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学生开题报告表课题名称全自动单标直线贴标机总体设计课题来源B课题类型D导 师学生姓名学 号1专 业机械设计制造及其自动化开题报告内容：（调研资料的准备，设计目的、要求、思路与预期成果；任务完成的阶段内容及时间安排；完成设计（论文）所具备的条件因素等。）1.调研资料的准备据统计全世界用于灌装的各种容器已经多达3030亿个，而其中71%是玻璃瓶。我国是世界上玻璃瓶使用比例最多的国家，占全球总量的55%以上。再加之近年来我国酿造技术的不断发展，传统的人工贴标签的方式必将不能满足需要，所以近些年来，国内众多厂家积极引进国外成套酿造生产设备和先进技术，使我国全自动贴标机有了很大的发展空间。酿造水平有了很大提高。以啤酒为例，生产能力由每小时8000瓶提高到每小时2400036000瓶，并且实现了灌装压盖贴标装箱的机械自动化，大大降低了劳动程度，提高了生产效率。国内啤酒设备生产厂家也在吸收消化国外先进技术的基础上不断创新，现已形成完整的行业体系，不仅满足了国内的需求还实现了出口创收。我国企业开发的啤酒包装机械生产能力已达2.4万瓶/时至43.6万瓶/时，并实现了两次抽真空以及适合于高速输瓶的无压力输瓶系统。然而相对于国外酿造设备的发展，我国仍有不小的差距，为此，今后一段时间我国包装业将面临着一个大的发展机遇。我国包装设备在今后的发展方向可以概括为：高效化、智能化方向发展；加快提高装备工程化配套能力；包装设备要满足包装多样化方向发展的要求；设备必须符合提高质量、高效节能的要求；采用和推广新技术，提高自主创新能力。2. 设计目的鉴于目前我国贴标机行业的发展空间比较大，研究包装机械方面的课题对我们个人和社会都有积极意义，也是对综合能力的培养和锻炼，一方面巩固、增长专业知识，培养综合运用知识的能力，为以后的工作积累经验，所以我选择全自动单标直线贴标机作为毕业设计。培养学生运用本专业所学知识，结合生产实践中学到的知识，灵活运用传统和现代设计方法解决问题的能力，进一步培养学生读图、制图等基本技能。3. 要求及设计参数设计要求:设计此食用油瓶贴标机，要求在满足自动分瓶、送标带、同步分离标签，标贴情况下，使贴标准确、稳定、可靠、高效。主要内容：全自动单标直线贴标机适用于玻璃瓶贴单标的贴标任务，适用于中小型生产厂家使用。全自动单标直线贴标机设计参数如下： （1）贴标机的生产能力每分钟贴标签80个，（2）贴标的范围直径是30-80mm，（3）高度是50-200毫米的圆柱型瓶子，（4）外形尺寸：长1900mm，X宽1000mm，X高1365mm，（5）动力要求：交流电源220/240伏特。4.预期成果形式:1、绘制贴标机装备图及各零部件图总图量不少于折成图幅A0号图纸3张，其中CAD绘图量折合图幅A0号图纸2张，手工绘图A0号图纸1张；2、编写设计说明书一份；要求说明书正规打印，字数不少于2万字；3、不少于3000中文字的相关英文资料翻译至少两篇；4、相关文献资料15篇以上。5.研究方案与时间安排研究方法：首先通过任务书明确自己所要设计的内容，了解本课题的背景、意义以及相关要求，在老师的指导下查阅相关的文献资料，对课题做深入的理解，再通过借鉴以前的一些设计方案来全面了解全自动单标直线贴标机的工作原理，各部件的功能；根据设计技术参数中的生产率完成主电机的选型，并计算出各部分传动比，从而进行结构设计；通过查阅资料了解贴标方式的种类并比较其优缺点，确定适合本机的贴标方式。本设计采用直线式贴标、标盒采用曲柄式传送标方式，瓶子由输瓶链道输送，用螺旋限位器（进瓶螺旋）完成瓶子的分离，瓶子在前进的过程中实现取标和刷标，瓶子完成贴标和刷标后，直接由链道输送出去，该机工作平稳可靠、贴标质量稳定、贴标效率高。研究方案： 上胶标盒进入标板取标真空吸附取标自动检测螺旋限位器贴标标纸瓶子工作方案：1）了解全自动单标直线贴标机的工作原理，各部的功能，完成总体结构的设计；2）了解全自动单标直线贴标机的工作原理，根据设计技术参数中的生产率计算并确定机器传动比，并进行结构设计；3）了解贴标种类并比较其优缺点，确定适合本机的贴标方式； 进度计划：第 12 周 收集资料及开题报告。 第 36 周 毕业实习，完成实习日记。 第 7 周 分析机器结构特性，了解贴标机工作原理，初步确定设计方案。第 8 周 按照技术参数要求进行相关计算，进行工作循环图设计。 第 9 周 对传动系统进行总体计算并设计。 第1011周 完成总装图设计。 第1213 周 编写设计说明书并准备答辩 6. 完成设计（论文）所具备的条件因素等 学生运用本专业所学知识，结合生产实践中学到的知识，灵活运用传统和现代设计方法解决问题的能力，具有学生读图、制图等基本技能。指导教师签名： 日期： 课题类型：A、工程设计，B、工程技术研究，C、软件开发，D、机械设计，E、实验研究， F、理论研究，G、其它摘 要 本次设计课题为“全自动单标直线贴标机总体设计”。据统计全世界用于灌装的各种容器已经多达3030亿个，而其中71%是玻璃瓶。我国是世界上玻璃瓶使用比例最多的国家，占全球总量的55%以上。再加之近年来我国酿造技术的不断发展，传统的人工贴标签的方式必将不能满足需要，所以近些年来，国内众多厂家积极引进国外成套酿造生产设备和先进技术，使我国全自动贴标机有了很大的发展空间。 设计此食用油瓶贴标机，要求在满足自动分瓶、送标带、同步分离标签，标贴情况下，使贴标准确、稳定、可靠、高效。 其中着重针对于单标真空转鼓式直线贴标机的结构及贴标方式进行改进、分析与设计，并对其主要传动部分进行方案设计及强度校核。了解和掌握全自动单标直线贴标机在实际使用过程中出现的问题，在进行理论分析和计算的基础上，对全自动单标直线贴标机供标装置涂胶装置进行改进，并对其贴标精度不足的问题提出具体可行的解决方案。通过整个总体设计，我熟练的使用CAD,Solidworks等绘图软件设计分析，优化设计参数，缩短设计时间，对总体设计的整体构思有了更为深刻全面的了解。