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塔里木大学毕业论文前 言滴灌带不及时回收对作物的影响是极为严重的，消除滴灌带污染， 保持良好的自然生态环境，将成为滴灌带技术能否长久和持续应用下去的关键，也是关系到土地生产力的发挥和造福子孙后代的重大问题。因此研究滴灌带回收机械化对发展我国新疆当地农业生产的意义十分重大。滴灌带依靠人工回收，效率低，回收率过差，而机收的作业效率是人工收滴灌带的几十倍，效率高，不仅减轻了农民的劳动强度，还可极大的缓解滴灌带回收劳动力紧张的局面。目前滴灌带回收技术没有得到广泛的推广，大部分农民还是使用原始的中耕器或自己做的弾齿式滴灌带回收机进行回收作业，由于机具简单，而且一部分农户只是在来年春天才用耙子楼一楼甚至不收，因此回收率低。政府必须制定长期实施规划， 大力及补贴等措施来推动农民积极性。回收滴灌带循环利用降低购买滴灌带的价格，增加农民收入。通过选型实验， 筛选出较为先进、安全、可靠、适用机型推广给广大农机户，减少盲目购机的损失，加大补贴额度，增加农户购机热情，通过示范推广积极宣传增强农户环保意识，才能全面推动滴灌带回收机械化技术的推广和应用。新疆棉田、麦田等推广采用滴灌技术市场前景广阔。研究滴灌带回收机械化具有重要意义。 12 届毕业设计滴灌带收集装置的设计与仿真设计说明书 学生姓名 学 号 所属学院 机械电气化工程学院 专 业 农业机械化及其自动化班 级 12-1 指导教师 日 期 2012.6 塔里木大学教务处制塔里木大学毕业论文（设计）开题报告课题名称 滴灌带收集装置的设计与仿真 学生姓名 学 号 所属学院 机械电气化工程学院 专 业 农业机械化及其自动化 班 级 12-1 指导教师 起止时间 2011.12.12012.5.26. 机械电气化工程学院教务办制滴灌带收集装置的设计与仿真开题报告正文1课题来源及研究的目的和意义滴灌技术是新疆针对实际生产需求, 在棉田滴灌技术的基础上发展起来的, 是对密植作物灌溉的一次改革, 也是新疆荒漠绿洲灌溉农业发展的必然趋势。随着滴灌带技术在大田作物中的大面积采用，滴灌带的回收已成为人们迫切解决的问题。滴灌带的用量非常大，是滴灌作业一项较大的投资。滴灌带不及时回收对作物的影响是极为严重的，势必影响来年的使用，特别是多年使用的滴灌带，如果残存在土壤中将会影响土壤结构，影响作物生长1。因此，滴灌带的回收和重复使用是降低滴灌投资、节省费用的重要措施，对土壤保护也是有积极的意义。目前，人们进行滴灌带的回收主要采用的是人工回收，卷成带卷，这样的劳动强度较大，投入人力较多，作业效率低，尤其是大面积回收则需要的劳动量较大，从而提高了相应的回收成本，而且回收的带卷松散，堆放在一起，杂乱无章，不利于分类，不利于搬运和储存，甚至一部分农户只是在来年春天才用耙子楼一楼甚至不收。消除滴灌带污染，保持良好的自然生态环境，将成为滴灌带技术能否长久和持续应用下去的关键，也是关系到土地生产力的发挥和造福子孙后代的重大问题。因此研究滴灌带回收机械化对发展我国新疆当地农业生产的意义十分重大。2 滴灌带依靠人工回收，效率低，回收率过差，而机收的作业效率是人工收滴灌带的几十倍，效率高，不仅减轻了农民的劳动强度，还可极大的缓解滴灌带回收劳动力紧张的局面。目前滴灌带回收机技术还不够成熟得不到广泛的推广，因此滴灌带回收机械化技术需要进一步研究制造。3回收滴灌带循环利用降低购买滴灌带的价格，增加农民收入。目前新疆棉田、麦田、甜菜、番茄、辣椒等推广采用滴灌技术市场前景广阔，滴灌面积广阔，滴灌带使用量日益剧增。因此，研究滴灌带回收机械化具有重要意义。2 课题所涉及的问题在国内外研究的现状及分析2.1国外滴灌带收回机械滴灌带技术是当今世界上最先进的节水灌溉技术之一，以美国、以色列应用的滴灌带技术不使用地膜，直接用滴灌带 滴灌带回收处理是世界各国面临的一个棘手仅次于残膜回收的问题。英国和前苏联主要是采用悬挂式回收机,在残膜回收机械装置上经过改进而研制的滴灌带回收装置。 以色列是研究滴灌带回收装置起步较早的国家之一, 利用收卷机来回收滴灌带, 效果较好。以色列所用滴灌带较厚强度高, 铺滴灌带主要用于帮助浇水施肥,滴灌带在田间停留时间较长, 一般是在作物收获后才开始回收滴灌带。 欧美国家为防止残膜滴灌带污染危害, 一方面推广使用高强度、耐老化, 可以连续使用23 年。采用收卷式回收滴灌带和残膜。另一方面, 积极开发研制新型产品, 防止滴灌带及地膜降解, 使残膜滴灌带经一定时期自动分解成无害物质混入土壤。 在农业机械科研领域，国外的农业机械应用技术是比较先进的，但是在滴灌带回收机械的运用上，国外目前应用较多的是半机械化作业的滴灌带回收机械，DuboisAgrinovation生产的Mulch Lifter 1800 Challenger；Plastic mulch lifter, RobertMarvel Plastic Mulch LCC生产的Model98Mulch Lifter；美国Kennco Manufacturing, Inc.公司开发的等，这几种型号的滴灌带回收机的工作原理基本一致4。比如美国Kennco Manufacturing, Inc.公司开发的PS610型残膜滴灌带回收机，其由机架、地轮、地轮窃膜刀、起膜铲和切断圆盘等组成。机器工作时，由拖拉机作为牵引力，地轮切刀先将地膜两边影响起膜的杂草和根茎等切断，然后由起膜铲将地膜掀起，并且将地膜上的土等杂物抖落，最后由切断圆盘将地膜由中部切开，以便于人工捡拾。5该机型主要用于作物收获后的地膜滴灌带回收，其工作幅宽可以根据地膜宽度进行调整，成本低，结构简单。在国外已经得到了推广应用。从其工作原理可以看出，该型滴灌带回收机只是将滴灌带挑起，并不能完成机械捡拾滴灌带，只能靠人工将挑起的滴灌带捡拾起来，其工作效率先对比较低。2.2国内滴灌带收回机械2.2.1在半自动起膜机基础上，以色列、英国、美国、前苏联和日本等国都先后开发了全机械化残膜回收机具，如图1-1和1-2所示。 1-1 1-2该机型一次可以完成两行或两行以上的收膜作业，工作效率比半机械化滴灌带回收机高很多，但是也存在很多问题：该型滴灌带回收辊两个相对的圆锥轴，因此在开始卷滴灌带和滴灌带断裂后都要人工进行重新卷滴灌带，影响了机器的工作效率；在进行滴灌带回收时，要求滴灌带要有一定的强度，否则在收滴灌带过程中，随着滴灌带上的杂土杂物的增加积累会导致滴灌带断裂，造成工作中断，影响工作效率；根据该机型的工作原理可知，该机型只能对长而完整的滴灌带精心回收，而对于短碎的滴灌带却不能进行捡拾。2.2.22002.石河子大学，王婉珠，马本学，钱兴盛，吴雪飞.