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开题报告（学生填表）学院：课题名称纯电动迷你巴士（驱动桥设计）学生姓名专业班级课题类型指导教师职称课题来源1. 设计（或研究）的依据与意义 驱动桥位于传动系末端，其基本功用首先是增扭、降速，改变转矩的传递方向，即增大由传动轴或直接从变速器传来的转矩，并合理的分配给左、右驱动车轮，其次，驱动桥还要承受作用于路面和车架或车厢之间的垂直力、纵向力和横向力，以及制动力矩和反作用力矩。 汽车驱动桥是汽车的重大总成，承载着汽车的满载簧荷重及地面经车轮、车架及承载式车身经悬架给予的铅垂力、纵向力、横向力及其力矩，以及冲击载荷；驱动桥还传递着传动系中的最大转矩，桥壳还承受着反作用力矩。汽车驱动桥结构形式和设计参数除对汽车的可靠性与耐久性有重要影响外，也对汽车的行驶性能如动力性、经济性、平顺性、通过性、机动性和操动稳定性等有直接影响。另外，汽车驱动桥在汽车的各种总成中也是涵盖机械零件、部件、分总成等的品种最多的大总成。例如，驱动桥包含主减速器、差速器、驱动车轮的传动装置、桥壳和各种齿轮。由上述可见，汽车的驱动桥设计涉及的机械零部件及元件的品种极为广泛，对这些零部件、元件及总成的制造也几乎要设计到所有的现在机械制造工艺。因此，通过对汽车驱动桥的学习和设计实践，可以更好的学习并掌握现代设计与机械设计的全面知识和技能。本论文的研究目的在于通过对汽车整体的匹配性设计完成驱动桥的主减速器、产俗气等部件型号的设计与计算，并完成校核的设计计算。2. 国内外同类设计（或同类研究）的概况综述独立悬架早期只单纯用于轿车上，目前大部分轻型货车和越野汽车为了提高舒适性也开始采用独立悬架，同时一些中型卡车及客车为了提高驾乘的舒适性和行驶性也开始采用独立悬架，在国外甚至一些轮式工程机械如吊车和重型卡车也开始采用独立悬架。因此对于独立悬架的设计技术，国内外都进行了研究，这些研究主要集中在以下几个方面：独立悬架设计方法，独立悬架参数对汽车行驶平顺性的影响；独立悬架对汽车操纵稳定性的影响。国内的研究主要表现为：独立悬架和转向系的匹配；独立悬架与转向横拉杆长度和断开点的确定；悬架弹性元件的设计分析；独立悬架的优化设计等。国外除上述研究外还进入了微观领域的研究，如用原子力学显微镜观察悬架材料内部聚合体的电子转化情况，研究悬架作为弹性介质的流变特性等，从而使得独立悬架向着智能化，轻量化，小型化，通用化方向发展。同时由于电子，微机技术的发展，使得独立悬架技术向着半主动、主动悬架方向发展。非独立悬架早期广泛应用于除了轿车以外的其它车型中，由于其可靠性和简单的特性，现在还被广泛的用于轿车的后桥，轻型货车和越野汽车的后桥，重型货车的前后桥都采用非独立悬架。由于汽车行驶的平顺性和操纵稳定性的要求，具有安全、智能和清洁的绿色智能悬架将是今后汽车后桥的发展趋势。汽车驱动桥是汽车的重要总成，驱动桥设计是汽车设计的重要组成部分之一。目前国内外驱动桥设计出现了一下一些变化：1、主要部件和功能向驱动桥的中部集中。有些厂家开始把主减速器,制动器和行星减速机构等集合在桥的中部,但其优点尚待考证。2、桥壳采用球墨铸铁,以提高整桥外观质量。桥壳采用球墨铸铁,加工成本低,其铸造及加工后的外观质量均比现在大多采用的铸钢桥有了很大的提高。3、适应特种要求的多功能驱动桥。为适应主机产品的特殊要求,驱动桥产品供应厂家设法在桥上增加引进了一些特殊功能:自动充气功能、超载报警功能、增添转向油缸功能等,增加了驱动桥产品的适应性。驱动桥的结构型式与驱动车轮的悬挂型式密切相关。当驱动车轮采用非独立悬挂时，都是采用非断开式驱动桥；当驱动车轮采用独立悬挂时，则配以断开式驱动桥。与非断开式驱动桥相比较，断开式驱动桥能显著减少汽车簧下质量，从而改善汽车行驶平顺性，提高了平均行驶速度；减少了其策划行驶时作用于车轮和车桥上的动载荷，提高了零部件的使用寿命；增加了汽车的离地间隙；由于驱动车轮与路面的接触情况及对各种地形的适应性较好，增强了车轮的抗侧滑能力；若与之配合的独立悬架导向机构设计合理，可增加汽车的不足转向效应，提高汽车的操纵稳定性。但其结构复杂，成本较高。断开式驱动桥在乘用车和部分越野汽车上应用广泛。非断开式驱动桥结构简单，成本低，工作可靠，但由于其簧下质量较大，对汽车的行驶平顺性和降低动载荷有不利的影响。3. 课题设计（或研究）的内容 主要研究：纯电动迷你巴士的驱动桥设计。参照纯电动迷你客车的基本参数及相关汽车的参数，查阅有关资料，完成纯电动迷你巴士的驱动桥的计算和结构设计。4. 设计（或研究）方法 通过查阅汽车构造、汽车理论、汽车设计、汽车车身结构与设计、车身造型、汽车车型手册、现代电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车和燃料电池车基本原理、理论和设计及网上的有关汽车的资料来进行设计。5. 实施计划 第6周 全组集体讨论，确定总体方案 第7-10周 完成设计计算，开始绘图。 第10-12周 完成绘图。 第13周 按要求整理、编写设计说明书、整理图纸及全部设计文件，翻译英文资料，将全部毕业设计资料交给指导教师。 第14周 老师审核、互审评阅设计，答辩，评定成绩。指导教师意见指导教师签字：年月日教研室意见教研室主任签字：年月日外文资料译文Driving Axlel automobile driving axleThe driving axle is one of cross bars supporting a vehicle, on which the driving wheels turn .The driving axle includes a housing ,an axle drive ,a differential , tow axle shafts (half axles ),and final drives (if any ) .The axle .or main, drive is a drive-line unit that increases the torque delivered by the transmission and transmits it to the driving wheels, via the differential. In automobiles, the axle drive shaft, usually called the propeller shaft.The axle drive may be a Single or a double-stage type, the former comprising a pair of gears and the latter .tow pairs of gear. Drive pinion I may be made integral with its shaft, or it may be detachable from the shaft. Driving gears and are usually made in the form of detachable gear rings that are bolted or riveted to the differential case .Alex drive bevel pinions and gears are made with helical teeth in order to reduce noise in