HT200，选择高速钢圆柱铣刀直径d=60mm，齿数z=10。根据资料选择铣刀的基本形状,r=10，a=12，=45已知铣削宽度a=2.5mm，铣削深度a=50mm故机床选用X52K立式铣床。1.确定每齿进给量f根据资料所知，X52K立式卧式铣床的功率为7.5kw，工艺系统刚性为中等。查得每齿进给量f=0.160.24mm/z、现取f=0.16mm/z。2.选择铣刀磨损标准及耐用度 根据资料所知，铣刀刀齿后刀面的最大磨损量为1.5mm，铣刀直径d=60mm，耐用度T=180min。3.确定切削速度 根据资料所知，依据铣刀直径d=60mm，齿数z=10，铣削宽度a=2.5mm，铣削深度a=50mm，耐用度T=180min时查取Vc98mm/s，n=439r/min,Vf=490mm/s。 根据X52K立式铣床主轴转速表查取，nc=300r/min,Vfc=475mm/s。则实际切削：Vc =Vc=56.52m/min 实际进给量： f=f=0.16mm/z3.校验机床功率 根据资料所知，铣削时的功率（单位kw）为:当f=0.16mm/z, a=50mm, a=2.5mm, Vf=490mm/s时由切削功率的修正系数k=1，则P= 3.5kw，P=0.8 kw。 根据X52K型立式铣床说明书可知：机床主轴主电动机允许的功率P= PP P=7.50.8=6P= 3.5kw 因此机床功率能满足要求。基本时间 根据资料所知高速钢圆柱铣刀铣面基本时间为： t= t=3.6min工序7 以mm孔和端面定位，钻铰10mm孔至图纸要求钻孔选用机床为Z525摇臂机床，刀具选用GB1436-85直柄短麻花钻，机械加工工艺手册第2卷。根据机械加工工艺手册第2卷表10.4-2查得钻头直径小于10的钻孔进给量为0.200.35。 则取确定切削速度，根据机械加工工艺手册第2卷表10.4-9切削速度计算公式为 （3-20）查得参数为，刀具耐用度T=35则 =1.6所以 =72选取 所以实际切削速度为=2.64确定切削时间（一个孔） =工序10 划5mm孔位置线，钻孔至图纸要求本工序采用计算法。表3-5高速钢麻花钻的类型和用途标准号类型直径范围（mm）用途GB1436-85直柄麻花钻2.020.0在各种机床上，用钻模或不用钻模钻孔GB1437-85直柄长麻花钻1.031.5在各种机床上，用钻模或不用钻模钻孔GB1438-85锥柄麻花钻3.0100.0在各种机床上，用钻模或不用钻模钻孔GB1439-85锥柄长麻花钻5.050.0在各种机床上，用钻模或不用钻模钻孔选用Z525摇臂钻床，查机械加工工艺手册 孟少农 主编，查机表2.4-37钻头的磨钝标准及耐用度可得，耐用度为4500，表10.2-5标准高速钢麻花钻的直径系列选择锥柄长，麻花钻，则螺旋角=30，锋交2=118，后角a=10,横刃斜角=50，L=197mm,l=116mm。表3-6 标准高速钢麻花钻的全长和沟槽长度（摘自GB6137-85） mm直径范围直柄麻花钻ll111.8013.20151101表3-7 通用型麻花钻的主要几何参数的推存值（根据GB6137-85） （）d (mm)2f8.618.0030118124060表3-8 钻头、扩孔钻和铰刀的磨钝标准及耐用度（1）后刀面最大磨损限度mm刀具材料加工材料钻头直径d0（mm）20高速钢铸铁0.50.8（2）单刃加工刀具耐用度T min刀具类型加工材料刀具材料刀具直径d0（mm）1120钻头（钻孔及扩孔）铸铁、铜合金及合金高速钢60钻头后刀面最大磨损限度为0.50.8mm刀具耐用度T = 60 min.确定进给量查机械加工工艺手册 孟少农 主编，第二卷表10.4高速钢钻头钻孔的进给量为f=0.250.65,根据表4.13中可知，进给量取f=0.60。.确定切削速度 查机械加工工艺手册 孟少农 主编，表10.4-17高速钢钻头在灰铸铁（190HBS）上钻孔的切削速度轴向力，扭矩及功率得，V=12，参考机械加工工艺手册 孟少农 主编，表10.4-10钻扩铰孔条件改变时切削速度修正系数K=1.0，R=0.85。 V=12=10.32 （3-17）则 = =131 （3-18） 查表4.2-12可知， 取 n = 150则实际切削速度 = = =11.8.确定切削时间查机械加工工艺手册 孟少农 主编，表10.4-43，钻孔时加工机动时间计算公式： T= （3-19）其中 l= l=5 l=23则： t= =9.134 铣尺寸12mm两端面夹具设计4.1研究原始质料利用本夹具主要用来粗、精铣尺寸12mm两端面，该尺寸12mm两端面对孔的中心线要满足对称度要求以及其铣尺寸12mm两端面两边的平行度要求。在铣此铣尺寸12mm两端面时，为了保证技术要求，最关键是找到定位基准。同时，应考虑如何提高劳动生产率和降低劳动强度。4.2定位基准的选择由零件图可知：在对铣尺寸12mm两端面进行加工前，底平面进行了粗、精铣加工，孔进行了钻、扩、铰加工。因此，定位、夹紧方案有：铣该铣尺寸12mm两端面时其对孔的中心线有对称度以及两边的平行度要求。为了使定位误差达到要求的范围之内，采用一面一定位销两个左右支撑件的定位方式，这种定位在结构上简单易操作。一面即为底平面；4.3 切削力及夹紧分析计算刀具：错齿三面刃铣刀（硬质合金） 刀具有关几何参数： 由参考文献55表129 可得铣削切削力的计算公式： 有：根据工件受力切削力、夹紧力的作用情况，找出在加工过程中对夹紧最不利的瞬间状态，按静力平衡原理计算出理论夹紧力。最后为保证夹紧可靠，再乘以安全系数作为实际所需夹紧力的数值，即： 安全系数K可按下式计算： 式中：为各种因素的安全系数，查参考文献5121可知其公式参数： 由此可得： 所以 由计算可知所需实际夹紧力不是很大，为了使其夹具结构简单、操作方便，决定选用手动螺旋夹紧机构。查参考文献51226可知移动形式压板螺旋夹紧时产生的夹紧力按以下公式计算：螺旋夹紧时产生的夹紧力按以下公式计算有：式中参数由参考文献5可查得： 其中： 螺旋夹紧力：该夹具采用螺旋夹紧机构，用螺栓通过弧形压块压紧工件，受力简图如2.1.由表得：原动力计算公式 即： 由上述计算易得： 由计算可知所需实际夹紧力不是很大，为了使其夹具结构简单、操作方便，决定选用手动螺旋夹紧机构。4.4 误差分析与计算该夹具采用一面一定位销两个左右支撑件的定位方式，为了满足工序的加工要求，必须使工序中误差总和等于或小于该工序所规定的尺寸公差。与机床夹具有关的加工误差，一般可用下式表示： 由参考文献5可得：采用一面一定位销两个左右支撑件的定位方式定位误差 ： 其中：， 夹紧误差 ： 其中接触变形位移值： 查5表1215有。 磨损造成的加工误差：通常不超过 夹具相对刀具位置误差：取误差总和：从以上的分析可见，所设计的夹具能满足零件的加工精度要求。4.5 零、部件的设计与选用4.5.1定位销选用本夹具选用一定位销和固定棱形销来定位，其参数如下表：表5.1 定位销dHD公称尺寸允差221816220.01122514M1944.5.2 定向键与对刀装置设计定向键安装在夹具底面的纵向槽中，一般使用两个。其距离尽可能布置的远些。通过定向键与铣床工作台T形槽的配合，使夹具上定位元件的工作表面对于工作台的送进方向具有正确的位置。定向键可承受铣削时产生的扭转力矩，可减轻夹紧夹具的螺栓的负荷，加强夹具在加工中的稳固性。根据GB220780定向键结构如图所示： 图2.1 夹具体槽形与螺钉根据T形槽的宽度 a=18mm 定向键的结构尺寸如表5.4：表5.4 定向键 BLHhD夹具体槽形尺寸公称尺寸允差d允差公称尺寸允差D180.0190.03525194194.518+0.0195对刀装置由对刀块和塞尺组成，用来确定刀具与夹具的相对位置。塞尺选用平塞尺，其结构如图5.3所示： 图2.3 平塞尺塞尺尺寸参数如表5.5：表2.5 塞尺公称尺寸H允差dC30.0060.254.6 夹具设计及操作的简要说明如前所述，应该注意提高生产率，但该夹具设计采用了手动夹紧方式，在夹紧和松开工件时比较费时费力。由于该工件体积小，经过方案的认真分析和比较，选用了手动夹紧方式（螺旋夹紧机构）。这类夹紧机构结构简单、夹紧可靠、通用性大，在机床夹具中很广泛的应用。此外，当夹具有制造误差，工作过程出现磨损，以及零件尺寸变化时，影响定位、夹紧的可靠。为防止此现象，选用可换定位销。以便随时根据情况进行调整换取。总 结加工工艺的编制和专用夹具的设计，使对零件的加工过程和夹具的设计有进一步的提高。在这次的设计中也遇到了不少的问题，如在编写加工工艺时，对所需加工面的先后顺序编排，对零件的加工精度和劳动生产率都有相当大的影响。在对某几个工序进行专用夹具设计时，对零件的定位面的选择，采用什么方式定位，夹紧方式及夹紧力方向的确定等等都存在问题。这些问题都直接影响到零件的加工精度和劳动生产率，为达到零件能在保证精度的前提下进行加工，而且方便快速，以提高劳动生产率，降低成本的目的。通过不懈努力和指导老师的精心指导下，针对这些问题查阅了大量的相关资料。最后，将这些问题一一解决，并夹紧都采用了手动夹紧，由于工件的尺寸不大，所需的夹紧力不大。完成了本次设计，通过做这次的设计，使对专业知识和技能有了进一步的提高，为以后从事本专业技术的工作打下了坚实的基础。参考文献1 黄如林，切削加工简明实用手册M，北京：化学工业出版社，2004。2 余光国，马俊，张兴发，机床夹具设计M，重庆：重庆大学出版社，1995。3 李洪，机械加工工艺手册M，北京：机械工业出版社，1990。4 方昆凡，公差与配合手册M，北京：机械工业出版社，1999。