研制了8SG-4型农田滴灌毛管回收机.7主要由地轮、调速机构、机架、悬挂架、仿形机构、卷筒、变速装置、排管机构等组成，其结构简图如图1所示:主要技术参数1）外形尺寸（长*宽*高）：4560*1300*1435 mm2）结构重量：865kg；2）工作幅宽：3.6 m；3）收管行数：4 行；5）作业速度：3.54 km/h；6）生产率：1.3-4.0 hm2 /h ； 本机的主要创新点为：采用相应的机构解决了绕管速度与拖拉机前进速度的同步问题，结构简单的排管机构保证毛管在卷筒上排列紧而整齐。毛管回收机配套动力为轮式拖拉机，运输时由拖拉机悬挂，工作时由拖拉机牵引，回收机的地轮机构作为动力源，通过链传动、皮带传动将动力分别传到卷筒及排管机构，必须设计卷绕毛管的圆柱形卷筒。本机为使毛管在卷筒上排列整齐，设有排管机构。毛管回收机的前进速度与拖拉机前进速度相同，基本保持不变，但随着卷筒上卷盘直径逐渐增大，卷筒的绕管速度是不断增加的。工作时，若绕管速度小于拖拉机前进速度，将出现毛管来不及回收的现象；若绕管速度大于拖拉机前进速度将出现扯断毛管的现象。1011为此，必须设计一无级变速装置及相应的调速机构，以确保绕管速度基本与拖拉机前进速度同步。绕管速度随卷筒上卷盘直径而变化，为使卷盘直径的变化及时反映到无级变速装置上，此回收机还设有一仿形机构。12 当8SG-4型农田滴灌毛管回收机工作时存在不足之处（1）卷筒上毛管卷盘直径逐渐增大时，不能确保绕管速度与拖拉机前进速度同步，此回收机的传动比不够完善（2）不能确保毛管在卷筒上排列整齐和滴灌带的紧密缠绕（3）毛管在卷筒上卷满后拆卸不便、安装不方便。（4）配套动力至少40kw，据调查在新疆大多农户还是使用小马力小四轮，带动此回收机尚有不足。1314 目前，此滴灌带回收机在田地工作时其设计与现实不够匹配、完善。作为改进的技术方案，在机架的后端设有两个立杆，收带转轮设于立杆的外侧，轴的两端为方轴，两个收带转轮套接在方轴上，为了调节两个收带轮之间的距离，在收带转轮两侧的方轴上设有固定套，固定套上设有销钉。为方便毛管卷盘的拆卸，设计有铁皮筒，缠绕毛管前必须先将铁皮筒卷在卷筒上，再将毛管从排管机构的下方通过导管轮下方缠绕到卷筒上。8当卷筒上毛管卷满后，拨动卷筒两侧的分离拨叉，取下卷筒和毛管卷盘后，再将铁皮筒卷在卷筒上，重新安装到毛管回收机上。卸下的毛管卷盘，必须用绳子或废毛管扎好放在地头，以便运走。传送皮带、传动链条的传动比设计应保证绕管速度与拖拉机前进速度同步。93 课题所涉及的任务要求及实现预期目标可行性分析 目前滴灌带回收机械存在问题( 1) 滴灌带回收机技术不过关。一是可靠性不高;二是适应性差; 三是生产效率较低。( 2) 滴灌带回收机具功能单一。( 3) 滴灌带质量及规格问题。我国目前的滴灌带非常薄( 0.20.3 mm) 抗拉强度不高, 给后期的滴灌带回收带来困难。这些根据机械手册和拖拉机牵引力以及拖拉机速度可以设计出来；所用的材料要求不是很高，作业速度和生产率都是可以通过计算得出；毛管回收机配套动力为轮式拖拉机，运输时由拖拉机悬挂，工作时由拖拉机牵引，拖拉机传动轴机构作为动力源，通过链传动、皮带传动将动力分别传到卷筒及排管机构，必须设计卷绕毛管的圆柱形卷筒。因此，此设计的预期目标是可行的4 需要重点的、关键的问题及解决的思路对整体进行参数确定，并对回收机部分和绕管速度与拖拉机前进速度同步进行试验分析。传动比大小设计；传动形式: 链传动+皮带传动；作业速度：3.54km/h；生产率：1.3-4.0hm2 /h ；造价不超过3000元台；操作人员12人；配套动力大小及仿形结构的设计。机器在工作时一是为了提高操作人员的安全性，不造成伤人事件发生；二是此滴灌带回收装置是在田间作业，环境比较恶劣，最好平好田间和道路的沟、埂, 以利于拖拉机进地。5 完成本课题的工作条件及解决的办法完成本课题需要查阅有关农业机械学、农机具及机械设计等方面的文献资料，了解产品性能、用途，以及各个部件、装置的用途，这就要求我们对机械设计、机械原理、机械制图等课程熟练掌握。通过上网查阅相关资料了解各部件的作用，根据简图想象实物，在草稿纸上画出草图。完成本课题除需要大量的文献资料外，还需要学校提供计算机等硬件设备，需要用制图软件AutoCAD和三维制图完成对小型水稻种绳捻制机总体设计，及各部分零件的设计。在课题的选定、分析及研究方面都需要请教指导老师。6 完成本课题的工作方案及进度计划第1-3周 查阅相关文献，撰写开题报告。第4-6周 根据当地实际情况确定设计方案。第7-9周 根据工作要求，计算并查阅相关手册，选择和设计各零部件。第10周 运用AutoCAD软件，绘制二维零件图和装配图。第11-12周 运用三维设计软件完成整机各零部件的三维建模。第13-14周 从工艺性能，经济性能，实用性能等方面对产品进行综合评价、校核、修正。第15周 完成设计说明书。第 16周 答辩。7 参考文献1 何文清, 严昌荣, 刘爽, 等. 典型棉区地膜应用及污染现状的研究J . 农业环境科学学报, 2009, 28 (8) : 1 6182 张东兴.农用残膜的回收问题J.中国农业大学学报,1998(3):103-106.3任淑英,徐林芳,马中启.残膜回收机在皇宫镇的推广应用J.新疆农机化,2007(4):15。4 HeWenqing, Yan Changrong, L iu Shuang, et al. The use of p lastic mulch film in typ ical cotton p lanting regions and theassociated environmental pollution J . Journal of Agro2Environment Science, 2009, 28 (8) : 1 6181 622. ( in Chinese)5 J iang Yijuan, Zheng Deming, Zhu Zhaoyang, et al. Effect of remnant p lastic film in soil on growth and yield of cotton J .Agro2Environmental Protection, 2001, 20 (3) : 177179. ( in Chinese)6汤爱民，罗建和。揭膜、回收滴灌带机J.新疆农机化，2008（5）28 (3) : 187 王婉珠马本学，钱兴盛，吴雪飞.8SG-4型农田滴灌毛管回收机的研制J.新疆石河子大学学报，2002.04-0321-038 薛文瑾, 王春耀, 朱振中, 等. 卷膜式棉花苗期残膜回收机的设计 J . 农业机械学报, 2005, 36 (3) : 147149.9 王能勇, 李芳芳, 林育. 4CJ悬挂式农田收膜机 J . 