operation.The tow-stage axle drive consists of a pair of bevel gears and a pair of spur gears. Drive bevel pinion drives bevel gear that is fixed to the flange of the intermediate shaft made integral with 2nd stage driving spur gear .Gears meshes with driven spur gear which is fastened to the case rotates in taper roller bearings installed in the differential carrier that makes part of the driving axle housing.The differential is a drive-line unit that divides the torque applied to it between the tow axle shafts and allows one driving wheel to turn at a different speed from the other.The differential consists of case, cross or spider pinion .and side gears, also known as axle gears .the differential pinions are freely mounted on the cylindrical arms of the spider, which is held in the differential case, and remain in constant mesh with the differential side gears.When the automobile is moving down a straight and even road, both driving wheels meet with one and the same rolling resistance. In this case, axle driven gear, or differential ring gear, causes the differential case to rotate .when the differential case rotates pinions and their spider arms move around in a circle with tow differential side gears are meshed with the pinions, the side gears must rotate, causing the axle shafts and their associated driving wheels to turn. With equal resistance applied to each wheel, the differential pinions do not rotate. They apply equal torque to the side gears and therefore both driving wheels rotate at one and the same speed is unequal ,the differential pinions rotate on their spider arms as well as drive round with the differential case .supposing that one of the axle shaft is prevented from rotating ,the differential pinions would have to walk around the stationary side gear ,causing the other side gear to rotate at twice its normal speed .You can now see how the differential can allow one driving wheel to turn faster than the other .Whenever the automobile goes around a turn ,the outer driving wheel travels a greater distance than the inner drive wheel .the inner wheel speeds up proportionately ,thanks to the differential pinions that rotate on their spider arms and ,rolling around the slower side gear send more rotary motion to the outside wheel. The differential side gears are splined on to the inner ends of the axle shafts .The other ends of the shafts are attached to the driving wheel hubs by means of flanges .Trucks use full floating axle shafts .Such axle shafts are acted upon by torque only .All the other loads acting on the driving wheels are taken by the driving axle housing, because the wheel hubs are supported by bearings mounted on the housing.l Driving axle of general-purpose wheeled tractorGeneral-purpose wheeled tractors are a four-wheel drive type, they have tow driving axles-front and rear .Both axles are similar in construction, expect for the housing. Each driving axle consist if a housing, an axle drive ,a differential ,and final drives .The front and rear-axles drives are interchangeable and comprise a pair of spiral bevel gears . The axle drive pinion is made integral with a shaft that is supported