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数控车床 传动 机构 设计 400 mm

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数控车床主传动机构设计【φ400mm】,数控车床,传动,机构,设计,400,mm

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一、设计（论文）内容任务：数控车床主传动机构设计，包括设计总体方案，有关设计依据，需要进行传动方案的比较，绘出转速图，进行有关轴、齿轮的强度、刚度校核。进行参数选择以及必要的参数、校核计算。二、设计（论文）依据1. 床身最大回转直径为400mm；2. 主轴端部型式为C6；3. 主轴通孔直径为65 mm；4. 主轴孔锥度为公制70；5. 主轴转速:45340,2351800；6. 主电机(双速):1000/1500r/min，4/5.5KW。三、技术要求本数控车床设计要求为经济型中档精度机床，故主传动要求采用手动与电控双操纵方式，在一定范围内实现电控变速。四.毕业设计（论文）物化成果的具体内容及要求1 图样 1) 总装图 1张 A32) 主传动系统装配图 1张 A03) 箱体零件图 1张 A04) 主轴零件图 1张 A15) 齿轮零件图 8张 A36) 输入轴零件图 1张 A37) 带轮零件图 1张 A38) 甩油环零件图 1张 A39) 卡口垫零件图 1张 A310) 轴承透盖零件图 2张 A311) 轴承闷盖零件图 1张 A312) 端盖零件图 1张 A413) 隔套零件图 9张 A414) 挡油环零件图 2张 A415) 传动键零件图 1张 A416) 定位套零件图 1张 A4 2 设计说明书(不少于1万字)五. 毕业设计（论文）进度计划起讫日期工作内容备 注3.314.5毕业实习，收集资料，完成实习报告4.64.20资料整理，拟定设计方案，编写草稿4.214.30绘制结构草图5.26.3绘制工程图6.46.15编写设计说明书6.166.20审图，改图6.216.22准备答辩资料6.236.27参加答辩六. 主要参考文献：1.曹金榜,易锡麟,张玉峰,陈田养,王长春.机床变速箱设计指导.北京:机械工业出版社,19872.徐锦康,蔡慧官,蒋同洋.机械设计.北京:机械工业出版社，20013.张新义.经济型数控车床系统设计.北京:国防工业出版社,19934.北京航空学院机械加工教研室.北京:国防工业出版社5.王爱玲.现代数控机床结构与设计.北京:兵器工业出版社6.王伯平.互换性与测量技术基础.北京:机械工业出版社,19997.吴宗泽,罗建国.机械设计课程设计手册.北京:高等教育出版社8.机械工业出版社编辑组编.机械设计手册.北京:机械工业出版社9.中国农业机械化科学研究院编.实用机械设计手册.北京:农业机械出版社,198910.杨黎明.机械零件简明设计手册.北京:兵器工业出版社.,1992七、其他盐城工学院机械工程系毕业设计(论文)任务书机械设计制造及其自动化 专业设计（论文）题目数控车床主传动机构设计 学生姓名 刘 斌 班 级 材机99(5)班 学 号 B99Q0051 起讫日期2003.03.272003.06.27 指导教师 沙 爱 民 教研室主任 姜 煜 林 系 主 任 徐 文 宽 发任务书日期 2003 年 3 月 31 日学科门类： 工学 单位代码 ： 毕业设计说明书（论文）数控车床 主传动机构设计学生姓名刘 斌所学专业机械设计制造及其自动化 班 级材机995班 学 号B99Q0051 指导教师沙爱民 盐城工学院机械工程系二三年六月盐城工学院机械工程系毕业设计说明书（论文）摘 要本文作者研究的主要是数控车床的主传动系统，这类主传动系统的设计可用于对普通车床的改造，以适应当前我国机床工业发展的现状，具有一定的经济效益和社会效益。本文作者完成的设计主要包括根据一些原始数据（其中包括机床的类型、规格等）结合实际条件和情况对车床一些参数进行拟定，再根据拟定的参数，进行传动方案的比较，确定传动方案。然后计算各传动副的传动比及齿轮齿数，再估算齿轮的模数和各轴的轴径，并对齿轮和轴的强度、刚度进行校核。除此之外，还要对箱体内的主要结构进行设计，一些零件的选型，如电磁离合器的选择等，从而完成对整个主传动系统的设计。关键词：数控车床 主传动系统 设计AbstractWhat author of this text study numerical control main transmission of lathe mainly, the main design of transmission can use for to ordinary transformation of lathe, In order to adapt to the current situation of the present industrial development of lathe of our country, have certain economic benefits and social benefit. The design that the author of this text finished includes according to some initial data mainly( type, specification of including the lathe ,etc.) Combine actual condition and situation draft to some parameters of lathe, and then according to the parameter drafted, Carry on the comparison of the transmission scheme, confirm the transmission scheme. It then cant calculate every transmission transmission of the packs than and gear wheel tooth count, estimate modulus and the every axle foot-paths of axle of gear wheel more, And check the intensity, rigidity of gear wheel and axle . In addition, will design the main structure in the body of the case , the selecting types of some parts, Electromagnetic choice of clutch,etc., finish to whole main design of transmission for instance.Keywords：NC machine tool; main driving system; design1盐城工学院机械工程系毕业设计说明书（论文）1目录目录0 引言.11 总体设计方案拟定.311 拟定主运动参数(maxn、minn、Z).312 运动设计.313 动力计算和结构草图设计.314 轴和齿轮的验算.315 主轴变速箱装配设计.32 参数拟定.42.1 车床主参数(规格尺寸)和基本参数.42.2 各级转速的确定.43 运动设计.531 主拟定传动方案.532 传动方案的比较.5321 采用单速电机 .5322 采用双速电机 .633 各级传动比的计算.734 各轴转速的确定方法.9341 轴的转速 .9342 中间传动轴的转速 .935 转速图拟定.104 动力计算.114.1 齿轮的计算.114.1 .1 确定齿轮齿数和模数（查表法） .1141. 2 确定齿轮的齿数和模数（计算法）并校核 .1241. 3 齿轮的精度设计； .154.2 电磁离合器的选择和使用.195 轴的设计和验算.215.1 轴的结构设计.215.2 轴的强度校核(以轴为例).215.2.1 选择轴的材料 .22数控车床主传动机构设计25.2.2 初估轴径 .225.2.3 结构设计 .2252. 4 轴的受力分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .235.3 轴的刚度校核(以轴为例).256 主轴变速箱的装配设计.286.1 箱体内结构设计的特点.286.2 设计的方法(以轴的布置为例).287 结论.31致谢.32参考文献.33附件清单.34编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 换刀机器人机械系统的设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923006 学生姓名： 王维维 指导教师： 过金超 （职称：副教授） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 换刀机器人机械系统的设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923006 学生姓名： 王维维 指导教师： 过金超 （职称：副教授） （职称： ）2013年5月25日 课题来源 实验室课题。科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题的科学意义 当今的世界，制造业在经济发展中占有十分重要的地位，机械制造业更加是制造业中的支柱与核心。（2）国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势从近几年世界上推出的机器人产品来看，工业机器人技术正在向智能化、模块化和系统化的方向发展。其发展趋势为：结构的模块化和可重构化；工作环境设计的优化和作业的柔性化，以及网络化和智能化等方面。：（3）应用现状及其前景目前工业机械手主要用于机床加工、铸造、热处理等方面，无论数量、品种和性能方面还是不能满足工业发展的需要。在国内主要是逐步扩大应用范围，重点发展铸造、热处理方面的机械手，以减轻劳动强度，改善作业条件，在应用专用机械手的同时，相应的发展通用机械手，有条件的还要研制示教式机械手、计算机控制机械手和组合机械手等。将机械手各运动构件，如伸缩、摆动、升降、横移、俯仰等机构以及根据不同类型的加紧机构，设计成典型的通用机构，所以便根据不同的作业要求选择不同类型的基加紧机构，即可组成不同用途的机械手。既便于设计制造，有便于更换工件，扩大应用范围。同时要提高速度，减少冲击，正确定位，以便更好的发挥机械手的作用。研究内容自动换刀机器人的机械系统,结构，机构，受力，驱动形式，传动系统。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1）实验方案 通过对目前最常用的几种数控车床自动换刀系统的研究，对所研究的数控机床提出几个最为可行的工作系统，通过对方案的论证分析，选择最为理想的完成整个设计。