新疆农机化, 2001 (4) :10 裴先平.残膜回收机侧输出集膜机构设计研究D.北京:中国农业大学,2006:11-19.,11 王 颖,徐良庆.残膜回收机械的研究及其应用J.新疆农机化,1997(3):31-34.12 刘 晨,薛文谨.MSM-3 型苗期残膜回收机J.新疆农机化,1999(4):13-14.13侯书林, 胡三媛.孔建铭等,国内残膜回收机研究现状J.农业工程学报,2002, ( 3) :186189.14薛文瑾,王春耀,朱振中,王晓冬.卷膜式棉花苗期残膜回收机的设计J.农业机械学报2005,36( 3) : 148- 149.15冯斌, 王学农, 陈发.残膜回收技术与机具的发展J.新疆农机化2003, ( 4) : 58- 59.16徐佰华。三点悬挂式滴灌带回收机P新疆机械学报.2006,46（8）138- 145. 学生签名 王瑞锋 2011 年 12 月 23 日指导教师审阅意见指导教师签名 年 月 日Beer filling, Gland machine PLC control system1. IntorductionMalt beer production process is divided into manufacturing, manufacturing wort, before fermentation, after fermentation, filtration sterilization, packaging, and so few procedures. Beer filling, Gland part of a packaging machine processes. The membrane filtration of beer after the pipeline into the rotary Jiugang, then the valve into the bottle of wine, Gland, was bottled beer. Beer filling, Gland machines efficiency and degree of automation direct impact on the level of beer production. Chinas beer industry to meet the increasing scale of production and the demand for beer modern high-speed filling machinery filling the requirements of domestic beer manufacturers are actively seeking to transform the unit or the filling of beer production equipment, making it a good use Performance, advanced technology and high production efficiency and operating a safe and secure, low maintenance costs of the modernization of beer filling machine. 2. Filling beer, Gland principle and control aircraft parts Liquid filling machine by filling principle can be divided into atmospheric filler,filling machines and vacuum pressure on the filling machine. Beer filling,Gland-filling method used pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure under the filling, storage of the cylinder pressure than the pressure of the bottle, beer bottle into the liquid on pressure. Technology at home and abroad to achieve the filling line is basically: The Rotary Jiugang the rotating movement, placed in Jiugang slots on the empty bottles through the machinery will be fixed at the upper Jiugang vacuum valve to open, closed Vacuum bottles for good treatment, Bozhuan stem from operating, open the valve of the bottle filling CO2 gases, vacuum convex .Round to open the vacuum valve, the bottle will air mixed with CO2 out of gas, open the valve again, the CO2 gas bottle filling, the filling valve on the pressure valve in the bottle close to back-pressure gas pressure at the open-Jiuye Pingbi into the bottle, through pneumatic or electrical control filling valve to achieve the filling of beer. Todays advanced international beer filling, Gland machine control system mainly by the photoelectric switch position detection part and take the bottles with, Jiugang speed part, dominated by the PLC, touch screen and other components. Filling, Gland of the mechanical structure and PLC programmable control devices, frequency stepless speed regulation, human-computer interface, and other modern means of complete automatic control technology, the combination of a mechanical and electrical integration. 