by tow taper roller bearings installed in axle drive pinion carrier .The latter is accommodated in differential carrier and is fixed to it by bolts. The flange of the axle drive pinion carrier is provided with threaded holes to fit puller screws that are used to remove the axle drive pinion carrier from the differential carrier .The position of the drive pinion relative to the centerline of the axle is adjust by means of a pack of shims placed under the flange of the drive pinion carrier Shims palace under the cone of the front bearing are used to adjust the preload on the drive pinion bearings. Splined to adjust the preload on the drive pinion shaft is universal-joint flange .The axle drive gear is bolted to the differential case flange.THE DIFFERENTIAL consists of case, four pinions, and tow side gears .The differential case comprise tow halves that are bolted together and supported by taper roller bearings installed in the differential carrier .Screwed in the bearings housing from the outside are nuts used to adjust the backlash between the ring gear and drive pinion teeth and the side bearing preload.Welded to the top of the driving axle housing at both its ends are spring pads .The housing of both its ends are spring axels are provided with filler ,overflow ,and drain holes closed by plugs .Both housing also have vents ,The rotating components of the driving axles are lubricated with transmission oil .As distinct from the automobiles considered in this text, all tractors include final drives in their power trains .The final drives of general-purpose wheel tractors are referred to as wheel-hub reduction gears.While transmitting power to the driving wheels, wheel-hub reduction can increase their torque .These are planetary reduction gear sets consist of sun gear ,or wheel ,three planet ,or pinion ,gears ,planet or pinion ,carrier .stationary internal ,or ring ,gear ,and housing.The sun gear is splined to the outer end of the axle shaft is splined to the differential side gear .The cylindrical planet gears are in constant mesh with both the sun gear and the ring gear and are free to rotate on roller bearings mounted on shafts that are attached to the planet carrier .The planet carrier is fasted to the reduction gear housing by means of studs and nuts .The flange of housing ,driving wheel brake drum 13,and wheel hub are clamped together by bolts .The planet carrier and reduction gear housing form the driven part of the planetary gear set and rotate with the driving wheel of the tractor .The driving gear hub is supported by taper roller bearings mounted on axle shaft housing ,or axle sleeve .The axle sleeve is connected to the stationary ring gear by means of adapter hub that has internal splines and external teeth . The splines are meshed with matching splines on the axle sleeve, and the teeth are meshed with internal teeth ring gear.Wheels and its maintainModern wheeled tractors and automobiles use pneumatic-tired disc wheels. As a result of the driving wheel tires gripping the road, the rotary motion of the wheels is transformed into the translational motion of the tractor or automobile.According to their