关键词：直线贴标机， 真空转鼓，贴标方式，涂胶装置3AbstractThis design topic is “Automatic straight line labeling machine for single labeloverall design”. Mainly of single label drum vacuum line labeler to the structure and labeling methods to improve the analysis and design, and transmission parts of the main program design and strength check. Understanding and knowledge of standard single-line automatic labeling machines actually used in the course of problems in theoretical analysis The important position of the wheel gear and shaft cant falter in traditional machine and modern machinesThe passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively.So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways , and calculated based on the standard single-line automatic labeling machines for the standard device to improve the labeling system, and gelatinize fixture of its lack of specific and feasible solutions. Through the whole design process,the design for analysis software including CAD,Solidworks and so on,Usething these soft wares optimizes the parameters cutsdown the design time and makes the process efficient.I learned the more knowledge of the whole design. Key words：labeling machine,drum vacuum,labeling system, gelatinize fixture本科毕业设计说明书（论文）目 录摘 要I1 概述11.1简介11.2国内及国外包装机械现状及发展趋势12 设计任务的分析52.1 设计任务的提出52.2 设计任务的可行性分析73 总体设计93.1工艺分析93.2 总体布局93.3各主要部分设计103.4电动机与传动系统123.5带传动设计计算153.6齿轮材料选择及热处理174 使用及维修214.1 安全技术操作规程（工作准备）214.2操作基本技术要求214.3常见的贴标机故障及排除21结 论23致 谢24参考文献25附 录26摘 要 本次设计课题为“全自动单标直线贴标机总体设计”。据统计全世界用于灌装的各种容器已经多达3030亿个，而其中71%是玻璃瓶。我国是世界上玻璃瓶使用比例最多的国家，占全球总量的55%以上。再加之近年来我国酿造技术的不断发展，传统的人工贴标签的方式必将不能满足需要，所以近些年来，国内众多厂家积极引进国外成套酿造生产设备和先进技术，使我国全自动贴标机有了很大的发展空间。 设计此食用油瓶贴标机，要求在满足自动分瓶、送标带、同步分离标签，标贴情况下，使贴标准确、稳定、可靠、高效。 其中着重针对于单标真空转鼓式直线贴标机的结构及贴标方式进行改进、分析与设计，并对其主要传动部分进行方案设计及强度校核。了解和掌握全自动单标直线贴标机在实际使用过程中出现的问题，在进行理论分析和计算的基础上，对全自动单标直线贴标机供标装置涂胶装置进行改进，并对其贴标精度不足的问题提出具体可行的解决方案。通过整个总体设计，我熟练的使用CAD,Solidworks等绘图软件设计分析，优化设计参数，缩短设计时间，对总体设计的整体构思有了更为深刻全面的了解。关键词：直线贴标机， 真空转鼓，贴标方式，涂胶装置IIAbstractThis design topic is “Automatic straight line labeling machine for single labeloverall design”. Mainly of single label drum vacuum line labeler to the structure and labeling methods to improve the analysis and design, and transmission parts of the main program design and strength check. Understanding and knowledge of standard single-line automatic labeling machines actually used in the course of problems in theoretical analysis The important position of the wheel gear and shaft cant falter in traditional machine and modern machinesThe passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively.So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways , and calculated based on the standard single-line automatic labeling machines for the standard device to improve the labeling system, and gelatinize fixture of its lack of specific and feasible solutions. Through the whole design process,the design for analysis software including CAD,Solidworks and so on,Usething these soft wares optimizes the parameters cutsdown the design time and makes the process efficient.I learned the more knowledge of the whole design. Key words：labeling machine,drum vacuum,labeling system, gelatinize fixture目 录摘 要I1 概述11.1简介11.2国内及国外包装机械现状及发展趋势12 设计任务的分析52.1 设计任务的提出52.2 设计任务的可行性分析73 总体设计93.1工艺分析93.2 总体布局93.3各主要部分设计103.4电动机与传动系统123.5带传动设计计算153.6齿轮材料选择及热处理174 使用及维修214.1 安全技术操作规程（工作准备）214.2操作基本技术要求214.3常见的贴标机故障及排除21结 论23致 谢24参考文献25附 录261 概述1.1简介我国包装设备在今后的发展方向可以概括为：高效化、智能化方向发展；加快提高装备工程化配套能力；包装设备要满足包装多样化方向发展的要求；设备必须符合提高质量、高效节能的要求；采用和推广新技术，提高自主创新能力。