3. Controlled part of the programme Many domestic beer manufacturers are now using the filling, Gland of the control system of uneven degree of automation; button and all the manual switch technology have set up operations in a box on the panel, PLC controller for the majority of Japanese companies or OMRON Mitsubishis early products, equipment chain of control, less protection settings, plus the beer filling the scene poor environment, humidity, such as contact with the switch contacts serious corrosion, the systems signal detection of the high failure rate, resulting in equipment control system Operation of low reliability, the normal operation of equipment, such as short-cycle phenomenon. To the actual transformation of the Dandong Yalu River Brewery Co., Ltd. of filling, Gland machine control system as an example, the transformation of methods to clarify the control of such equipment thinking and ideas, according to the scene of the actual process conditions, to prepare the operation of the PLC Procedures. For beer filling, Gland control system of the actual situation and in accordance with the actual process conditions at the scene, re-design of the equipment of the PLC control system. This transformation of the same methods and ideas can be applied to other liquids and the transformation of filling equipment. 3.1 system hardware configuration Japans Mitsubishi Corporation to use the FX2N128MRPLC use the system to replace the original 2-OMRONs C60P PLC, the original system of the PLC is due to old models, and computer on-line communications need to configure special converters, the system need to increase the external I / O input points , The extension of spare parts more difficult to find. FX2N128MRPLC is an integrated 128-point I / O controller of the box, a computing speed, command rich, high-cost performance, on-line programming simple and easy extension of the advantages of the Mitsubishi FX series, features the strongest small controller . (1) by the Mitsubishi 900 series of 970 GOT human-computer touch screen system to replace the original use of the button panel display equipment and monitor the operation of operating parameters. 970GOT HMI for the 16-color high-brightness significantly, through the convergence of connectivity and FX2N128MRPLC directly connected to the CPU, achieving rapid response. Has many maintenance features, such as the list-editing features, ladder monitoring (troubleshooting) function, the system monitoring functions to find fault and maintenance of PLC Systems. (2) filling, Gland of the frequency converter in the transformation of no replacement, on-site detection signal means-testing is still used switch, switch for detecting long-term work in the humidity of the great occasions, the choice of capacitive proximity switches, according to PLC I / O terminal of the connection mode, select the type of close PNP switch, the control system of Figure 1. 