purpose, wheels are classified as driving .driven steerable, and combination types.Trucks and general-purpose wheeled tractors have all their wheels of one and the same size .Row-crop tractors have their rear wheels larger than the front wheels .The rear wheels carry the major proportion of the load due to the weight of the tractor .The front wheels are loaded lighter and this makes them easier to turn and provide good directional steering stability, which is essential for row-crop work.A TRUCK WHEEL consists of disc and flat base rim that is made integral with it, while the other flange is formed by detachable side ring that is held to the rim by split lock ring on the rim .which doubles as a side ring and a lock ring.The wheel disc is provided with holes for mounting the wheel on the wheel mounting bolts ,or wheel studs ,on the wheel hub ,where it is fixed by nuts .Both the holes and the nuts are tapered to ensure exact location of the wheel on its hub .The rear driving axles of trucks carry tow wheels at each end .The inner wheels are held to the hubs by cap nuts that are threaded both on the inside and on the outside .and the outer wheels are mounted on the cap nuts and fixed in place by taper nuts screwed on the nuts .The wheel nuts on the right side of truck have right-hand threads, whereas the nuts on the left side of the truck are threaded left-hand .The reason is to tighten the nuts, not loosen them, and thus prevent them from working loose on acceleration and braking.An automobile pneumatic tire consists of casing, inner tube, and flap .The tire casing comprises tread, side walls, and beads .Tires for good roads use small tread patterns, while those for bad roads or cross country service large tread patterns.The inner tube is made in the form of a hollow elastic rubber doughnut that is inflated with air after it is installed inside the tire and the tire is put on the wheel rim .The inner tube is inflated through tire valve that consists of housing 11,valve inside ,and cap .The valve housing is made of brass in the dorm of a flanged tube that is mounted in the inner tube by means of a washer and a nut and sticks out through a hole in the wheel .Some tire valve housing are of comprise construction :the upper part is made of brass and the lower part ,of rubber that is vulcanized on to the inner tube .The valve inside is a check valve that opens to let air in the inner tube when an air closed ,spring pressure and air pressure inside the tube hold the valve .When the valve is closed ,spring pressure and air pressure inside the tube hold the valve in its seat .It includes core with a rubber ring ,a plunger pin ,and a spring .The valve inside is Screwed in the tire valve housing and is closed by the cap Screwed on the housing.To the construction of the driving and steerable wheels, each wheel comprises hub , disc with rim ,and tire with inner tube .The rim is welded to the disc and the disc is bolted to the hub .The driving wheel tires are of low-pressure type and have heavy tread bars for better traction. The driving wheel hub is keyed to axle shaft and is fixed in place by means of bolted-on insert with worm whose