云图采集设备控制系统设计及优化【说明书+CAD】
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哈尔滨理工大学学士学位论文Quality Control FundamentalsQualityQuality has become one of the most important consume decision factors in the selection among competing products and service. The phenomenon is widespread, regardless of whether the consume is an individual, an industrial organization, a retail store, or a military defense. Consequently, understanding and improving quality is a key factor leading to business success, growth, and an enhanced competitive position. There is a substantial return on integral part of overall business strategy. We may define quality in many ways. Most people have a conceptual understanding of quality as relating to one or more desirable characteristics that a product or service should possess. Although this conceptual understanding is certainly a useful starting point, we will give a more precise and useful definition. According to the definition that the American quantity manages the association, the quantity is the combination of the characteristic and characteristic that the product or services can satisfy to rule the need but have. This definition express that should make sure the need of the customer first, because satisfy these needs are keys that attains the quantity target. Then should chase the characteristic and characteristics that the need conversion of the customer is a product, and carry on the technique request that designs the work and makes to order the product on these grounds.Many in the past of the design target of the quantity system is, in each one process stage, qualified product and unqualified product distinctions open. Those were judge for the unqualified product and must pass by to re- process to satisfy the technique request. If they cant be re- processed, should be the waste processing. This kind of system was call of the examination modification system, in this kind of system, only have while carrying on to the product the examination, or be When the customer use, would discover among them exist of problem. Because checking the proper factor of personnel the decision, the usefulness of this kind of classification examination is not high, currently, a quantity of prevention system got the more and more extensive application. In this kind of system, in order not to take place the quantity problem, emphasize first carry on to the each stage that the product produce reasonable of the measu-13re that programming and establishments arise problem. Qualitycharacteristic or property consisting of several well-defined technical and aesthetic, hence subjective, consideration; conformance to design requirements. Quality control-detecting poor quality in manufactured products and taking corrective action to eliminate it.The traditional definition of quality is based on the viewpoint that product and service must meet the requirements of those who use them. Therefore, Quality means fitness for use.There are two general aspects of fitness for use: quality of design and quality of conformance. Quality by design intent refers to the various grades or quality that is intentionally determined by design. All goods and services are produced in various grades or levels grades or levels of quality. These variations in grades or levels of quality are intentional, and, consequently, the appropriate term is quality of design. Quality of conformance refers to how well the product conforms to specifications required by design. Quality of conformance is influenced by a number of factor, including the choice of manufacturing processes, the training and supervision of the workforce, the type of quality-assurance system used, the extent to which these quality-assurance procedures are followed, and the motivation of the workforce to achieve quality.The quantity management is an assurance to carry out all management of the quantity policy suddenly. The quantity management is the job of the high manager. This work includes the strategy programming, the resources assigns to program the activity with the quantity that have something to do with it.The quality control included in order to keep the product or ministrant quantities, make it be able to satisfy to rule the demanding product or service with the appropriate trust must of have the plan and built-up activities all. These or the dynamic target is a trust that provides and can work normally to the material system for person, and include the evaluation to design the project and techniques to request the appropriate or to produce the check of the homework ability. The target of the internal quantity lie in make company of manager has the confidence to the product quantity, but the purpose of the exterior quantity guarantee lie in toward the customers of the company product to do a guarantee in the product quantity. The quality control included in order to keep the product or ministrant quantities, make it be able to satisfy to rule the demanding product or service with the appropriate trust must of have the plan and built-up activities all. These or the dynamic target is a trust that