所以，贴标机是将事先印好的商标粘贴到包装容器的特定部位的机械设备，一般在包装作业的灌装结束装箱之前环节进行，其完成的工艺过程包括取标签、送标签、涂胶、贴标签、整平等。贴标机有很多种类型，按自动化程度可分为自动与半自动贴标机；按瓶子运动方式可分为直线式与转盘式贴标机；按贴标工艺特征可分为压捺式滚压式、搓滚式、刷抚式贴标机。贴标时容器直接由设置在贴标机上的板式输送链进行输送，在输送过程中接受贴标，容器自送入到完成贴标排出运行所经过的轨迹是一条直线或近似直线者，称为直线式贴标机。贴标机主要工作装置有机架、传动装置系统、标签供给装置系统、包装件传送装置系统、涂胶装置、贴标整理装置等部分组成。1.2国内及国外包装机械现状及发展趋势据统计全世界用于灌装的各种容器已经多达3030亿个，而其中71%是玻璃瓶。我国是世界上玻璃瓶使用比例最多的国家，占全球总量的55%以上。再加之近年来我国酿造技术的不断发展，传统的人工贴标签的方式必将不能满足需要，所以近些年来，国内众多厂家积极引进国外成套酿造生产设备和先进技术，使我国全自动贴标机有了很大的发展空间。酿造水平有了很大提高。以啤酒为例，生产能力由每小时8000瓶提高到每小时2400036000瓶，并且实现了灌装压盖贴标装箱的机械自动化，大大降低了劳动程度，提高了生产效率。国内啤酒设备生产厂家也在吸收消化国外先进技术的基础上不断创新，现已形成完整的行业体系，不仅满足了国内的需求还实现了出口创收。我国企业开发的啤酒包装机械生产能力已达2.4万瓶/时至43.6万瓶/时，并实现了两次抽真空以及适合于高速输瓶的无压力输瓶系统。然而相对于国外酿造设备的发展，我国仍有不小的差距，为此，今后一段时间我国包装业将面临着一个大的发展机遇。我国包装设备在今后的发展方向可以概括为：高效化、智能化方向发展；加快提高装备工程化配套能力；包装设备要满足包装多样化方向发展的要求；设备必须符合提高质量、高效节能的要求；采用和推广新技术，提高自主创新能力。1.2.1贴标机械在国际方面发展的特点德国、美国、法国、意大利均为世界包装机械大国，在包装机械设计、制造、技术性能等方面很值得中国学习借鉴。其中德国的包装机械中尤其是饮料、啤酒包装机械和食品包装机械，其具有高速、成套、自动化程度高和可靠性好等特点。美国包装设备则以“高大精尖“闻名于世，机电一体化程度极高，并且具有速度快，成本低，灵活多用途等特点。法国包装机械则在灵活，通用和自动化方面有其独到之处。因此，提高国产装备技术含量和使用度是我国啤酒行业面临的艰巨任务，在未来我国啤酒工业包装设备在今后的发展方向可以概括为：啤酒工业技术装备必须向高效化、智能化方向发展；加快提高装备工程化配套能力；啤酒装备要满足啤酒包装多样化方向发展的要求；设备必须符合提高啤酒质量、高效节能、安全卫生的要求；采用和推广新技术，提高自主创新能力。1.2.2在我国贴标机械的发展状况及趋势贴标机械在我国的发展速度也是相当迅速的。尤其是近年来，对外开放，对内搞活政策的实施，使一些酿造企业及包装机械生产厂家通过引进国外先进的设备并在结合自身的实际情况，敢于创新，使得贴标机械在我国有了长足的发展，但与国外产品相比仍存在接近20年的技术差距。上世纪60年代末期，个别专家、学者通过考察从德国带回了饮料包装生产线技术，并在国内试制成功。该技术后被某企业购买，并迅速制成产品，投放市场，可称为我国第一代具备现代意义的自动化包装技术。随着改革开放的推进，一批中小企业对市场经济表现出无所适从，企业遇到较大困难。一些原来从事机床、农机制造的企业就转到包装设备的开发制造上。另外，啤酒饮料包装机械行业市场空间巨大，一些私营企业开始看好这一行业，也加入了包装设备的生产行列。可相对于中国的机械行业，食品包装机械行业的正式确立晚了32年。中国的食品包装行业既是一个拥有较长历史的行业，也是一个年轻的行业。现阶段，很多80-90年代甚至90年代末期进入包装行业的企业已成为行业内的领先企业，占据较大市场份额，并引领行业先进技术水平。在这种情况下，瓶装食品贴标机械行业乃至整个食品包装机械行业迅速扩大，从业厂商和市场规模均快速增长。1989年9月确立了食品和包装机械行业，成为机械工业部直管的十二个行业之一，使得贴标机械行业技术水平有了大幅度提升，大大缩小了与国际先进水平的差距，许多厂商已经走出国门，将我国食品包装设备远销世界各国。2传统的包装机械多采用机械式控制，但是随着生产力的日益提高，包装参数的随机多变，这些控制系统已越来越难以满足新的需求。在这种情况下机电一体化技术彻底改变了包装机械的面貌，标志着“智能化”时代的到来。它摒弃了常规包装机械中的繁琐和不合理部分，而将机械、微机、微电子、传感器等多种学科的先进技术融为一体，给包装机械在设计、制造和控制方面都带来了深刻的变化，从根本上改变了包装机械的面貌。由于我国包装机械发展起步较晚，资金，科研力量，高新技术严重不足，我国包装机械整体水平与国际先进水平的差距仍相当大。目前，虽然国内大多数生产企业对引进的生产技术都能很好地掌握和应用，但技术创新少，研究水平和技术储备力量较弱，新学术研究难度大，由此可见，国产贴标机械还远远不能满足我国包装工业的需求。以贴标机为例，中国贴标机虽然在短短的三年时间里把绝大部分国外产品挤出了“国门”，但是，在国际市场中仍无地位可言。究其原因，大致如下：3 1. 缺少核心技术，或者说产品技术含量不高，质量不够稳定2. 产品品种单一，缺乏系列产品，如套标机、热熔胶贴标机、不干胶贴标机等3.重复建设严重4.开发能力不足我国包装机械主要还是仿制测绘，稍加国产化改进，谈不上自主开发研究，虽然在“2008中国国际啤酒、饮料制造技术及设备展览会”上大放异彩，但国产贴标机若要全面占领国内啤酒、饮料的需求市场，打入国际市场，提高国际竞争力，还应该在“质”和“量”上下功夫，在产品的稳定性、可靠性、实用性上下功夫，在发掘自己的核心技术、自主创新上下功夫，这对中国贴标机生产企业来说将是一段很漫长的路。我国包装机械发展新趋势如下:4 1 资源的高利用化资源的高利用化含有三层含义：提高资源的高利用率；提高有效成分的提取率；减少其营养成分的损失。2 生产效率化机电一体化技术是提高包装机械自动化程度及运行可靠性和稳定性的重要保证，未来包装机械产业将配合产业自动化趋势，技术发展将朝着四个方向发展：一是机械功能多样化。二是结构设计标准化、模组化。三是控制智能化。四是结构高精度化。 3 高新技术实用化包装机械中采用微机技术、无菌包装技术等新技术可提高产品品质。高新技术在包装机械中具有广泛的应用前景，是包装机械上档次、上水平的重要组成部分。 4 产品节能化节能的新技术新产品已成为当今国内外包装机械的发展重点，在包装机械中，广泛采用节能技术对降低生产成本和提高经济效益具有重要作用。