threads mesh with the rack teeth cut in the half axle .By turning the worm one can change the position of the wheel on the axle shaft to obtain the desired track width .Before doing this ,it is necessary to jack up the rear part of the tractor to clear the wheels of the ground and loosen the bolts that hold the inserts to the wheels hubs .Should this adjustment prove insufficient ,the track width can further be increased by placing the wheels with the concaves of their discs facing inwards.On some row-crop tractors ,the rear wheel discs are bolts to lugs welded on the wheel rims .In this case ,the crack width can be changed by bolts the discs in alternative positions to the lugs .Also the concave wheel discs may be used either with the concave facing inwards or outwards.Trouble-free operation of automobiles and wheeled tractors largely depends on the condition of the tires. Therefore, during operation, one should adhere to following rules.Prevent fuel and, or oil from getting onto the tires. Cleans the tires regularly from dirt and remove all foreign articles, such as stones, form the treads. Do not apply brakes sharply, never start away form rest with a jerk, and avoid making sharp turns, for all this causes uneven wear of the tires. Do not allow excessive slipping of the driving wheels. When preparing your tractor or automobile for a long-term storage, jack up the wheels and put trestles under the axles or frame to relieve the tires.The service life of tires is expressed in terms of their mileage. For most bias (ordinary) truck tires, the guaranteed mileage amounts to 50000 km. Observing the above rules will help prolong the useful service life of tires.驱动桥汽车的驱动桥驱动桥是一个支撑车辆的十字交叉的轴，它可以驱动车轮运动。驱动桥包括：驱动桥壳、主减速器传动轴、差速器、两个半轴和末端传动装置。主减速器在传动中的功用是增大变速器传来的转矩，凭借差速器把它传递给驱动车轮。在汽车中主减速器传动轴把转矩按正确的方向传给驱动轮，通常被叫做推进器。主减速器有单级和双级两种形式，前者包含一对齿轮，后者包含两对齿轮。主动小齿轮可以和轴做成一个整体，也可以做成分开的。从动齿轮常做成齿圈形式，差速器壳可以用螺栓或铆钉连接在齿圈上，主减速器的小齿轮和大齿轮可以做成螺旋齿，这样可以在啮合时减少噪音。双级主减速器包含一对锥齿轮和一对圆柱齿轮，主动齿轮带动从动锥齿轮旋转而从动锥齿轮和小圆柱齿轮通过中间轴连在一起从而使小圆柱齿轮转动，它与差速器壳固定在一起的大圆柱齿轮啮合，差速器壳的旋转带动差速器运动并和轴承装设构成桥壳的一部分。差速器在传动系中将转矩分开分别驱动两侧半轴，并且允许一侧驱动轮和另一侧驱动轮以不同的角速度运动。差速器包括差速器壳、行星齿轮轴（十字轴），行星齿轮，侧面齿轮即半轴齿轮。行星齿轮可以安装在卡在差速器壳上的圆柱形十字轴上，并且保持与半轴齿轮的不断啮合。当汽车直线行驶和在水平路面上运动时，两侧驱动轮将会遇到相同的滚动阻力。在这种情况下，主减速器从动齿轮带动差速器壳旋转。当差速器壳旋转时差速器行星齿轮和十字轴也旋转运动，因为半轴齿轮差速器行星齿轮啮合，半轴齿轮必须旋转，导致半轴与两侧车轮也运动。当每一个车轮承受的阻力相等时，差速器小齿轮不再旋转，它们给半轴齿轮提供相等的转矩且两侧车轮以一个相同的角速度旋转。当然，当阻力不相等时，差速器行星齿轮既绕着差速器壳公转又绕十字轴自转，如果一侧半轴不旋转时，行星齿轮不会绕着固定不动的半轴齿轮运动，使另一侧半轴齿轮以平常两倍的速度旋转。这样你就明白差速器是怎么使一侧齿轮转速大于另一侧的。无论什么时候汽车转弯行驶时，外侧车轮总比内侧的车轮移过的距离大。内侧车轮会慢下来，而外侧车轮则成比例地加速，由于差速器在十字轴上自转，且在速度慢的一侧的半轴齿轮上滚动，它将使外侧车轮移动的快一些。半轴内端用花键与差速器半轴齿轮连接，外端用凸缘与驱动轮轮毂相连。载货汽车采用全浮式半轴。这样的半轴只承受转矩作用。其余的负载由桥壳承担，因为轮毂由安装在桥壳上的轴支撑的。轮式拖拉机的驱动桥一般的轮式拖拉机采用四轮驱动的形式，它有两个驱动桥前驱动桥和后驱动桥。除了桥壳之外，两个桥的构造很相似。每个驱动桥都包括桥壳，主减速器，差速器和末端传动装置。前后驱动桥可以互换，且都包含一对螺旋锥齿轮。主减速器的主动锥齿轮与轴做成一体，并由两对圆锥滚子轴承支撑，并用螺栓与差速器壳联接。主动锥齿轮凸缘外有螺纹孔与配套的螺钉，用于防止主动锥齿轮在差速器壳作用下运动。关系到车轴中心线的主动锥齿轮的位置是由装在主动锥齿轮后的调整垫片来调整的，装在圆锥滚子轴承内座圈的调整垫片用来调试安装在主动锥齿轮上的轴承的预紧力。齿轮轴的轴径末端的凸缘采用一般的花键联接。从动锥齿轮用螺栓与差速器壳凸缘固定在一起。差速器包括差速器壳、四个小行星齿轮，两侧半轴齿轮。差速器壳由两部分构成，它们用螺栓连接在一起，并由圆锥滚子轴承装置支撑。轴承套外面的螺母用来避免齿圈和主动锥齿轮发生运动干涉，使它们正确啮合，并调整轴承的预紧力。焊在桥壳两端顶部的是弹簧缓冲器，每个桥壳上都有注油孔，并用油塞塞住。每个桥壳都有一个通风孔。桥壳内的旋转运动部件都涂有润滑剂。在本书之中所有靠末端传动提供动力的拖拉机与汽车考虑的地方有所不同。