3.2 Systems Programming PLC controller programming focus and the core is around Jiugang the rotation speed control and Jiugang on 60 bottles of detecting the location of the displaced, broken bottles, empty bottles at the location of testing and related displacement filling Such as control valves. The bottles displacement of testing procedures, using a Mitsubishi PLC in the left command.Figure 1 control system structure diagram . Bottles displacement of detection, using the left-PLC command, which commands the whole of one of the core control procedures, the main electrical switch detection and bottles at the bottle simultaneously detect mobile, the main motor to every week, just to the corresponding Jiugang Have a bottle of, PLC unit within the internal correspondence that 60 bottles of the unit for the M500 M559, the number of units by the first letter K is set to K60, with each change in a second letter K is set to K1, M50 Reaction of the empty bottles in the short position, and detect the location of the motor speed to go on the frequency shift in the corresponding unit within the built-in 1 or 0, control valves and the corresponding mixing caps The motor stopped and opened. Continuous detection system in place after the 90 empty bottles, stop stirring caps the motor running, testing the number of bottles in accordance with the users requirements can be arbitrary. A bottle of detection. Rotary Jiugang through pressure to back pressure with the bottle of liquor in the process of empty bottles in the back-pressure, because the bottle itself may crack and other reasons leading to a sudden burst bottles, which need to detect the location of unexploded bottle bottle, in this bottle - The position opened purge solenoid valves, compressed air out, broken bottles at the bottle-blowing from the position in a row after the purge and several bottles of the electromagnetic valve open jet, a high-pressure spray Shuizhu, in the break Bottle position around a few bottles of spray bottles in a row. Detection of broken bottles and bottle-detection switch simultaneously detect movement of breaking bottles, to the main motor of each week, precisely corresponding Jiugang passed a bottle of, PLC unit within the internal correspondence that 20 broken bottles at the unit for the M600 M619, unit With the number of the first letter K is set to K20, with each change in a second letter K is set to K1, M52 response to the location of the broken bottles