provides and can work normally to the material system for person, and include the evaluation to design the project and techniques to request the appropriate or to produce the check of the homework ability. The target of the internal quantity lie in make company of manager has the confidence to the product quantity, but the purpose of the exterior quantity guarantee lie in toward the customers of the company product to do a guarantee in the product quantity.The managers a basic job pursues the quantity improvement unremittingly. Should know in nowadays of market, the quantity is a from the customers to the product increases the high expectation increasingly drive of dynamic state target. The quantity activity must carry out the work of company everyday. Traditional way of doing is to some a certain appropriate quantity grade of product, then concentrate all powers to make the product satisfy this grade. This kind of method is not suitable for in use in the production of the long-term. With it contrary, the manager should give the business enterprise certain such direction: Once the some medium product comes to a the appropriate quantity grade, should still as to its carry on the continuous improvement, make it attain the higher quantity grade.Satisfying or expecting for a kind of product the end evaluation of the quality degree for be worth is to be made by the customer and the customers, and would be under the influence of can sell the of same race product toward these customers and customer of rival. This end evaluation is according to product of at whole use the performance in the period to make, not only and only according to rise while purchase of function do, know this very important.Though assurance that the quantity controls big and parts of works of the grade are adoptions all rate theory and the application that statistics calculation to carry on appropriate of and precision of data collect the process provide for this work also is count for much. The data that provides the mistake will make the milli- that the best covariance work procedure change nonsense. Process the process with the machine similar, collect examine the data is also a process that has the precision, accurate degree, resolution and re-usable sex limit.For acquiring the most valid improvement result, the manager should understand the quantity and costs to repair with each other of, not self-contradictory. In the tradition, to the managers suggestion is to must do a choice between the quantity and cost. This kind of method is called the compromised judgment. This is because of for the product that quantity like, its cost want to be higher by all means, and it produce the difficulty also more and greatly. Currently, the experience in the whole world scope has already express, this is incorrect. The product of the high quantity carries out the resources by the root excellent to turn the exploitation, thus meaning the high production ability and bottom quantity costs. In addition, were thought that the quantity is high by the customers and at use the dependable product of the process neuter gender ability, it sell and would be obvious with market shares high in of the same kind product.The managers a basic job pursues the quantity improvement unremittingly. Should know in nowadays of market, the quantity is from the customers to the product increases the high expectation increasingly drive of dynamic state target. The quantity activity must carry out the work of company everyday. Traditional way of doing is to some a certain appropriate quantity grade of product, Then concentrate all powers to make the product satisfy this grade. This kind of method is not suitable for in use in the production of the long-term. With it contrary, the manager should give the business enterprise certain such direction: Once the some medium product comes to a the appropriate quantity grade, should still as to its carry on the continuous improvement, make it attain the higher quantity grade.Satisfying or expecting for a kind of product the end evaluation of the quality degree for be worth is to be made by the customer and the customers, and would be under the influence of can sell the of same race product toward these customers and customer of rival. This end evaluation is according to product of at whole use the performance in the period to make, not only and only according to rise while purchase of function do, know this very important.Though assurance that the quantity controls big and parts of works of the grade are adoptions all rate theory and the application that statistics calculation to carry on appropriate of and precision of data collect the process provide for this work also is count for much. The data that provides the mistake will make the milli- that the best covariance work procedure change nonsense. Process the process with the machine similar, collect examine the data is also a process that has the precision, accurate degree, resolution and re-usable sex limit.For acquiring the most valid improvement result, the manager should understand the quantity and costs