5 王光斗，王春福，机床夹具设计手册M，上海科学技术出版社，2000。6 东北重型机械学院等，机床夹具设计手册M，上海：上海科学技术出版社，1979。7 吴宗泽，机械设计实用手册M，北京：化学工业出版社，2000。8 刘文剑，曹天河，赵维，夹具工程师手册M，哈尔滨：黑龙江科学技术出版社，1987。9 上海金属切削技术协会，金属切削手册M，上海：上海科学技术出版社，1984。10 周永强，高等学校毕业设计指导M，北京：中国建材工业出版社，2002。11 杨叔子，机械加工工艺师手册M，北京：机械工业出版社，2004。19 上海金属切削技术协会，金属切削手册M，上海：上海科学技术出版社，2004。13 东北重型机械学院，洛阳农业机械学院，长春汽车厂工人大学，机床夹具设计手册M，上海：上海科学技术出版社，1980。致 谢我要特别感谢我的导师的精心指导，不仅指导我们解决了关键性技术难题，更重要的是为我们指引了设计的思路并给我们讲解了设计中用到的实际工程设计经验，从而使我们设计中始终保持着清晰的思维也少走了很多弯路，也使我学会综合应用所学知识，提高分析和解决实际问题的能力。不仅如此，老师的敬业精神更是深深的感染了我，鞭策着我在以后的工作中爱岗敬业，导师是真真正正作到了传道、授业、解惑。同时也要感谢其他同学、老师和同事的热心帮助，感谢院系领导对我们课程设计的重视和关心，为我们提供了作图工具和场所，使我们能够全身心的投入到设计中去，为更好、更快的完成课程设计提供了重要保障。同时也要感谢其他同学、老师和同事的热心帮助，感谢院系领导对我们课程设计的重视和关心，为我们提供了作图工具和场所，使我们能够全身心的投入到设计中去，为更好、更快的完成课程设计提供了重要保障。Mechanical Parts Processing Technology and Fixture DesignPick to : the machining parts of the structure and process analysis, identified the machine-finishing craft route, fixture in the mechanical processing of the status and importance, as well as the fixture design. With the increasingly development of scientific progress and the adjustment of national industry policy, project machinery industry already became no policy barriers of perfectly competitive industryKey words: technical background / development / process / positioning scheme1 Mechanical Processing Historical Background and Its SignificanceMachinery manufacturing industry is an old and eternal industry full of vitality. With the development of modern industry, the mechanical product of the increasingly high demand, machinery manufacturing technology are developing rapidly. Since the founding of new China, our countrys manufacturing technology and manufacturing industry to obtain the considerable development, a considerable size and technical basis of mechanical industry system is formed basically. Years of reform and opening up, Chinas manufacturing industry to make full use of domestic and foreign two aspects of technological resources, there are plans to promote the technical transformation of enterprises, guide enterprises to take the road to rely on progress of science and technology, manufacturing technology, product quality and level and the economic benefit produced marked change, in order to promote the development of the national economy has made great contribution. Although our country manufacturing industry comprehensive technical level has been greatly improved, but compared with developed country, still have level sex difference. Enter the twenty-first Century, the economic development of our country s leading industry still is the manufacturing industry, especially after our country joins WTO, the worlds manufacturing center is developed from migration to Asia, China has cheap labor and the general consumer market, accordingly, industry of our country wants to develop, need to have appropriate technology and equipment support.Machinery industry is the equipment industry of national economy; it is content of science and technology of foundation; is new and high technology industrialization; is the basis of national defense building; is to achieve rapid economic growth of the important pillar; is to improve peoples living quality, provide consumer electrical products supply industry. It runs to national economy, the quality and efficiency of industrial structure adjustment and optimization is a very important role.2 The Status of Machinery Industry and Development TrendWith the development of society, all kinds of machinery and gradually applied to the various industry, whether in the agricultural, military, industrial, mechanical operation, leaving no efficiency, therefore, in some sense, the strength of a countrys economy, social status, and the development of machinery industry is close separable. The industrialized countries economic development course indicated that, without a strong equipment manufacturing industry, is impossible to achieve national economy industrialization, modernization and information 3 . At present, the equipment manufacturing