and detected the location of the motor speed to the frequency shift continue, In the corresponding unit within the built-in 1 or 0, control and the corresponding jet purge solenoid valve opened and stopped. Continuous Spray and purge solenoid valve open to listen, time stopped in accordance with technological requirements can be arbitrary. System security is to control access to the caps simultaneously tracking, not only accurately detect the electrical switching speed detection, the broken bottles into the bottle and detection switch detection switch three conditions. 970GOT human-computer touch-screen terminals operated by the software companys Mitsubishi GT WORKS package, which is a GT Designer with the entire GOT9000 series of graphics software packages. The package is simple, prior to a personal computer simulation on the configuration and debug, after the man-machine operators to download terminals. At the same time, because the man-machine interface and a touch-screen role, will set common switch on the screen to facilitate the operation. And also to increase the number of features, such as setting alarm information. 4 After transformation control system System at the normal operation of the machine for automatic control, in accordance with bottles into and out of the bottle for lack or slow pace set by running into the bottle stall bottles, no less than a bottle cap, automatic washing bottles burst, filling automatic back-pressure position , Covered under the system automatically lose covered a stop and safety protection, such as the coordination of action interlock. All the original button after the operation of the touch screen on. 5 Detection of the state control system monitoring Detection switch into the bottle and break bottles detection switch bottles of pressure by testing each part of the small metal plates above the location of a photoelectric pulse output, a further PLC acquisition, as each bottle of the pressure above the small metal plates is the location of activities , In the machine running after some time, some pressure above the small bottles of iron tablets and detection switch in the location of displacement, resulting in detection switch mistaken judgement, if not for the judgement of bottles of bottles, bottle explosion Lou Jian, misuse, such as the seizure of output errors So that the PLC have mistaken action, such as a back-pressure, unexploded bottle blowing, washing, stirring cap control system malfunction, such as failure phenomenon. Before the transformation of the daily production process, encountered this phenomenon, the operatives could only switch to the various functional or manual control buttons reach the stall so that the equipment work in the absence of monitoring state, the machine lost control function. Caused a lot of production of raw