5 大力加强科研、开发能力加快科研成果向商品转化的步伐，使科学技术正真成为解放生产力和推进社会进步的强大动力。包装机械产品应向知识密集化、技术综合化和产品智能化等方向发展，以包装工业中急需的、量大面广的成套技术装备为重点，增加品种，填补国内空白，以微电子和计算机为先导，引进新技术，增加自主开发能力，促进机械技术和电子技术的而结合，积极推进包装装备的机电一体化。5412 设计任务的分析2.1 设计任务的提出2.1.1设计任务的要求重量： （Kg） 约500工 作 制 ： 每年300天, 每天两班；生产类型 ： 成批生产。 适用范围 ：适用于中小型生产厂家用于玻璃瓶贴单一标签生产能力 ： （瓶/小时） 2000-6000取标板数： （个） 1贴 标 数： （个） 1身标瓶子直径： （mm） 50-85标纸盒容量： （张） 约2000压缩空气压力： （Mpa） 0.35-0.5空气耗量： （/n） 约0.9主电机功率： （Kw） 0.37KW主机外型尺寸： （长宽高cm） 19085702.1.2贴标机的选择合理选择贴标机是保证包装质量，提高经济效益的重要途径。一般来说，应密切联系生产实际，尽量选择质量好、效益高、结构简单、使用维修方便、体积小、重量轻的，在选择贴标机时，应遵循以下原则：1.为生产工艺服务原则 首先应根据待贴标容器形状（圆形，方形，扁形）选择适宜的贴标机，以满足生产工艺要求。2.贴标范围大原则 贴标机的贴标范围时指其适应不同生产要求的能力。工艺范围越宽，越能提高设备的利用率，实现一机多用，即利用同一设备可以粘贴多种瓶型多种尺寸的商标。因此为了适应酒水、饮料，调味品行业多品种、多规格的贴标要求，应选择工艺范围尽可能宽的贴标机6 3.生产率高和贴标质量好原则 贴标机生产率的高低直接反映包装线的生产能力。所以生产率越高，其产生的经济效益越好。为了提高产品质量，应选择设备精度高，自动化程度也高的贴标机。但是设备的售价也相应提高，增大了产品的单位成本。如若灌装工序生产能力不够，还会出现资源浪费的情况。因此在选择贴标机时，应结合生产能力要求，对相关的因素进行综合考虑。2.1.3提高生产率，选择贴标机的类别1.根据待贴标容器的传送形式，贴标机可分为“直线式”和“回转式”两种。7(1)直线式贴标机（如图2-1）：就是贴标时容器直接由设置在贴标机上的板式输送链进行输送，在输送过程中接受贴标，容器自送入到完成贴标排出运行所经过的轨迹是一条直线或近似直线的贴标机。这种机型结构简单，成本低，工作稳定性好，再者，这种设备占地面积小，故广泛应用在中小型生产企业中。图2-1直线式贴标机(2) 回转式贴标机（如图2-2）：回转式贴标机在贴标时，容器由板式输送链与回转工作台交替载运着通过相应的贴标工作区段接受贴标。由于回转式贴标机可设置多工位，同时贴身标背标等，生产率又较直线式贴机高，所以目前大型企业贴标机大多采用 “回转式”的结构。图2-2回转式贴标机2. 从降低工人劳动强度而言，主要是增设进瓶检测以前贴标机开机贴标时机必须由操作工人确定，这样既费时、费力，又容易出现漏标情况，增设进瓶检测装置后，实现无瓶不上标，有瓶必贴标，这样一来，既不需要专人负责，又能保证连续作业，还大大降低了工人的劳动强度。2.2 设计任务的可行性分析将事先印好的商标粘贴到包装容器的特定部位的机械设备称为贴标机。液体包装容器主要有玻璃瓶、金属瓶，以及由塑料或柔性复合材料制作成的各种杯、管、瓶、袋等，我国目前广泛采用玻璃瓶灌装各种液料，这是因为玻璃瓶原料丰富，成本低廉，化学稳定性好，贮藏期长，无毒，易清洗，可回收利用，尤其适合包装高档商品。但其也有自身的缺点，不够美观就是其一，因此贴标机械必将得到了广泛的应用。 包装生产线的生产率的提高不但与灌装工序有关，而且与紧接着的贴标工序有关。另外，为了进步提高生产率，在可能条件下，包装生产线必须向洗瓶、灌装、上盖，贴商标等联合自动线方向发展，这样的自动线国外已经有很多了，为了使我国食品包装工业尽快赶上世界先进水平，有必要对贴标机械的设计加以研究。各种不同类型的贴标机，其主要工作程序是大致相同的，先把待贴标容器输送到贴标机上，由螺旋限位器进行分瓶，同时完成取标刮胶过程，然后待贴标容器在贴标及其理标装置的作用下完成贴标过程。自动贴标机按容器运动特性可分两类，一是直线式，即贴标时容器直接由设置在贴标机上的板式输送链进行输送，在输送过程中接受贴标，容器自送入到完成贴标排出运行所经过的轨迹是一条直线或近似直线者。另一类是回转式，容器由板式输送链即回转式工作台交替载运着通过相应的贴标工作完成贴标。前一类结构比较简单，适用于中小企业对圆柱形玻璃瓶贴单一身标。后一种适用于大型企业使用，特别是啤酒生产企业使用。8各种类型的贴标机其结构基本由四大部分组成：(1)机架；(2)传动装置系统； (3)标签供给装置系统；(4)涂胶装置；（5）贴标理标装置。以下为贴标流程图2-1：图2-1 贴标流程图选择合理的贴标方法：由于标签的物理化学性质各有差异，在贴标时，就有着不同的贴标要求，常采用以下几种方法：a.滚压式贴标法b.搓滚式贴标法c.刷抚式贴标法d.压按式贴标法本设计的任务是贴标机的总体设计，要考虑到它的总体的结构尺寸和关键的部件的配合和安装，要合理设计其布局和传动部分，在设计构思和绘图期间要周密考虑，做到尺寸和配合一致。作为总体的设计要考虑机器立体空间的大小，做到布局合理，尤其是储标盒和刮胶装置的布局安排。在传动上要做好输送链板与进出瓶系统的速度匹配，进出瓶系统和贴标中心的速度匹配，标盒摆动与取标板的速度匹配。在借鉴成功案例的基础上初步拟定采用直线式结构，滚压式贴标法。本科毕业设计说明书（论文）3 总体设计3.1工艺分析3.1.1确定机器类型考虑到设计生产率要求不高，而且是贴单一身标的贴标要求，所以选择直线式真空转鼓贴标机为本次设计类型。3.1.2确定贴标程序要保证贴标精度最重要的是要保证同步要求，为此，由于进入贴标机的瓶子在链道上的传送速度较高而瓶距不均，经过螺旋限位器后，就可将其速度降低至贴标机机的工作速度范围之中，并使瓶距保持一定值进入贴标机等待贴标，与此同时，取标板完成从标盒取标过程并对标签涂胶，然后由标签传送装置传送到贴标区完成贴标，最后将贴好标的瓶子经过输瓶链道送出，进行下面的一系列工序如：检验、装箱等。其具体的工艺路线如下图3-19所示。上胶标盒进入标板取标真空吸附取标自动检测螺旋限位器贴标标纸 瓶子 装箱图3-1 贴标工艺路线图3.2 总体布局 3.2.1整机组成 贴标机主要由以下几个部分组成：机架，传动装置系统，标签供给装置系统，标签传送装置系统，涂胶系统，贴标整理装置及检测连锁装置。3.2.2设计平面图原则：各部分布局合理，结构紧凑，占地面积少，操作方便，安全、美观整齐。 图3-2 贴标机整机布局图1-螺旋限位器 2-真空转鼓 3-海绵衬垫 4-搓辊 5-取标板 6-储标盒 7-钢辊 8-胶辊整个机器的布置大体可分为以上几个部分，各部分在空间的布置影响到整机的空间尺寸。