industry development lag is restricting Chinas economic development and industrial upgrading of the important factors, increase structural adjustment strength, promote mechanical industry lasts, healthy, steady development, to change the mode of economic growth, improve quality of national economy whole, enhance the international competitiveness of the economy, security and national defense security has important and far-reaching meaning of.3 Of Machining Process Planning3.1 Machining Process DefinitionThe machining process is the use of mechanical processing method of change in rough shape, size, the relative position and the nature, make its become finished or semi-finished products of the whole process. Machining process directly determines the parts and the quality and performance of products, product cost, production period has great influence, is an important part of the whole process.3.2 Mechanical ProcessesThe composition of mechanical machining process of the basic unit is a process. Process and is formed by mounting, station, working steps and take the knife.The process is a group of workers, in a work of the same or simultaneously on several workpieces are completed for that part of the process. Process is the formulation of labor quota, with workers and machine tool equipment, arranging operation plan and quality testing of the basic unit.The installation is a workpiece by a fixture after the completion of the procedures.The application of switch ( or displacement) when processing machine tool ( or fixture ) processing, in a fixture, the workpiece ( or cutter ) relative to the machine tool passes through several locations in order processing, in each position is done on that part of the process, called station. The multi-station processing can reduce the times of clamping, reduce the mounting error, improve productivity.The step is processing the surface in the cutting tool and the cutting parameters ( only refers to the spindle speed and feed rate ) are the same circumstances completed part of the process.3.3 Machining Process DefinitionProducts or components manufacturing process and operation methods of the process, called process, it is the enterprise in the production of technical guidance document.3.4 Machining Process Planning Function and ContentMachining process is ready for production work mainly on the basis of. According to its raw material and semifinished product supply, machine tool adjustment, special process equipment design and manufacturing, production scheduling, allocation of labor force, and the production cost accounting.The machining process planning and organization of production, planning and scheduling based on. It can make production schedule and the corresponding scheduling, and can be connected to the scientific process, production is balanced, smooth, to realize high quality, high yield and low consumption.Machining process card and machining process card, are the two main process documents. Machining process card, is illustrated parts machining process technology files. In a single, small batch production, to machining process card guiding production, process card various projects in the preparation of more detailed. Machining process card for each process detailed formulation, used to direct workers, used for mass production parts and mass production of the important parts in the.3.5 Making The Machining Process Planning Principles and StepsUnder certain production conditions, with minimal consumption of labor and the lowest cost, according to plans processing parts that meet requirements of the drawings, is to develop the basic principle of machining process.Formulation of machining process steps are as follows:The under parts of the production program decision production type;The analysis of parts processing technology;The choice of blank type and manufacturing method;The technological process;The process design;The process documentation.4 Fixture Design4.1 Fixture Design SenseIn the machinery industry, how to