对整个换刀装置，各组成机构，及各个自由度的实现进行分析。对换刀机械手的手指夹紧力进行分析，计算，对系统的关键部位进行校核，以确保换刀可靠性。对整个设计中涉及到的液压缸，计算确定其各个部分结构的具体尺寸，同时对活塞杆的强度，稳定性及螺栓的强度进行校核，以确保整个系统工作状态的准确可靠。（2）研究方法 选择最合理的换刀系统，通过比较，计算，设计出关键零件，结合前人的换刀系统设计出整个换刀装置，系统。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2012年12月2日：教师下达毕业设计任务，学生初步阅读资料，完成毕业设计开题报告。2013年1月21日-2013年3月1日：指导毕业实习。2013年3月4日-2013年3月15日：确定总设计方案。2013年3月18日-2013年3月22日：总体设计（包括参数计算及结构分析计算）。2013年3月25日-2013年4月5日：总体设计（完成参数计算及结构分析计算后绘制草图：装配图）。2013年4月8日-2013年4月26日：零件设计。2013年4月29日-2013年5月20日：毕业论文说明书撰写和修改工作。预期成果：跟紧老师的脚步，认真的完成每一步设计，完善整个机械手的设计，熟悉掌握整个系统的原理。在学业将要完成之时，我将大幅提高我的机械研究能力，将会成为一名优秀的机械技术工作者。特色或创新之处快速，精确，大容量，的换刀系统。兼容随机刀具定位和固定刀具定位到位达到005mm。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 我已学习数控专业三年之久，掌握了一些这专业的部分知识，老师也给了一些参照资料，可以进行这方面的研究。 尚需解决的问题：（1）设计水平移动系统、垂直升降系统和末端操作器的驱动及传动系统；（2）设计水平移动系统、垂直升降系统和末端操作器的结构；（3）自动换刀机械手的升降机构的绘图（4）装卸刀手手臂和手部结构的设计指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日英文原文 On the NC lathe and tool changing systemCNC machine tool numerical control machine tools (Computer numerical control machine tools) abbreviation, is provided with a program control system of automatic machine tools. The logic control system can deal with the control code or other symbolic instruction specified program, and decoding the digital code, said information carrier, through the numerical control device input. After processing by CNC device control signals, control the machine movements, by drawing the shape and size requirements, will be automatically processed by the parts.Features: CNC machine tool operation and monitoring of all completed in the numerical control unit, it is the brain of CNC machine tools. Compared with the general machine tools, CNC machine tools has the following characteristics: the processing object adaptability, adapt to the characteristics of mold products such as a single production, provide the appropriate processing method for die and mould manufacturing; high machining accuracy, processing with stable quality; can coordinate linkage, processing complex shape parts; machining parts change, only need to change the program, can save the preparation time of production; the machine itself high precision, rigidity, can choose the amount of processing good, high productivity (typically 3 to 5 times that of ordinary machine tool);The machine is a high degree of automation, reducing labor intensity; conducive to the production management modernization. The use of CNC machine tools and the standard code of digital information processing, information transmission, the use of computer control method, has laid the foundation for the integration of computer aided design, manufacturing and management; on the operators of higher quality, higher demands for the repair of the technical staff; high reliability.Composition: CNC machine tools in general by the input medium, man-machine interactive equipment, CNC equipment, feed servo drive system, spindle servo drive system, the auxiliary control device, feedback apparatus and adaptive control device etc. 4 in NC machining, NC milling processing is the most complex, need to solve most problems. NC programming of NC line in addition to CNC milling, cutting, CNC EDM, CNC lathe, CNC grinding, each with its own characteristics, servo system is the role of the motion signal is converted into the machine moving parts from the numerical control device of pulse. Concrete has the following parts: the structure of CNC machine tools.Driver: he is driving parts of CNC machine tools, actuator, including spindle drive unit, feeding unit, spindle motor and feed motor. He through the electric or electro-hydraulic servo system to realize the spindle and feed drive under the control of numerical control device. When several feed linkage, can complete the positioning, processing line, plane curve and space curve.The main performance(1) the main dimensions.(2) the spindle system.(3) feed system.(4) tool system.(5) electrical. Including the main motor, servo motor specifications and power etc.(6) cooling system. Including the cooling capacity, cooling pump output.