考虑到整机布局时要尽量使其占地面积小，搭配角度合理，利于生产，一般将各部件在空间交错布局，而避免线性排列，以利于发挥各部分的工作效率。由于取标板、胶辊、真空转鼓的分布必须满足其分度圆相切的原则，才能形成一个具有协调性、同步性的自动贴标过程，整个机器主要部件相互关系如图所示。由此可以知，各部分的相互位置互相影响，当取标板位置定好后，其他部件位置大体可以确定，具体尺寸见总装图。3.3各主要部分设计3.3.1贴标装置图3-3 贴标装置示意图1-真空接入管 2-起标器 3-真空转鼓 4-皮带张紧轮5-搓辊 6-皮带传送辊 7-调节方螺母如图3-3所示为本机的贴标装置，主要由取标和贴标两部分构成。取标器2主要作用是将标签从取标板上剥离，然后由真空转鼓3将标签吸附在其表面，当标签被摩擦皮带送至搓辊5位置时，真空转鼓消除真空吸力，开始进行贴标。贴标时标签在摩擦皮带上相对于待贴标容器做纯滚动。搓辊另一侧的海面衬垫则能够将标签理顺并贴实。此种贴标装置结构简单，适用于普通贴标机贴单一身标。103.3.2标签供给装置图3-4 标签供给装置示意图1-高度调节旋钮 2-上下抓标钩 3-左右抓标钩 4-高度调节旋钮 5-宽度调节旋钮 6-标盒 7-推杆供标装置的功能是在贴标的过程中，将标签按照一定得工艺要求进行供送，装置的结构随所用标签形式的不同而不同，通常由6-标签盒和7-推杆组成。本设计采用可调式标盒结构，使用时可以根据所用标签的尺寸进行调节。调节采用螺旋装置，上下左右抓标钩由调节旋钮1、4、5根据需要进行调节。贴标机中采用的标签盒运动形式有固定式和运动式两类。本设计采用左右摇摆式运动结构，整个标签盒安置在一个曲柄滑块机构上，工作时整个标盒与取标板同步运动完成松标过程。标盒的推进是由安置在标盒下方的小型汽缸完成的，当进瓶检测开关检测到有瓶子进入贴标机待贴标时，汽缸才开始动作，当长时间检测不到有瓶进入时，汽缸停止动作，标盒在弹簧的拉力作用下退回，真正实现“有瓶必贴标，无瓶不贴标”。 113.3.3涂胶装置图3-5 涂胶装置示意图1- 胶辊 2-钢滚 3-刮胶盒 4-调节手把 5-胶水盘 6-箱体涂胶装置是将适量的胶黏剂涂抹在标签的背面或取标执行机构上，主要包括上胶，涂胶和胶量调节装置，常用的有圆盘式辊式磙子式等形式，本设计采用双立辊式结构，如上图所示。胶水由外置气动胶水泵注入刮胶盒3中，通过调节把手将胶水均匀涂在钢辊2上，再由钢滚与胶辊的相对运动将胶水均匀涂在胶辊上，工作时取标板从胶辊上粘取粘结剂，完成取标。多余胶水由胶水盘接住通过排胶管流入外置胶水桶内。3.4电动机与传动系统3.4.1原动机的选择在自动贴标机中，合理的电动机功率能够保证贴标机的正常运转，电动机功率的选择是以贴标机启动和连续生产时其中最大的功率作为依据，般情况下，贴标机的启动功率为最大，启动时，功率要消耗在以下几个方面：使贴标机各工作部分由静止达到工作转速；克服运动的工作阻力和摩擦力；传动系统中传动副间的功率损失。由于贴标过程的作用力一般较小，所以电动机功率较小且要采用无级变速，以便灵活调整贴标速度，调节生产能力。考虑到前面的各因素，通过类比和比较，选电机功率为0.55kw，型号YCT-112-4A（电磁调速三相异步电动机），调速范围1250125转分（SEW(天津)调速设备有限公司）。123.4.2确定传动系统13由于电机最高转速1250125转分，其变速范围可以满足工作要求。根据设计要求，贴标机生产能力为20006000瓶每小时，由于贴标速度是传动系统首先要解决的问题，故先确定取标板的转速，于是：由公式Q=60nZ (3-1) 则n= (3-2)Q：生产能力 Z：单周取标数 n：转速根据设计要求Q1：2000瓶小时，Q2：6000瓶小时，r/min (3-3)r/min (3-4)则贴标机主轴调速范围R=1，一般当R1的时候要采取变速装置，本设计用电磁调速电机满足要求。另外，还应增设两级圆锥圆柱齿轮减速器，及齿轮传动。根据贴标机的工作情况，同时结合本次设计课题，现拟定以下两种传动方案供选择： 标盒箱体方案一：无级调速电机减速器圆柱直齿轮真空转鼓、螺旋限位器 链板轮 交错轴斜齿轮 涂胶装置方案二：无级调速电机减速器圆柱直齿轮真空转鼓、螺旋限位器 调速电机链板轮两种方案的比较：方案一输瓶链板动力由主电机提供，但结构复杂，特别是交错轴斜齿轮的加工与安装更是要求极高。方案二输瓶链板动力由单独电动机提供，结构简单且调速方便。根据以上的评价比较和分析，最终选择方案二作为本次设计的传动方案。传动系统简图见图3-6所示。图3-6 传动系统简图1-两级圆锥圆柱齿轮减速器 2-电动机 3-带轮 4-胶辊齿轮 5-标盒齿轮 6-取标板齿轮7-滚子链联轴器 8-真空转鼓齿轮 9-转换齿轮 10-交错轴斜齿轮 3.4.3确定各级传动比及齿轮齿数、模数1. 确定各传动比(1). 所选用电动机转速 r/min 取标板主轴转速 r/min则两级圆锥圆柱齿轮减速器减速比25(2). 取标板设计直径d1=250mm 真空转鼓直径d2=116mm 由于取标板与真空转鼓线速度相同，所以 =d1/d2=2.15 (3-5)(3).对胶辊和钢辊设计尺寸d3=d4=70mm，由同步要求有 d1/d3=3.57 (3-6) d3/d4=1 (3-7)(4).对标盒的运动，由于取标板单周取标两个，所以2(5).根据同步要求，对螺旋限位器来说，其工作能力： (3-8)s右旋单头螺杆，s1；n 螺杆转数而2000瓶/小时 ；6000瓶/小时则r/min; r/min而取标板主轴转速r/min ; r/min则螺旋限位器至取标板主轴传动比现将各部分传动比列在下表3.1中：表3.1 各部分传动比序号i252.153.57212. 确定各齿轮齿数、模数首先确定标板轴大齿数轮，由此类比其它相关机械灌装包装设备主齿轮齿数=100。标盒主轴与标板主轴设计中心距a=180mm，由公式 m=（0.007-0.02）a (3-9)得m=1.26-3.6取m1=3.5现将各齿轮齿数及模数列在下表3.2：表3.2 各齿轮齿数及模数表序号12345Z10046285250M3.533.53.53.53.5带传动设计计算3.5.1传动齿轮的结构设计齿轮的齿数Z1=100，模数为m=3.5分度圆直径：d=mz (3-10)d=mz = 3.5100=35齿顶高: (3-11)齿根高: (3-12)齿高： (3-13)齿顶圆直径： (3-14)齿根圆： (3-15)，采用实心式结构3.5.2 V带传动设计1.确定计算功率 PA (kw) (3-16)P传递的额定功率；ka-工作情况系数 ka=1.42.选择带的截面形状根据计算功率，带轮转速n1，由机械设计基础175页表9-8选择带的截面形状为B型带由 =0.77kw n1=1250r/min 选B型带3.5.3确定带轮的直径带轮1，由机械设计手册第三卷13-7页表13-1-10参考取D=146mm验算带的速度 (3-17) 介于512之间，合适。