guarantee the high precision of workpiece, the costs of processing and other substantive issues, has been engaged in the mechanical industry research questions, which in the design of fixture when we should consider the problems above, efficient fixture is the workpiece precision guarantee, how to make the fixture more efficient, more economical, the industry is the urgent need to resolve.With the development of society, the continuous improvement of technology, various high-tech technology gradually infiltrated into all sectors, how to use these high-tech to serve mankind, how to make full use of the technology in mechanical industry, it also requires machinery industry staff continued efforts, innovation.With the development of science and technology, and social needs of the market, the fixture design in progressive super to the flexible manufacturing system development. To date, the fixture is mechanical and electrical products manufacturing in the four indispensable tools, tool itself is already highly standardized, the user only needs to press varieties, specifications selection and procurement. While the mold and fixture and related products products, there is a need to make changes, usually belong to the special properties of the tool, mould has become an independent industry; fixture at home and abroad is also gradually form a dependent or independent small industry of machine tool industry. Combined clamp not only has the standardization, modularization, modular and other contemporary advanced design ideas, and in line with resource conservation principle, more suitable for green manufacturing environment protection principle. So the next fixture technology is an important direction of development unit.Machine tool fixture is usually refers to the use of clamping workpiece clamping device: for the device with various tools, also known as tool. The auxiliary tool is sometimes generalized to include in the range of machine tool fixture. According to the application range of machine tool fixture, generally can be divided into general jig, fixture and adjustable fixture.Universal jig is on general machine tools are generally accompanied by a common fixture, such as a lathe chuck, milling machine rotary table, dividing head, top seat. They have a standardized, with certain universality, can be used to install certain shape and size within the range of the workpiece without the need for special adjustment. However, in actual production, a universal fixture often can not meet the needs of various parts processing; or because of low productivity and must have the universal fixture for proper improvement; or because the shape of the workpiece, the processing requirements to be different specialized design and manufacture of a special jig, in order to solve the actual production needs.Jig is adapted to a workpiece in a processing requirements and the design and manufacturing expertise, its function mainly has the following several aspects: 1 ensure that the surface of the workpiece being processed mainly includes processing workpieces need maneuvering time of loading and unloading workpieces need the auxiliary time of two part. 2 using a dedicated fixture, workpiece installation and conversion work work can be greatly simplified, no longer need to draw the line and to find it, to shorten the working procedure non-cutting time and save line drawing this process, thereby improving the labor productivity. In production due to the adoption of multiple parallel processing workpiece fixture, enabling the simultaneous processing several parts of the motor will time and processing time of the same motor. The rotary multi-station continuous processing fixture, can be used for machining a workpiece at the same time, other workpiece loading and unloading, thereby enabling the auxiliary time and motor time coincides. In short, with the special fixture using and further improvement, can effectively shorten the process time, production to meet the evolving needs of. 3 using a dedicated fixture can expand the scope of machine tool technology. For example in lathe boring jig attached, can replace boring work; special fixture can be installed after turning the molding surface, so as to give full play to the role of general machine tools. 