(7) dimensions. Expressed as length * width * height.Development trend of CNC lathe:High speed, precision, complex, intelligent and green is the general trend in the development of CNC machine tool technology, in recent years, made gratifying achievements in practicality and industrialization. Mainly in the:1 machine tool composite technology to further expand with the CNC machine tool technology, composite processing technology matures, including milling - car compound, car milling compound, car - boring - drill - gear cutting compound, composite grinding, forming, composite processing, precision and efficiency of machining is greatly improved. One machine is a processing factory, one card, complete processing concept is being accepted by more people, the development of compound processing machine tool is the trend of diversified.Intelligent technology 2 CNC machine tools have a new breakthrough, in the performance of NC system has been reflected more. Such as: automatically adjust the interference anti-collision function, after the power of workpiece automatically exit safety power-off protection function, machining parts detection and automatic compensation function of learning, high precision machining parts intelligent parameter selection function, process automatic elimination of machine vibration functions into the practical stage, intelligent upgrade the function of machine and quality.The 3 robots enable flexible combination of flexible combination of higher efficiency of robot and the host are widely used, make flexible line more flexible, extending the function, flexible line shorten further, more efficient. Robot and machining center, milling composite machine, grinder, gear processing machine tool, tool grinding machine, electric machine, sawing machine, punching machine, laser cutting machine, water cutting machine etc. various forms of flexible unit and flexible production line has already begun the application.4 precision machining technology has the machining precision of CNC metal cutting machine tools from the yarn in the original (0.01mm) up to micron level (0.001mm), some varieties has reached about 0.05 M. Micro cutting and grinding machining of ultra precision CNC machine tools, precision can reach about 0.05 m, shape precision can reach about 0.01 M. Special processing precision by using optical, electrical, chemical, energy can reach nanometer level (0.001 m). By optimizing the design of machine tool structure, machine tool parts of ultra precision machining and precision assembly, using high precision closed loop control and temperature, vibration and other dynamic error compensation technology, improve the geometric accuracy of machine tool processing, reduce the shape of error, surface roughness, and into the submicron, nano super finishing tiThe 5 functional component to improve the performance of functional components are at a high speed, high precision, high power and intelligent direction, and obtain the mature application. A full digital AC servo motor and drive device, high technology content of the electric spindle, linear motor, torque motor, linear motion components with high performance, application of high precision spindle unit and other function parts, greatly improving the technical level of CNC machine tools.The feed drive system of CNC lathe:Effect of feed drive system,The feed drive system of CNC machine tools will be received pulse command issued by the numerical control system, and the amplification and conversion machine movements carry the expected movement.Two, the feeding transmission system requirementsIn order to guarantee the machining accuracy of NC machine tool is high, the feed drive system of transmission accuracy, sensitivity high (fast response), stable work, high stiffness and friction and inertia small, service life, and can remove the transmission gap.Category three, feed drive system1, stepping motor servo systemGenerally used for NC machine tools.2, DC servo motor servo systemPower is stable, but because of the brush, the wear resulting in use need to change. Generally used for middle-grade CNC machine tools.3, AC servo motor servo systemThe application is extremely widespread, mainly used in high-end CNC machine tools.4, the linear motor servo systemNo intermediate transmission chain, high precision, the feed speed, no length limit; but the poor heat dissipation, protection requirements are particularly high, mainly used for high-speed machine.Driving component four, feed system1, the ball screw nut pairNC machining, the rotary motion into linear motion, so the use of screw nut transmission mechanism. NC machine tools are commonly used on the ball screw, as shown in Figure 1-25, it can be a sliding friction into rolling friction, meet the basic requirements of the feed system to reduce friction. The transmission side of high efficiency, small friction, and can eliminate the gap, no reverse air travel; but the manufacturing cost is high, can not lock, size is not too big, generally used for linear feed in small CNC machine tool.2, rotary tableIn order to expand the scope of the process of NC machine tools, CNC machine tools in addition to make linear feed along the X, Y, Z three coordinate axes, often also need a circumferential feed movement around Y or Z axis. Circular feed motion of CNC machine tools in general by the rotary table to realize, for machining center, rotary table has become an indispensable part of.Rotary table of commonly used CNC machine tools in the indexing table and NC rotary table.