计算带轮2的直径由传动比i=1，则3.5.4确定中心距 (3-18) 选择mm选择带的基准长度 (3-19)mm由机械设计基础175页表9-3取=1900mm,则实际安装中心距a=500mm安装是所需要的最小中心距 (3-20)=500-0.0151900=471.5mm张紧或伸长时所需要的中心距 (3-21)=500+0.031900=557mm3.5.5验证小带轮上的包角 (3-22)= 适合3.5.6计算带的跟数Z (3-23)则选取Z=23.6齿轮材料选择及热处理3.6.1齿轮材料的基本要求14从对齿轮的失效分析可知，为了使齿轮能够正常工作，应对齿轮的材料提出如下基本要求：（1）齿面应有足够的硬度和耐磨性，以防止齿面磨损、点蚀、胶合以及塑性变形等失效。（2）轮齿心部应有足够的强度和较好的韧性，以防止齿根折断忽然抵抗冲击载荷。（3）应有良好的加工工艺性能及热处理性能，以便加工和提高力学性能。3.6.2常用材料及热处理适合制造齿轮的材料有很多，最常用的是钢、铸铁，有些场合也采用非金属材料。1、钢钢具有强度高、韧性好、便于制造和热处理等优点。大多数齿轮毛坯都采用优质碳素钢和合金钢通过锻造而成，并通过热处理改善和提高力学性能。按热处理后齿面硬度的不同，钢制齿轮分为软齿面齿轮和硬齿面齿轮两种。软齿面齿轮的齿面硬度小于或等于350HBS，通常适用于一般用途、中小功率以及精度要求不高的场合，例如一般用途的减速器。由于齿面硬度不高，这种齿轮的毛坯在进行调质或正火的热处理之后再进行精加工，一般采用插齿或滚齿等方法。对于一对软齿面的齿轮来说，在传动的过程中，小齿轮的轮齿啮合次数比大齿轮的多，同时小齿轮的齿根较薄，使得小齿轮的轮齿弯曲强度较弱。因此，通常使小齿轮的齿面硬度要比大齿轮的齿面硬度高3050HBS或更多，以保证大、小齿轮的使用寿命相接近。在一般情况下，通常选用不同的材料或不同的热处理可以实现这个要求。硬齿面齿轮的齿面硬度大于350HBS，常用于高速重载及受有冲击载荷的或要求结构紧凑的重要机械传动中，例如机床、汽车变速箱等。这种齿轮的毛坯在进行调质或正火后，进行精切齿，然后再进行表面淬火处理，使得齿轮的耐磨性提高，承载能力增大。硬齿面齿轮与软齿面齿轮比较，其综合承载能力可提高23倍。或者说，在相同的承载能力下，硬齿面的齿轮传动要比软齿面的结构尺寸小得多。所以，除非受到工艺或生产等条件的限制，一般情况下应尽可能采用硬齿面齿轮。2、铸钢对于齿轮的直径尺寸较大（大于400600mm），或结构复杂不易锻造的齿轮毛坯，可用铸钢来制造。例如低速、重载的矿山机械中的大齿轮。3、铸铁灰铸铁具有较好的减磨性和加工性能，而且价格低廉，但它的强度较低，抗冲击性能差，因此，常用于开式、低速轻载、功率不大及冲击振动的齿轮的传动中。球墨铸铁的力学性能和抗冲击能力较灰铸铁高，可代替灰铸铁、铸钢和调质钢铸造大直径齿轮。4、非金属材料非金属材料的弹性好，耐磨性好，可注塑成型，成本低，但承载能力小，适用高速轻载以及精度要求不高场合。例如食品机械、家电产品以及办公设备等。常用齿轮的材料见下表3.3：表3.3 常用齿轮的材料及其力学性能材料牌号热处理方 法齿面硬度强度极限屈服极限主要应用优质碳素钢45正火160217HBS580290低速轻载调质217255HBS650360低速中载表面淬火4855HRC750450高速中载或低速重载50正火180220HBS620320冲击很小合金钢40Cr调质表面淬火240260HBS4855HRC700900550650中速中载高速中载无剧烈冲击42SiMn调质表面淬火217269HBS4555HRC750470高速中载无剧烈冲击20Cr渗碳淬火5662HRC650400高速中载承受冲击20CrMnTi渗碳淬火5662HRC1100850铸钢ZG310570正活表面淬火160210HBS4050HRC570320中速、中载、大直径ZG340640正火调质170230HBS240270HBS650700350380球墨铸铁QT600-2QT500-5正火220280HBS147241HBS600500低中速轻载有小的冲击灰铸铁HT250HT300人工时效170240HBS187235HBS200300低速轻载冲击很小 根据上述齿轮材料的介绍，我设计改进后的贴标机齿轮，直齿圆柱齿轮齿轮选用45#钢，调质处理，十字交叉斜齿轮由于是点接触冲击较大选用40Cr，表面淬火处理。 使用及维修4.1安全技术操作规程（工作准备）1. 检查螺旋限位器，刮胶刀，取标板，并清除杂物。2. 按规定向润滑部位加油。3. 上胶装置钢辊、胶辊以及取标板须擦干净，干燥才可用。4. 电动机，检查是否运转正常。5. 风机、胶水泵，检查是否工作正常。6. 操作人员需熟悉机器性能，工作时精神集中，坚守岗位。7. 出现闷车及爆瓶时应及时停车，排除故障。8. 机器运转中不得随意调整。不得打开安全防护罩。发生机电故障时，应通知专业人员维护，操作人员保护现场等待查修在本机的设计过程中，尽量减少机器的专用性，增加其通用性，也是我们的一个设计原则和目标。换而言之，就是使本机在生产中不仅能够适应有共同点的各种标型的贴标任务，同时也要使本机器能够适应有共同点的各种不同规格，但具有相似形状的瓶子或塑料容器相适应。当然，对于前者，对本机的影响不大，无非就是调整标盒尺寸，但后者就首先在螺旋限位器方面能更换，同时在瓶子或塑料容器的传送过程中的直径控制方面也须增加调节装置。4.2 操作基本要求1. 操作及维修人员必须熟悉本机结构和性能，严格按操作过程进行工作。2. 新机器安装后，必须进行严格的调试，合格后方可交付使用。3. 经常检查机器，及时排除故障。4. 安全保护失灵后，应及时修复，不允许在无保护状态下开机生产。5. 各调整机构的调节和紧固应使用合适的工具，不能用非常方法踢打。6. 经常检查各润滑部位并及时加油，保证润滑通顺，油路畅通。7. 进行冲洗及清洗工作时，不能用水冲洗电器部分。8. 超过本机使用范围的瓶型不得使用。9. 根据机器运转工时，定时进行大、中、小修复。10. 新更换的备品配件必须符合设计图纸要求。4.3常见的贴标机故障及排除151.左右倾斜（歪标） 标盒底线不处于水平线上，取标时已倾斜，调整角度；检查标纸在标盒中是否平整，如果不平整，可将标钩调整使之平整；海绵厚度不均匀；转鼓推出装置是否在三点一线上且放夹时间与凸轮配合是否恰当；瓶托板胶垫磨损过度既影响对中又会歪斜。2.身背标、胶水太厚，扫标磨损；导瓶架海绵块磨损；出口星轮小辘生锈不转动和脱胶圈；瓶子撞导瓶架胶条和护栏。3.标盒上取标失败或漏胶 标纸外形尺寸误差太大，根本无法取标；标纸要么在标盒内卡死，无法取出；要么从标盒前未取标时已跌落；标勾太紧或弹簧太松，应放松标勾或收紧标勾；标纸盒进入取标位置距离不当，标板压入标盒取标深度应约2mm，标夹开放时间不当，标鼓夹夹板压缩量为12mm，否则过小会取标不牢，过大会影响放标时间；标盒内的标勾有胶水，阻碍取胶，应及时清洗标勾；标纸不够，马上加足标纸；标夹松或标夹断弹簧，应上紧标夹或更换弹簧。4.