4, reduce the labor intensity, and ensuring safety production. According to the demand of production, using pneumatic, hydraulic or other mechanical changes, a higher degree of automation of the special fixture, to reduce the labor intensity of workers, protection of production safety and the stability of product quality and high yield of a great role. Processing large workpieces, such as the lathe bed, the lower surfaces of the screw holes on the bed, need to flip several times for processing workpieces, high labor intensity and safety. The use of electric rotary drill furniture, can improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity, ensure safety in production.4.2 Fixture of The Development TrendIndustrial design is the development of human society and the progress of science and technology of the product, from Maurices the arts and Crafts Movement, to the German Bauhaus design revolution and the United States of America wide dissemination and promotion, industrial design after brewing, exploration, formation, development history of more than 100 years of vicissitudes. Today, industrial design has become an independent subject, and a complete set of research system.In 1980 the International Council of societies of industrial design ( ICSID ) to the industry as a clearly defined: production of industrial products, by training, technical knowledge, experience and visual experience, and indicates the material, structure, morphology, structure, color, surface processing, decoration to the new quality and specification, called industrial design. According to the specific circumstances of the time, industrial designer in the industry products are all side or a few aspects of the work, but also the need for industrial designers of packaging, publicity, display, market development and other issues to resolve pay their own technical knowledge and experience and ability of the visual evaluation, which also belongs to the scope of industrial design.Material, structure, technology is the product design material and technical basis, on one hand, technology restrict the design; on the other hand, technology is also promoting design. From the point of view of design aesthetics, technology is not only the material basis but also has its own function action, as long as good application properties of the materials, to the corresponding structure and suitable processing technology, can create a practical, aesthetic, economic products, namely in the product technology potential function.Any design are the product of the times, its different features, different features reflect the different historical periods of level of science and technology. Technology is the product of the morphological development of the pilot, new material, new technology products, is bound to bring new structure, new forms and new style. Materials, processing technology, structure, product image organic ground is contacted together, a part of the change, it will cause the whole body changes.Now, the machining process and fixture with the development of manufacturing technology also make a spurt of progress. Machining process to the various factories in different circumstances, its processing procedures are very different. Break through the past death mode. Make it with different cases has more reasonable technological process. So that product quality greatly improved. Develop processing technology can be rational, but also to meet the basic requirements: guarantee product quality under the premise, as far as possible to improve labor productivity and reduce the processing cost. And to make full use of the existing factory production conditions, as far as possible, using domestic and foreign advanced technology and experience. Shou