(1) indexing tableIndexing table can only finish dividing movement, not circular feed, it is in accordance with the instructions in the NC system, when indexing will work together with the workpiece rotation angle. When indexing can also use manual indexing. Provisions of indexing table is generally only rotary angle (such as 90, 60 and 45 degree).(2) NC rotary tableNC rotary table appearance similar to the indexing table, but the internal structure and function is not the same. The main function of the NC rotary table is based on the numerical control device sends command pulse signal, complete circumferential feed movement, various arc processing and surface processing, it can also be graduation work.3, guideRail is an important part of feed drive system, is one of the basic elements of the structure of machine tool, rigidity, precision and accuracy of NC machine tool which determines to a large extent retention. At present, guide the NC machine tool are sliding rail, rolling guideway and hydrostatic guideway.(1) sliding guideSliding guide rail has the advantages of simple structure, easy manufacture, good stiffness, vibration resistance and high performance, widely used in CNC machine tools, the use of most metal plastic form, known as the plastic guide rail, as shown in figure 1-26.On characteristics of the plastic sliding guide: friction characteristic is good, good wear resistance, stable movement, good manufacturability, low speed.(2) rolling guideRolling guide is placed in the rail surface between the ball, roller or needle roller, roller, the rolling friction instead of sliding surface of the guide rail between wipe.Rolling guide rail and the sliding rail, high sensitivity, small friction coefficient, and the dynamic, static friction coefficient is very small, so the motion is uniform, especially in the low speed movement, the stick-slip phenomenon is not easy to occur; high positioning accuracy, repeatability positioning accuracy is up to 0.2 m; traction force is small, wear small, portable in movement; good precision, long service life. But the vibration of rolling guide, high requirements on protection, complicated structure, difficult manufacture, high costAutomatic tool changer:One, the function of automatic tool changerAutomatic tool changing device can help save the auxiliary time of CNC machine tools, and meet in an installation completed procedure, step processing requirements.Two, on the requirement of automatic tool changerNumerical control machine tool for automatic tool changer requirement is: tool change quickly, time is short, high repetitive positioning accuracy, tool storage capacity is sufficient, small occupation space, stable and reliable work.Three, change the knife form1, rotary cutter replacementIts structure is similar to the ordinary lathe turret saddle, according to the processing of different objects can be designed into square or six angle form, consists of the NC system sends out the instruction to the rotary cutter.2, the replacement of the spindle head tool changeThe spindle head pre-loaded required tools, in order to machining position, the main motor is switched on, drives the cutter to rotate. The advantage of this method is that eliminates the need for automatic clamping, cutting tool, clamping and cutting tool moving and a series of complex operation, reduce tool change time, improve the reliability of the tool change.3, the use of changing toolThe processing required tools are respectively arranged in the standard tool, adjust the size of the machine after certain way add to the knife, the exchange device from the knife and the spindle take knife switch.Four, the tool switching deviceAutomatic tool change device, device for knife library and the main shaft transmission and handling tool for tool exchange device. Tool exchange often have two kinds: mechanical hand tool exchange and by relative motion of knife and machine tool spindle exchange tool (cutter to the spindle tool change or movement of the spindle to the knife knife tool change position), the mechanical hand tool change is most common.Five, the knifeThe knife is one of the most important parts in automatic tool changer, have great influence on the overall design of NC machine tool and its capacity, layout and structure.1, the capacity of the tool storageA number of knife inventory cutters, generally depending on the processing requirements. The capacity of small knife, can not meet the processing needs; capacity is too large, will make the knife database size, covers an area of large, tool selection process for a long time, and the knife library utilization rate is low, the structure is too complex, causing great waste. 