to repair with each other of, not self-contradictory. In the tradition, to the managers suggestion is to must do a choice between the quantity and cost. This kind of method is called the compromised judgment. This is because of for the product that quantity like, its cost want to be higher by all means, and it produce the difficulty also more and greatly. Currently, the experience in the whole world scope has already express, this is incorrect. The product of the high quantity carries out the resources by the root excellent to turn the exploitation, thus meaning the high production ability and bottom quantity costs. In addition, were thought that the quantity is high by the customers and at use the dependable product of the process neuter gender ability, it sell and would be obvious with market shares high in of the same kind product.Unfortunately this definition has become associated more with the conformance aspect of quality than with design. This is in part due to the lack of formal education most designers and engineer receive in quality engineering methodology. This also leads to much less focus on the customer and more of a “conformance-to-specifications” approach to quality .regardless of whether the product, even when produced to standards, was actually “fit-for-use” by the customer,. Also, there is still a widespread belief that quality is a problem that can be improved is by “gold-planting” the product.We prefer a modern definition of quality: Quality is inversely proportional to variability. Note that this definition implies that if variability in the important characteristics of a product decreases, the quality of the product increases. As an example of the operational effectiveness of this definition , a few years ago, one of the automobile companies in the Unite State performed a comparative study of a transmission that was manufactured that and by a Japanese supplier.An analysis of warranty claims and repair costs indicated that there was a striking difference between the two sources of production, with the Japanese-produced transmission having much lower costs. As part of the study to discover the cause of this difference in cost and performance, the company selected random samples, the company selected random samples of transmissions from each plant, disassembled them, and measured several critical characteristics.There are two obvious questions here: Why did the Japanese do this? How did they do this? Reduced variability has directly translated into lower costs. Furthermore, the Japanese built transmissions shifted gears more smoothly, ran more quietly, and were generally perceived by the customer as superior to those built domestically. Fewer repairs and warranty claims means less rework and the reduction of wasted time, effect, and money. Thus, quality truly is inversely proportional to variability.How did the Japanese do this? The answer lies in the systematic and effective use of the methods described in this text.Dimension of quality The quality of a product can be evaluated by several ways. It is often very important to differentiate these different dimensions of quality. Garvin provides an excellent discussion of eight components or dimensions of quality as follows: Performance-product does intended job Reliability-product is available for service Durability-product lasts for a reasonable time Serviceability-product is easy to repair/service Aesthetics-product has acceptable/appearance Features-product has capabilities beyond basic performance Perceived quality-product & company have good reputation; measured by customer loyalty Conformance to standards-product made consistent with designer intent Quality Improvement Quality improvement is the reduction of variability in processes and products. Excessive variability in process performance often results in waste. For example, consider the waste money, time, and effort that is associated with the repairs. Therefore, an alternate and highly useful definition is that quality improvement is the reduction of waste.Implementing quality improvement: management must evaluate dimensions of quality as they pertain to their business objective; think strategically about quality; recognize critical role of suppliers in quality management strategies; recognize that everyone in the organization is responsible for quality;recognize that statistical quality control techniques communicate both problem &solutions; implement effective quality improvement programs to their business; total quality management;quality improvement benefits-business growth; enhanced competition; cost reduction; reduced product liability; improved productivity.Quality Engineering TerminologyEvery product possesses a number of elements that jointly describe what the use or consume thinks of as quality. These parameters are often called quality characteristics.Quality characteristics-physical; sensory; time orientation; can be attributes or variables. Quality engineering-the set of operational, managerial and engineering activities used to endure that to ensure that quality c characteristics of a