贴标不对中 检查取标时是否对中，若不对中则调整标盒到恰当位置；放标是否最佳位置；标夹或海绵脏，倒粘；贴标对中，扫后不对中：胶水太厚；初黏性差，温度太低（最佳温度为2628）；标扫脏，标扫太硬，两边力不均匀，扫歪；标鼓取标后吹气量没调好；定中杯摆动阻力大，不能自由旋转；入口星轮错位，造成瓶子不在转盘中心造成角度不均匀，影响扫标质量。结 论本机用以完成圆形容器的贴标签过程，贴标能力为20006000瓶/小时。基于“直线式贴标”原理，并采用新式可调式储标盒和真空吸附式转鼓，能适应不同的瓶型和商标尺寸。标盒推进是在检测开关检测到有瓶进入后才开始工作的，真正实现，无瓶不上标有瓶必贴标。整机由0.55KW电磁调速电机带动，输瓶链道由减速电机带动，两台电机由一台变频器控制，真正实现了按生产能力进行无级同步变速。安装条件，水泥地面平整，须埋设地脚螺栓，整机高度与输瓶链道高度一致，机器四周应设有沟槽排水。本机总体设计在设计中进行了传动部分的改进：由于传动比的要求，使得螺旋限位器传动齿轮和其主动齿轮中心距不能满足设计要求，故设计了中间过渡齿轮。过渡齿轮采用了摆转式结构，极大的方便了安装和调试。（具体结构见装配图）本次设计是在康朋桂老师的精心指导下顺利完成的，是我对大学四年所学的所有科目的理论有了一个较系统、完善的与实践有机的结合，巩固了知识，深化了理解，强化了记忆，对机械、控制、液压、气压等专业有了更全面的了解，同以往的课程设计相比较收获很大，无论从知识上还是从综合能力水平上都有一定的提高。首先，使我初步掌握了设计的基本思想与程序。以往的课程设计，只是对当时所学的专业知识的一个零碎的演练，而这次设计是一条完整的生产线，这就需要专门从整体出发全面着眼，去设计各个零部件，从开始构思到总体方案的确定以及草图的绘制、修改、验证，是一个复杂的程序。需要我慢慢去体会和摸索，从而考验我在大学四年中所学的知识。其次，由于设计涉及的范围较广，是一次综合性专业知识的考验，我以往所学的专业课程以及专业基础课程是理论的知识，在这次设计中得到了实际的应用，从机械制图到金属工艺学、机械设计进行了一次系统的温习和巩固。最后，我体会到一个工程技术人员应具备的素质。个人固然重要，但与别人亲密配合、团结合作是必不可少的。搞一个设计，一个人往往很难完成，必须学会与别人合作，共同探讨。而且，在相互协作中，我会学到许多原来不懂的东西。通过毕业设计，培养了我们互相帮助、团结协作的精神。但同时也让我知道，一个好的工程技术人员必须具备独立工作能力，不能互相依赖。只有这样我们才能不局限于别人的思路中 ，做出具有创造性的设计。致 谢此次毕业设计在经过近一个学期的努力工作之后，终于顺利完成了。本人所学的知识和工作实践有限，设计过程中存在一些问题还请老师批评指正。首先，我要感谢我的指导老师，他严谨的工作作风和渊博知识深深地感染了我，给了我很大的帮助。接下来我要感谢我的同学及朋友，他们帮我解决了许多的难题，并为我的设计提出了许多的宝贵意见。在老师的指导下，我终于靠自己的能力成功地完成了此次毕业论文设计。感谢各位老师对我的悉心栽培，我将会努力使自己成为一名优秀的机械工程设计人员。最后，在此向答辩小组的全体老师们表示由衷地感谢参考文献1 中国机械工程学会包装与食品工程分会编包装机械【M】第1版北京：化学工业出版社，2008P6-P92 机械工程手册编辑委员会编机械设计手册【M】第3版北京：机械工业出版社，2008 P56-P783 陈希荣啤酒包装的新趋势【J】中国食品工业，2008，第十期：P10-P144 陈于萍 周兆元互换性与测量技术基础【M】第2版北京：机械工业出版社，20085 李继庆，陈作模主编，机械设计基础【M】，北京：高等教育出版社，19996 吴宗泽，罗圣国主编，第二版，机械设计课程设计手册【M】，北京：高等教育出版社，19997 高德主编，包装机械设计【M】，北京：化学工业出版社,20058 濮良贵，纪名刚，机械设计【M】，北京：高等教育出版社，2002，2383479 胡宜鸣，孟淑华，机械制图【M】，北京：高等教育出版社，2002，21625910 赵松年，机电一体化机械系统设计【M】，北京：机械出版社，1996，456211 戴宏民，包装机械技术发展趋势及我国的应对【J】，轻工机械，2003,0412 戴宏民，世界包装机械的发展趋势及我国的发展战略【J】，重庆工商大学学报（自然科学版）， 2003,0213 傅贵华 聂萍 浅谈回转式全自动贴标机的改造【J】 酒.饮料技术装备，2005，1214 滕燕;李小宁，气动全自动贴标机的研究与开发【J】 中国制造业信息化 2004，12期15 田耀华，不干胶贴标机及其相关方面的选择【J】 机电信息 2007年 35期附 录1.主要符号表q 生产能力(或输送能力)n 转速Q 贴标能力Z 齿数m 模数i 传动比P 功率ka 工作情况系数带轮包角带的基准长度带计算功率2.英文参考资料GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTION The important position of the wheel gear and shaft cant falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box.The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, useding for many situations respectively.So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear;Shaft In the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn. Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid. The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load. Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand. Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears. Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angle. When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered. It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears. A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time. The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle. When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress. Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability. Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two inertias I1 and I2 traveling at the respective angular velocities W1 and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes3. Band type4. Disk or axial type5. Cone type6. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary: 1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others. A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements. Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required. Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal. An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth. Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.Machine design theoryThe machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question.Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of productMust regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method.In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain?Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal.Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the performance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material.In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. In the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. In recent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not suitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.3.中文翻译齿轮和轴的介绍摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。齿轮和轴主要安装在主轴箱来传递力的方向。通过加工制造它们可以分为许多的型号，分别用于许多的场合。所以我们对齿轮和轴的了解和认识必须是多层次多方位的。关键词:齿轮；轴 在直齿圆柱齿轮的受力分析中，是假定各力作用在单一平面的。我们将研究作用力具有三维坐标的齿轮。因此，在斜齿轮的情况下，其齿向是不平行于回转轴线的。而在锥齿轮的情况中各回转轴线互相不平行。像我们要讨论的那样，尚有其他道理需要学习，掌握。 斜齿轮用于传递平行轴之间的运动。倾斜角度每个齿轮都一样，但一个必须右旋斜齿，而另一个必须是左旋斜齿。齿的形状是一溅开线螺旋面。如果一张被剪成平行四边形（矩形）的纸张包围在齿轮圆柱体上，纸上印出齿的角刃边就变成斜线。如果我展开这张纸，在血角刃边上的每一个点就发生一渐开线曲线。 直齿圆柱齿轮轮齿的初始接触处是跨过整个齿面而伸展开来的线。斜齿轮轮齿的初始接触是一点，当齿进入更多的啮合时，它就变成线。在直齿圆柱齿轮中，接触是平行于回转轴线的。在斜齿轮中，该先是跨过齿面的对角线。它是齿轮逐渐进行啮合并平稳的从一个齿到另一个齿传递运动，那样就使斜齿轮具有高速重载下平稳传递运动的能力。斜齿轮使轴的轴承承受径向和轴向力。当轴向推力变的大了或由于别的原因而产生某些影响时，那就可以使用人字齿轮。双斜齿轮（人字齿轮）是与反向的并排地装在同一轴上的两个斜齿轮等效。他们产生相反的轴向推力作用，这样就消除了轴向推力。当两个或更多个单向齿斜齿轮被在同一轴上时，齿轮的齿向应作选择，以便产生最小的轴向推力。 交错轴斜齿轮或螺旋齿轮，他们是轴中心线既不相交也不平行。交错轴斜齿轮的齿彼此之间发生点接触，它随着齿轮的磨合而变成线接触。因此他们只能传递小的载荷和主要用于仪器设备中，而且肯定不能推荐在动力传动中使用。交错轴斜齿轮与斜齿轮之间在被安装后互相捏合之前是没有任何区别的。它们是以同样的方法进行制造。一对相啮合的交错轴斜齿轮通常具有同样的齿向，即左旋主动齿轮跟右旋从动齿轮相啮合。在交错轴斜齿设计中，当该齿的斜角相等时所产生滑移速度最小。然而当该齿的斜角不相等时，如果两个齿轮具有相同齿向的话，大斜角齿轮应用作主动齿轮。 蜗轮与交错轴斜齿轮相似。小齿轮即蜗杆具有较小的齿数，通常是一到四齿，由于它们完全缠绕在节圆柱上，因此它们被称为螺纹齿。与其相配的齿轮叫做蜗轮，蜗轮不是真正的斜齿轮。蜗杆和蜗轮通常是用于向垂直相交轴之间的传动提供大的角速度减速比。蜗轮不是斜齿轮，因为其齿顶面做成中凹形状以适配蜗杆曲率，目的是要形成线接触而不是点接触。然而蜗杆蜗轮传动机构中存在齿间有较大滑移速度的缺点，正像交错轴斜齿轮那样。 蜗杆蜗轮机构有单包围和双包围机构。单包围机构就是蜗轮包裹着蜗杆的一种机构。当然，如果每个构件各自局部地包围着对方的蜗轮机构就是双包围蜗轮蜗杆机构。着两者之间的重要区别是，在双包围蜗轮组的轮齿间有面接触，而在单包围的蜗轮组的轮齿间有线接触。一个装置中的蜗杆和蜗轮正像交错轴斜齿轮那样具有相同的齿向，但是其斜齿齿角的角度是极不相同的。蜗杆上的齿斜角度通常很大，而蜗轮上的则极小，因此习惯常规定蜗杆的导角，那就是蜗杆齿斜角的余角；也规定了蜗轮上的齿斜角，该两角之和就等于90度的轴线交角。 当齿轮要用来传递相交轴之间的运动时，就需要某种形式的锥齿轮。虽然锥齿轮通常制造成能构成90度轴交角，但它们也可产生任何角度的轴交角。轮齿可以铸出，铣制或滚切加工。仅就滚齿而言就可达一级精度。在典型的锥齿轮安装中，其中一个锥齿轮常常装于支