2, the knife typeGenerally, the chain disc and drum type knife several.Disc cutter tool was circular arrangement, low utilization of space, size is not large but simple structure.Chain magazine compact structure, large capacity, link shape can also be random bed made of various forms and flexible layout, but also will change the cutter location prominent for tool change, widely used.Drum type or lattice type knife, covers an area of small, compact structure, large capacity, but cutter selection, tool movements are complicated, for centralized knife system for FMS.3, tool selectionOften order tool selection and random selection tool two.The order of tool selection is before processing, the processing required tools to process sequence of insert knife knife, order not wrong, processing adjust knife in order. The work piece changes, the need to reset the tool sequence, the operation is simple, and the processing tool with a workpiece can not be repeated use.A knife is the cutting tool has its own code, optional and can be repeatedly used in processing, also do not put in the fixed knife, knife, the knife is convenient.Technology file is the guiding file workers during processing, process scheme is reasonable, not only affect the efficiency of NC machining, and will directly affect the machining quality. Therefore, before NC programming, NC machining process follows the process of certain principles and combined with the characteristics of CNC lathe seriously and develop in detail the good parts.In the CNC lathe processing parts, should according to the principle of dividing process concentrated, in a fixture as far as possible to complete the most or even all of the surface processing. Part positioning, according to the structure of different shapes, usually cylindrical, face or end clamping, and strive to design basis, process reference and programming the unification datum.The main contents are: analysis of NC machining technology of part drawings, clear processing content; determination method, workpiece on lathe the surface processing sequence and tool feed line and cutting tools, fixtures and cutting the amount of choice.Analysis, part drawing processIn the machining process planning of parts, first of all to carry on in-depth analysis to the processing object. For NC turning process should consider the following aspects:1 reading part drawing, analysis of geometric conditions of part contourIn turning process of manual programming, to calculate each node coordinates; in automatic programming, to define the components outline all geometric elements. Therefore, in the analysis of parts should pay attention to:Parts of the map is missing a dimension, the geometric conditions are not sufficient to constitute the part outline, influence;Map location map parts of the ambiguity or dimension is not clear, so that the program cant start;The part drawing geometry given is not reasonable, resulting in mathematical difficulties.The part drawing dimensioning methods should adapt to the characteristics of CNC lathe processing, should size or directly given coordinate dimension with the same standard.2 dimensional accuracy requirementsAnalysis of the pattern of parts size precision requirements, to determine whether achieve the turning process, and determine the process method to control the dimension precision. In the analysis process, but also can convert some dimensions such as size, incremental and absolute size and dimension chain calculation. In the use of NC lathe turning parts, average value of components often required size and maximum and minimum limit of size size as the basis of programming.3 shape and position accuracy requirementsPattern of parts tolerance of shape and location given is important foundation to ensure the parts precision. When machining parts, to determine the location reference and measurement reference according to the requirements, can also carry out some technical processing according to the special needs of CNC lathe parts, in order to control effectively the shape and position accuracy.4 requirements of surface roughnessSurface roughness is an important requirement of micro precision parts of the surface, but also the reasonable selection of NC lathe, cutting tools and cutting the amount determined on the basis of.5 material and heat treatment requirementsThe part drawing on material and heat treatment given requirements, is the choice of cutter, CNC lathe, cutting the amount determined on the basis of model.Automatic tool changing system is mainly to process the required tools, transmitted to the spindle clamping mechanism from the knife. ATC system by knife library, manipulator, which consists of a driving system. Basic requirements: tool 1 short change time 2 tool with high