materials such as gas, water, wine waste. Only in the production of intermittent, can be fitter and maintenance electrician in accordance with the detection of small switch on the light-emitting diodes and anti-displacement by adjusting the distance only 5 8 mm detection switch installation location, and switch to fix detection of small metal plates Gap. This means of detection is very backward, after adjustment reaction to the results, timely response can not be adjusted results. In view of this testing situation, after the transformation of the filling, Gland control system configuration, this part of a new detection and integration in human-computer touch screen, complete bottle of detection. In human-computer touch screen interface on the page display, respectively, at customs, such as electromagnetic motor mixing valve switch state are in different colors to show, very intuitive. Increase the systems functions is to ensure the irrigation of the machine-Gland normal operation of automated control system specifically designed to. 6 Concluding remarks After the transformation of the control system will greatly simplify the complicated mechanical structure, the running and control of inspection, the degree of automation systems meet the design requirements, greatly reducing the operational strength of the labor so that the shrub-like beer output than in the past Raising more than 30 percent, greatly reduce the failure rate. Embodies the modern equipment of automatic control technology. In the digestion and absorption of todays industrial control on the basis of advanced technology innovation, development of domestic technology from the most advanced filling control system.啤酒灌装、压盖机PLC控制系统1. 引言 啤酒生产过程分为麦芽制造、麦芽汁制造、前发酵、后发酵、过滤灭菌、包装等几道工序。啤酒灌装、压盖机部分属于包装工序。啤酒经膜过滤后由管路送入回转酒缸，再经酒阀进入瓶子中，压盖后获得瓶装啤酒。啤酒灌装、压盖机的工作效率和自动化程度的高低直接影响啤酒的日产量。为了满足我国啤酒行业日益扩大生产规模的需求和啤酒现代化灌装机械高速灌装的要求，国内各啤酒生产厂家都在积极寻求或改造本单位的啤酒灌装生产设备，使其成为具有良好的使用性能，先进的技术水平及高生产效率、运行稳妥可靠、维护成本低的啤酒现代化灌装机。2. 啤酒灌装、压盖机工作原理和控制部分构成液体灌装机按灌装原理可分为常压灌装机、压力灌装机和真空灌装机。啤酒灌装、压盖机采用压力灌装方法，是在高于大气压力下进行灌装，贮液缸内的压力高于瓶中的压力，啤酒液体靠压差流入瓶内。目前国内外实现灌装工艺路线基本上是：利用回转酒缸产生的旋转运动，使安放在酒缸槽位上的空瓶通过机械机构将固定在酒缸上部的欲抽真空阀打开，对已封好的瓶子进行抽真空处理，拨转外操作阀杆，打开气阀，对瓶内充填CO2气体，抽真空凸轮继续打开真空阀，将瓶内空气与CO2混合气体抽出，气阀再次打开，对瓶内充填CO2气体，灌装阀内的液阀在瓶内压力接近背压气体压力时打开，酒液顺瓶壁注入瓶内，通过气动或电动控制灌装阀实现啤酒的灌装。当今国际先进的啤酒灌装、压盖机的控制系统主要由光电开关位置检测部分、走瓶带、酒缸转速的变频调速部分、主控由可编程控制器、触摸屏等组成。灌装、压盖机的机械结构装置与PLC可编程控制、变频无级调速、人机界面等现代自动控制技术手段完整的结合，形成机电一体化。3. 控制部分改造方案国内很多啤酒厂家现使用的灌装、压盖机的控制系统的自动化程度参差不齐；所有手动按钮和工艺开关都设置在一个操作箱的面板上，PLC控制器大都为日本OMRON公司或三菱公司的早期产品，设备连锁控制、保护设置少，加之啤酒灌装的现场环境恶劣，潮湿度大，使开关等接触触点锈蚀严重，系统的信号检测部分故障率较高，造成设备控制系统运行的可靠性低，设备正常运行周期短等现象。以实际改造的丹东鸭绿江啤酒有限公司的灌装、压盖机的控制系统为例，介绍改造方法，阐明改造这类设备的控制思想和思路；根据现场的实际工艺条件，重新编写了PLC的运行程序。针对啤酒灌装、压盖机控制系统的实际状况，并根据现场的实际工艺条件，重新设计了设备的PLC控制系统。这种改造方法和思路同样可以应用与其他液体介质灌装设备的改造。 3.1 系统硬件配置使用日本三菱公司的FX2N128MRPLC替换原系统使用的2台OMRON公司的C60P PLC，原系统的PLC由于是老