product are at nominal or the required levels. Statistical methods-applied to measure variability. Specifications-desired measurements for products quality characteristics, value for characteristics; value bounded by allowable limits, namely, upper specifications limit and lower specification limit; value outside limits are considered to be nonconforming, hence, product is defective.Concurrent engineering-multi-disciplinary, team-based approach to design.History of Quality Methodology Quality always has been an integral part or virtually all products and service. However, our awareness of its importance and introduction of formal methods of quality control and improvement have been an evolutionary development.Statistical Methods Statistical process control: use control charts to reduce variability & maintain measure of process quality within acceptable limits, namely, upper control limit and lower control limit.Statistical designed experiment: use to discover key variables that influence quality characteristics of interest; systematically vary process controllable input factors to determine their effects on output product parameters.Process modeling : captures the relationship between input and output variables of process; statistical techniques, such as regression or time-series analyses, also, neural network techniques, used to determine the nature & magnitude of adjustments required to bring process back into control Acceptance sampling: inspection & classification of sampled units, selected at random, from larger batch of product for the purpose of determining disposition of lot; decision may be to accept, reject, or rework lot; emphasizes conformance to requirements approach to quality control.Manufacturing Process Characteristic Random variations-caused by variability among operator, raw materials, machine vibrations, and environmental changes; usually uncontrollable; regarded as process; regarded as process noise; no particular pattern trend. Assignable variations- exception from normal operating condition, e.g., operator mistake; defective raw materials; tool failures; machine malfunctions, can be traced to specific cause.Machining process are capable of tolerance of 0.002 in, e.g., sand castings generally have tolerances of 10 to 20 times those used for machined part.Total Quality ManagementTotal quality management is a strategy for implementing and managing quality improvement activities on organization-wide basis. Total Quality Management began in early 1980s, with the philosophies of Deming and Japan as the focal point. It evolved into a broader spectrum of concepts and ideas, involving participative organizations and work culture, customer focus, supplier quality improvement, integration of quality system with business goals, and many other activities to focus all elements of the organization around the quality improvement goal. Typically, organizations that have implemented a Total Quality Management approach to quality to quality improvement have quality councils or high-level teams that deal with strategic quality initiatives, workforce-level teams that focus on routine production or business activities, and cross-functional teams that address specific quality improvement issues.控制质量的原则质量质量在竞争产品和服务之中已经变得最重要的选择中消费决定因素之一。这种现象是广大而有普遍的，不管无论那个消费是个体，一个工业的组织，一间零售商店或军事的防卫。结果，了解而且改良质量是对生意成功生长和一个可提高的竞争位置的领先的主要因素。有在全部生意策略的整体部份上的实质上的回返。我们可能以许多方式定义质量。大多数的人当做有关有质量的概念上理解一或一个产品或服务应该持有的比较令人想要的特性。虽然概念上的理解确定地是一个有用的出发点但是我们将会给一种较精确和更有用的定义。根据美国质量管理协会的定义，质量是产品或服务能够满足规定需求而具有的特性和特征的组合。这个定义表明，应该首先确定顾客的需求，因为满足这些需求是达到质量目标的关键。然后应该把顾客的需求转化为产品的特征和特性，并据此进行设计工作和定制产品的技术要求。许多过去的质量体系的设计目标是，在各个加工阶段中，将合格的产品和不合格的产品区分开来。那些被判定为不合格的产品必须经过重新加工以满足技术要求。如果它们不能被重新加工，就应该被当成废料处理。这种体系被称之检测修改体系，在这种体系中，只有在对产品进行检测时，或者当用户使用时，才会发现其中存在的问题。由于检查人员本身固有的因素所决定，这种分类检测的有效性不高，目前，预防型质量体系得到了越来越广泛的应用。在这种体系中，为了避免发生质量问题，首先强调对产品生产的各个阶段进行合理的规划和制定发生问题的措施质量有一些定义明确的技术上的和美学的特性或财产方面，去主观的考虑着去顺应设计消费者的需求。质量控制不断地发现制造品的差的质量，而且不断的修改来改善它的质量。传统定义的质量以服务（使用要求）一定符合那些使用他们的人需求观点为基础的那一种产品，因此，质量对于使用者意味着适合于应用。为使用有二个一般适合的方面：设计质量和合适的质量。质量提及各种不同的等级或企图地被设计决定的设计意图的质量。所有的货物和售后服务在质量的各种不同的等级或水平中被生产。质量的等级或水平的这些变化是要达到预定的意图和结果，适当的期限是设计中质量的保证。质量提及到如何完善产品主要藉着设计者在（多大程度上）遵照必需达到的规格。适合消费者的质量被若干因素影响，包括制造过程中程序的选择，训练和劳动力的监督，使用过的质量保证系统的类型，这些质量保证的程序被依照的规定范围和劳动力的动机共同达成质量所需求的规格。质量管理是确定实施质量方针的全部管理。质量管理是高层管理人员的职责。这项工作包括战略规划、资源分配和与之有关的质量规划活动。质量保证包括了为保持产品或服务的质量，使其能满足规定需求的产品或服务以适当信任所必须的全部有计划和组织的活动。这些或动的目标是给人提供对物质体系能够正常工作的信任，而且包括对设计方案和技术要求妥善性的评价或者对生产作业能力的检查。内部质量的目标在于使公司的管理人员对产品质量具有信心，而外部质量担保的目的在于向公司产品的用户们在产品质量方面做出担保。管理人员的一个基本职责是不懈的追求质量改善。应该认识到在当今的市场中，质量是一个由顾客们对产品日益增高的期望所驱动的动态目标。质量行动必须落实到公司每天的工作上。传统的做法是对某一产品确定一个适当的质量等级，然后集中全部力量使产品满足这个等级。这种方法不适合于在长期的生产中使用。与之相反，管理人员应该给企业确定这样的方向：一旦某中产品达到了适当的质量等级后，还应该对其进行不断的改进，使其达到更高的质量等级。对于一种产品满足或期望值的好坏程度的最终评价是由顾客和用户们作出的，而且会受到可以向这些顾客和用户出售同种产品的的竞争对手的影响。这个最终评价是基于产品的在整个使用周期内的表现作出的，而不是仅仅只根据起在购买时的性能做出的，认识这点很重要的。尽管确定质量控制等级的大部分工作是采用概率论和统计计算进行的应用适当的和精确的数据采集过程为这项工作提供也是非常重要的。提供错误的数据会使最好的统计工作程序变的毫无意义。与机械加工过程类似，采集检验数据本身也是一个具有精确性、准确度、分辨率和可重复性限度的过程。为了获得最有效的改进成果，管理人员应该明白质量与成本是互补的，而不是互相矛盾的。传统上，对管理人员的建议是必须在质量与成本之间做出选择。这种方法被称为折衷判断。这是因为对于质量好的产品，其成本必然要比较高，而且其生产难度也比较大。目
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