repeat positioning accuracy of 3 sufficient storage capacity of 4 knife library covers an area of small (compact) 5 safe and reliable.The knife is a knife storage device provides the required automatic machining process and tool changing needs; the automatic tool change mechanism and can put the tool storage of the knife. Controlled by the computer program, can complete a variety of machining different needs, such as milling, drilling, boring, tapping etc. Shorten the process, reduce the production cost.The knife is a knife storage location, and according to the control program, to determine the correct tool to position, to exchange tool; tool change mechanism is the implementation of tool exchange action. The knife must exist at the same time and tool change mechanism, if no knife library processing required tools cant reserve; without tool change mechanism, then the processing required tools not knife Kuyi order replacement, and reduce non-cutting time to lose.Rotary motion of the knife is composed of a three-phase asynchronous motor with brake of the power source, the three-phase power supply through the AC contactor is supplied to the motor brake open, then the knife library operation, cut off the three-phase power supply brake locking, knife immediately stop running. Through the logical combination of indexing disk motion and related test element group, can make each Daotao accurate stop at the tool change position. Knife stopped at the tool change position, controlled by the cylinder sleeve in horizontal or vertical state, to facilitate mechanical hand for the knife, knife indexing table can be clockwise or counterclockwise rotation, which can search in the shortest possible time to the tool to change. The driving system of NC machine tool automatic tool changing system with hydraulic mechanism, pressure mechanism, electric cam mechanism. Nowadays the cam tool changer is used widely. Really fast, but no other consumable parts and maintenance requirements change, the failure rate at least, life of more than one million times. Speed changer system for rapid automatic tool changing technology is mainly aimed to reduce the processing time, the comprehensive consideration of various factors of machine tools, complete the technical method of tool exchange in the shortest possible time. The machine has the following features: 1 knife arm is short 2 knife arm is not necessarily linear 3 two knife may mutually perpendicular 4 cam box is small and mobile. Its main purpose is to let the knife, the movable parts of small moment of inertia, in order to achieve the purpose of quick change knife. Foundation to improve the automatic changing device in the traditional method of knife cutter changing speed of increase movement speed, or the mechanism action faster and a driving element. For example, change the knife speed mechanical cam structure is higher than that of hydraulic and pneumatic structure. According to the high speed machine tool structure design of knife and the knife changing device of form and position. For example, the knife machine tools and tool replacing device installed at the side of an upright post, in the high speed machine tool is more feeding movable column, in order to reduce the mass of the moving parts, the knife and tool replacing device should not be installed on the upright post. The formation of the optimal cutting parameters. Machining and turning centers is composed of mechanical equipment and CNC system, high efficiency, high precision of automatic machine for machining of complex parts. This machine can be installed several knife, automatic tool change, installed in a card, to complete the milling, boring, vehicle processing, drilling, expansion joints, tapping. The reason why this kind of processing capacity, it is because it has a set of automatic tool changer. Automatically switch to the device in a variety of forms, is the main component of the knife, a manipulator and a driving device, although the tool change, tool selection, tool storage structure, mechanical hand types are different, but all is in the numerical control device and the programmable controller control, by the motor or hydraulic or pneumatic actuator driven knife base and the manipulator and the exchange tool selection. We refer to this as continuous processing to achieve a variety of process, the processing center or turning center, device selection and exchange for tool called automatic knife device (automatic tool change ATC). The main part of ATC is the knife, a manipulator and a driving device. The knife is the function of storage tool and knife next to be used accurately to the tool change position, in exchange for tool changing manipulator to complete the old and new tool. When the tool storage capacity is large, often far away from the main configuration and integral movement is not easy, it needs between the spindle and the tool library configuration tool change mechanism to perform the action of changing knife.The manipulator assembly is the current research focus, foreign study used camera and a force sensor and a microcomputer connected together, can identify the parts of the range to reach the aim of inlaid. At present the industry manipulator is mainly used for machining, casting, heat treatment, regardless of the number, variety and performance still can not meet the needs of industrial development. The main is to gradually expand the scope of application, mechanical hand to focus on the development of casting, heat treatment, in order to reduce labor intensity, improve working conditions, the application of special mechanical hand at the same time, the development of general machinery corresponding hand, has the condition to develop teaching manipulator, computer control of manipulator and the combination of manipulator. The motion of the manipulator components, such as expansion, swing, lifting, shifting, pitch mechanism and a clamping mechanism of different types according to the design into a common mechanism, typical, so according to the different requirements of different types of clamping mechanism, can form different manipulator path. Both for the design and manufacture, is convenient for the replacement of the workpiece, expand the scope of application. At the same time to improve speed, reduce the impact, correct positioning, in order to better play the role of manipulator. In addition to research on servo type, memory reappearance type, as well as with tactile, visual properties such as mechanical hand, and consider the connected with computer, and gradually become a basic unit of the whole machinery manufacturing system. In the mechanical manufacturing industrial manipulator is used more, faster development. Now mainly used for machine, horizontal forging press feeding and discharging, and spot welding, paint spraying operations, which can be used to complete the operation in advance in accordance with the specified procedure. In addition, the development trend of foreign manipulator is developing manipulator has some kind of intelligence. It has the ability to change sensor, can feedback to external conditions, make corresponding changes. Such as the location of a deviation, which can correct and self detection, focus on visual function and tactile function research. At present, have made certain achievements. Visual function is mounted on a manipulator has a TV camera and optical rangefinder (i.e. distance sensor) and micro computer. Work is a television camera will object image into the video signal, and then sent to the computer, in order to analyze the types of objects, size, color and location, and sends out the instruction to control the manipulator to work. Tactile function is tactile feedback control device is mounted on a manipulator. When the mechanical hand first finger to find work, produce the tactile effect through the pressure sensitive element is arranged on the finger, and then into the front, seize the workpiece. Hand grasping force control through the sensitive element is arranged on the finger, to achieve automatic adjustment grip size. In short, as the capacity of assembly work development of mechanical sensing technology will also further improve the hand. More important is the manipulator, the flexible manufacturing system and flexible manufacturing unit combination, so as to fundamentally change the current manufacturing system operation state. 中文译文关于数控车床和换刀系统数控机床是数字控制机床（Computer numerical control machine tools）的简称，是一种装有程序控制系统的自动化机床。该控制系统能够逻辑地处理具有控制编码或其他符号指令规定的程序，并将其译码，用代码化的数字表示，通过信息载体输入数控装置。经运算处理由数控装置发出各种控制信号，控制机床的动作，按图纸要求的形状和尺寸，自动地将零件加工出来。特点：数控机床的操作和监控全部在这个数控单元中完成，它是数控机床的大脑。与普通机床相比，数控机床有如下特点：对加工对象的适应性强，适应模具等产品单件生产的特点，为模具的制造提供了合适的加工方法；加工精度高，具有稳定的加工质量；可进行多坐标的联动，能加工形状复杂的零件；加工零件改变时，一般只需要更改数控程序，可节省生产准备时间；机床本身的精度高、刚性大，可选择有利的加工用量，生产率高（一般为普通机床的3到5倍）；机床自动化程度高，可以减轻劳动强度；有利于生产管理的现代化。数控机床使用数字信息与标准代码处理、传递信息，使用了计算机控制方法，为计算机辅助设计、制造及管理一体化奠定了基础；对操作人员的素质要求较高，对维修人员的技术要求更高； 可靠性高。 组成：数控机床一般由输入介质、人机交互设备、计算机数控装置、进给伺服驱动系统、主轴伺服驱动系统、辅助控制装置、反馈装置和适应控制装置等部分组成。4在数控加工中，数控铣削加工最为复杂，需解决的问题也最多。除数控铣削加工之外的数控线切割、数控电火花成型、数控车削、数控磨削等的数控编程各有其特点，伺服系统的作用是把来自数控装置的脉冲信号转换成机床移动部件的运动。具体有以下部分构成：数控机床的构造。 驱动装置：他是数控机床执行机构的驱动部件，包括主轴驱动单元、进给单元、主轴电机及进给电机等。他在数控装置的控制下通过电气或电液伺服系统实现主轴和进给驱动。当几个进给联动时，可以完成定位、直线、平面曲线和空间曲线的加工。主要性能(1)主要规格尺寸。(2)主轴系统。(3)进给系统。(4)刀具系统。(5)电气。包括主电动机、伺服电动机的规格型号和功率等。(6)冷却系统。包括冷却箱容量、冷却泵输出量等。(7)外形尺寸。表示为长宽高。数控车床的发展趋势：高速、精密、复合、智能和绿色是数控机床技术发展的总趋势，近几年来，在实用化和产业化等方面取得可喜成绩。主要表现在：1 机床复合技术进一步扩展随着数控机床技术进步，复合加工技术日趋成熟，包括铣-车复合、车铣复合、车-镗-钻-齿轮加工等复合，车磨复合，成形复合加工、特种复合加工等，复合加工的精度和效率大大提高。“一台机床就是一个加工厂”、“一次装卡，完全加工”等理念正在被更多人接受，复合加工机床发展正呈现多样化的态势。2数控机床的智能化技术有新的突破，在数控系统的性能上得到了较多体现。如：自动调整干涉防碰撞功能、断电后工件自动退出安全区断电保护功能、加工零件检测和自动补偿学习功能、高精度加工零件智能化参数选用功能、加工过程自动消除机床震动等功能进入了实用化阶段，智能化提升了机床的功能和品质。3机器人使柔性化组合效率更高机器人与主机的柔性化组合得到广泛应用，使得柔性线更加灵活、功能进一步扩展、柔性线进一步缩短、效率更高。机器人与加工中心、车铣复合机床、磨床、齿轮加工机床、工具磨床、电加工机床、锯床、冲压机床、激光加工机床、水切割机床等组成多种形式的柔性单元和柔性生产线已经开始应用。4精密加工技术有了新进展数控金切机床的加工精度已从原来的丝级（0.01mm）提升到微米级（0.001mm），有些品种已达到0.05m左右。超精密数控机床的微细切削和磨削加工，精度可稳定达到0.05m左右，形状精度可达0.01m左右。采用光、电、化学等能源的特种加工精度可达到纳米级（0.001m）。通过机床结构设计优化、机床零部件的超精加工和精密装配、采用高精度的全闭环控制及温度、振动等动态误差补偿技术，提高机床加工的几何精度，降低形位误差、表面粗糙度等，从而进入亚微米、纳米级超精加工时代。5功能部件性能不断提高功能部件不断向高速度、高精度、大功率和智能化方向发展，并取得成熟的应用。全数字交流伺服电机和驱动装置，高技术含量的电主轴、力矩电机、直线电机，高性能的直线滚动组件，高精度主轴单元等功能部件推广应用，极大的提高数控机床的技术水平。数控车床的进给传动系统：一、进给传动系统作用 数控机床的进给传动系统负责接受数控系统发出的脉冲指令，并经放大和转换后驱动机床运动执行件实现预期的运动。 二、对进给传动系统的要求 为保证数控机床高的加工精度，要求其进给传动系统有高的传动精度、高的灵敏度（响应速度快）、工作稳定、有高的构件刚度及使用寿命、小的摩擦及运动惯量，并能清除传动间隙。 三、进给传动系统种类 1、步进伺服电机伺服进给系统 一般用于经济型数控机床。 2、直流伺服电机伺服进给系统 功率稳定，但因采用电刷，其磨损导致在使用中需进行更换。一般用于中档数控机床。 3、交流伺服电机伺服进给系统 应用极为普遍，主要用于中高档数控机床。 4、直线电机伺服进给系统 无中间传动链，精度高，进给快，无长度限制；但散热差，防护要求特别高，主要用于高速机床。 四、进给系统传动部件 1、滚珠丝杠螺母副 数控加工时，需将旋转运动转变成直线运动，故采用丝杠螺母传动机构。数控机床上一般采用滚珠丝杠，如图1-25所示，它可将滑动摩擦变为滚动摩擦，满足进给系统减少摩擦的基本要求。该传动副传动效率高，摩擦力小，并可消除间隙，无反向空行程；但制造成本高，不能自锁，尺寸亦不能太大，一般用于中小型数控机床的直线进给。 2、回转工作台 为了扩大数控机床的工艺范围，数控机床除了沿X、Y、Z三个坐标轴作直线进给外,往往还需要有绕Y或Z轴的圆周进给运动。数控机床的圆周进给运动一般由回转工作台来实现，对于加工中心,回转工作台已成为一个不可缺少的部件。 数控机床中常用的回转工作台有分度工作台和数控回转工作台。 （1）分度工作台 分度工作台只能完成分度运动,不能实现圆周进给，它是按照数控系统的指令，在需要分度时将工作台连同工件回转一定的角度。分度时也可以采用手动分度。分度工作台一般只能回转规定的角度(如90、60和45度等)。 （2）数控回转工作台 数控回转工作台外观上与分度工作台相似，但内部结构和功用大不相同。数控回转工作台的主要作用是根据数控装置发出的指令脉冲信号，完成圆周进给运动，进行各种圆弧加工或曲面加工，它也可以进行分度工作。 3、导轨 导轨是进给传动系统的重要环节，是机床基本结构的要素之一，它在很大程度上决定数控机床的刚度、精度与精度保持性。目前，数控机床上的导轨形式主要有滑动导轨、滚动导轨和液体静压导轨等。 （1）滑动导轨 滑动导轨具有结构简单、制造方便、刚度好、抗振性高等优点,在数控机床上应用广泛，目前多数使用金属对塑料形式,称为贴塑导轨，如图1-26所示。贴塑滑动导轨的特点：摩擦特性好、耐磨性好、运动平稳、工艺性好、速度较低。 （2）滚动导轨 滚动导轨是在导轨面之间放置滚珠、滚柱或滚针等滚动体，使导轨面之间为滚动摩擦而不是滑动擦擦。 滚动导轨与滑动导轨相比，其灵敏度高，摩擦系数小，且动、静摩擦系数相差很小，因而运动均匀，尤其是在低速移动时，不易出现爬行现象；定位精度高，重复定位精度可达0.2m；牵引力小，移动轻便；磨损小，精度保持性好，使用寿命长。但滚动导轨的抗振性差，对防护要求高,结构复杂，制造困难，成本高。自动换刀装置：一、自动换刀装置的作用 自动换刀装置可帮助数控机床节省辅助时间，并满足在一次安装中完成多工序、工步加工要求。 二、对自动换刀装置的要求 数控机床对自动换刀装置的要求是：换刀迅速、时间短，重复定位精度高，刀具储存量足够，所占空间位置小，工作稳定可靠。 三、换刀形式 1、回转刀架换刀 其结构类似普通车床上回转刀架，根据加工对象不同可设计成四方或六角形式，由数控系统发出指令进行回转换刀。 2、更换主轴头换刀 各主轴头预先装好所需刀具，依次转至加工位置，接通主运动，带动刀具旋转。该方式的优点是省去了自动松夹、装卸刀具、夹紧及刀具搬动等一系列复杂操作，缩短了换刀时间，提高了换刀可靠性。 3、使用刀库换刀 将加工中所需刀具分别装于标准刀柄，在机外进行尺寸调整之后按一定方式放入刀库，由交换装置从刀库和主轴上取刀交换。 四、刀具交换装置 自动换刀装置中，实现刀库与主轴间传递和装卸刀具的装置为刀具交换装置。刀具交换方式常有两种：采用机械手交换刀具和由刀库与机床主轴的相对运动交换刀具（刀库移至主轴处换刀或主轴运动到刀库换刀位置换刀）,其中以机械手换刀最为常见。 五、刀库 刀库是自动换刀装置中最主要的部件之一，其容量、布局及具体结构对数控机床的总体设计有很大影响。 1、刀库容量 指刀库存放刀具的数量，一般根据加工工艺要求而定。刀库容量小，不能满足加工需要；容量过大，又会使刀库尺寸大，占地面积大，选刀过程时间长，且刀库利用率低，结构过于复杂，造成很大浪费。2、刀库类型 一般有盘式、链式及鼓轮式刀库几种。 盘式刀库 刀具呈环行排列，空间利用率低，容量不大但结构简单。 链式刀库 结构紧凑，容量大，链环的形状也可随机床布局制成各种形式而灵活多变，还可将换刀位突出以便于换刀，应用较为广泛。 鼓轮式或格子式刀库, 占地小，结构紧凑，容量大，但选刀、取刀动作复杂，多用于FMS的集中供刀系统。 3、选刀方式 常有顺序选刀和任意选刀两种。 顺序选刀是在加工前，将加工所需刀具依工艺次序插入刀库刀套中，顺序不能有差错，加工时按顺序调刀。工件变更时，需重调刀具顺序，操作烦琐，且加工同一工件中刀具不能重复使用。 任意选刀是刀具均有自己的代码，加工中任选且可重复使用，也不用放于固定刀座，装刀、选刀都较方便。 工艺文件是工人加工时的指导性文件，工艺方案的是否合理，不仅会影响数控加工的效率，而且将直接影响零件加工的质量。因此，在数控车削程序编制之前，遵循一定的工艺原则并结合数控车床的特点认真而详细地制定好零件的数控车削加工工艺。 在数控车床上加工零件，应按工序集中的原则划分工序，在一次装夹中尽可能完成大部分甚至全部表面的加工。零件定位时，根据结构形状不同，通常选择外圆、端面或端面装夹，并力求设计基准、工艺基准和编程基准统一。 数控加工工艺的主要内容有：分析零件图纸，明确加工内容；确定工件在车床上的装夹方式、各表面的加工顺序和刀具进给路线以及刀具、夹具和切削用量的选择等。 一、零件图工艺分析 在设计零件的加工工艺规程时，首先要对加工对象进行深入分析。对于数控车削加工应考虑以下几方面： 1阅读零件图，分析零件轮廓的几何条件 在车削加工中手工编程时，要计算每个节点坐标；在自动编程时，要对构成零件轮廓所有几何元素进行定义。因此在分析零件图时应注意： 零件图上是否漏掉某尺寸，使其几何条件不充分，影响到零件轮廓的构成； 零件图上的图线位置是否模糊或尺寸标注不清，使编程无法下手； 零件图上给定的几何条件是否不合理，造成数学处理困难。 零件图上尺寸标注方法应适应数控车床加工的特点，应以同一基准标注尺寸或直接给出坐标尺寸。 2尺寸精度要求 分析零件图样尺寸精度的要求，以判断能否利用车削工艺达到，并确定控制尺寸精度的工艺方法。 在该项分析过程中，还可以同时进行一些尺寸的换算，如增量尺寸与绝对尺寸及尺寸链计算等。在利用数控车床车削零件时，常常对零件要求的尺寸取最大和最小极限尺寸的平均值作为编程的尺寸依据。 3形状和位置精度的要求 零件图样上给定的形状和位置公差是保证零件精度的重要依据。加工时，要按照其要求确定零件的定位基准和测量基准，还可以根据数控车床的特殊需要进行一些技术性处理，以便有效的控制零件的形状和位置精度。 4表面粗糙度要求 表面粗糙度是保证零件表面微观精度的重要要求，也是合理选择数控车床、刀具及确定切削用量的依据。 5材料与热处理要求 零件图样上给定的材料与热处理要求，是选择刀具、数控车床型号、确定切削用量的依据。 自动换刀系统主要是将加工所需刀具，从刀库中传送到主轴夹持机构上。换刀系统由刀库，机械手，驱动系统等构成。基本要求：1. 换刀时间短2. 刀具重复定位精度高3. 足够的刀具储存量4. 刀库占地面积小(结构紧凑)5. 安全可靠。刀库系统是提供自动化加工过程中所需之储刀及换刀需求的一种装置；其自动换刀机构及可以储放多把刀具的刀库。由电脑程式的控制，可以完成各种不同的加工需求，如铣削、钻孔、搪孔、攻牙等。大幅缩短加工时程，降低生产成本。刀库主要是提供储刀位置，并能依程式的控制，正确选择刀具加以定位，以进行刀具交换；换刀机构则是执行刀具交换的动作。刀库必须与换刀机构同时存在，若无刀库则加工所需刀具无法事先储备；若无换刀机构，则加工所需刀具无法自刀库依序更换，而失去降低非切削时间的目的。刀库的回转运动由带抱闸的三相异步电动机作动力源，三相电源通过交流接触器提供给电动机时抱闸打开，然后刀库进行运转，切断三相电源则抱闸闭锁，刀库立刻停止运转。通过分度盘的运动及相关检测元件组的逻辑组合，可使每个刀套准确停在换刀位置。刀套停在换刀位置后，由气缸控制刀套处于水平或垂直状态，以方便机械手换刀，刀套分度台可以顺时针或逆时针方向旋转，从而可以在最短的时间内搜索到所要更换的刀具。 驱动系统数控工具机的自动换刀系统有油压机构、气压机构、电气式凸轮机构。现如今凸轮式换刀机构就广泛的被采用。快速确实，除了换油外没有其他消耗零件及保养需求，故障率最少，寿命超过百万次以上。 换刀系统的速度要求快速自动换刀技术是以减少辅助加工时间为主要目的，综合考虑工具机的各方面因素，在尽可能短的时间内完成刀具交换的技术方法。机台有几个特点：1.刀臂短 2.刀臂不一定成直线 3.两刀可能互相垂直 4.凸轮箱小且可移动。其主要目的是要让换刀时，可动件之转动惯量小，以达到快速换刀之目的。 提高换刀速度的方法在传统自动换刀装置的基础上提高动作速度，或采用动作速度更快的机构和驱动元件。例如，机械凸轮结构的换刀速度高于液压和气动结构。根据高速工具机的结构特点设计刀库和换刀装置的形式和位置。例如，传统工具机的刀库和换刀装置多装在立柱一侧，在高速工具机则多为立柱移动的进给方式，为减轻运动件质量，刀