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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 钻床主轴进给机构改造 变速机构设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923822学生姓名： 沈 宇 指导教师： 韩邦华（职称：副教授 ） （职称： ）2013年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 钻床主轴进给机构改造 变速机构设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0923822 学生姓名： 沈 宇 指导教师： 韩邦华（职称：副教授） （职称： ） 2012年11月25日课题来源 无锡某企业生产实际科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）本课题为基于多工位加工的普通钻床结构设计，由于生产纲领为大批大量生产，故将涉及大批量加工的工艺规程设计、专用机床和专用夹具设计等，尤其随着工业的发展，快速进给及多工位加工更是引人注目。实现多工位加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，完成该课题可对我们大学期间所学知识进行一次全面的专业训练，可以培养我们掌握如何运用过去所学知识去解决生产中实际问题的方法，增强从事本专业实际工作所必需的基本能力和开发研究能力，可以提高我们的专业素质，为今后走上工作岗位打下一个良好的基础。研究内容 本课题的专题是基于多工位加工的普通钻床改造设计。钻床被广泛用于大、中批量零件如：汽车、拖拉机、摩托车等行业的汽缸体、变速箱壳体、杠杆拨叉等加工领域。为了适应大批量生产，专用多工位钻削加工具有较大的优势，它按照孔的分布位置，通过PLC控制可实现一次装夹，多工位加工，从而保证了各孔间的位置及尺寸精度。对于在大批量生产模式下的金属切削加工应保证快速并且稳定，必需设计出高效率的专用加工设备，并要做到最合理，这样才能保证加工质量和提高生产率。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析 在毕业实习调研以及查阅有关资料的基础上，结合钻削加工的特点，设计出基于多工位加工的快速主轴、移动工作台及回转工作台，实现在普通钻床一次装夹多工位加工的高效机床，经反复对各方案对比分析，采用以专用机床与专用夹具为主组成生产流水线，提高机械加工效率以节省劳动时间。通过实验分析回转加工的特点，改进专用机床的结构设计，并采用动作迅速并安全可靠的机构。研究计划及预期成果 通过现场调研、模拟、建模、实验和机器调试，根据加工对象的具体工艺要求来合理地改进多工位加工钻床的结构形式，提高机械加工效率以节省劳动时间，并降低工人的劳动强度和企业的生产成本。特色或创新之处 适用于本厂的某加工生产线的优化设计，力求在不影响加工的前提下最大限度的减少成本，并降低工人的劳动强度和生产成本。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题针对实际机械加工过程中存在的工时定额问题，综合所学的机械理论设计、方法及工艺装备，提高机械零件加工的精度及工艺成本，进而提升学生开发和创新机械产品的能力。指导教师意见 指导教师签名：年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日The Features and Development History and Application of Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmutation 1.The advantages of hydraulic transmission 1) A hydraulic system can produce higher power than electrical equipment under the same volume . The hydraulic equipment system has smaller volume , light , high power consistency and compact configuration at a given power . The volume and weight of a hydraulic motor are about 12% of an electric motor .2) Hydraulic equipment has a good working stability . It is because of light , less inertia , quick response : the hydraulic equipment can realize celerity start-up , brake and frequent change in motion direction .3) The hydraulic transmission can reach a wide range of speed regulation (with the range of 1:2000), and the speed can also be regulated during the work processing .4) The hydraulic transmission can easily realize automation and the pressure , flow rate and the flow direction can be regulated and controlled . If we combine it with electric , electron or pneumatic control systems , a more complex transmission system with remote control can be realized .5) The hydraulic system can protect from over-load easily , which cannot be done by electricity or machine equipment .6) Because of standardization , series , and all-purpose application ; the hydraulic system is easier in design , fabrication and application .7) The hydraulic system is easier than machine equipment in doing line motion .2.The shortages of hydraulic transmission 1) Leak . Oil leaks are inevitable because of the loss in fluid flow resistance . So more energy loss exists in a hydraulic transmission .2) Working temperature . The working temperature has strong effect on the working property of a hydraulic system because of the viscosity-temperature character of hydraulic oil . It is suitable for working in a proper temperature .3) Cost . The cost is high because of the needs in high precision fabricate for hydraulic elements .4) It is difficult to find the reasons of fault .3. The advantages of pneumatic transmission .1) The air can be obtained and expelled from the atmosphere . It cannot bring pollution to the environment .2) It is of low viscosity and lower pressure loss in pipes . The pressure air is convenient for convergence supply and remote transportation .3) It is of low working pressure ( usually 0.3-0.8MP a ). Avowers material and fabricate precision is required for the pneumatic transmission elements .4) The pneumatic transmission has a simple servicing .The air pipe is not easy to be jammed .5) Safety . The pneumatic system can protect from over-load easily .4. The shortcomes of pneumatic transmission 1) It is because of air compressibility . The working stabilities for pneumatic transmission system are poorer than those of hydraulic transmission system .2) Because of lower working pressure and small size in configuration , the push force of pneumatic transmission is usually very lower .3) Lower transmission efficiency .To sum up , the strong-points of hydraulic and pneumatic transmission have taken the main advantages , and the shortages have been overcome and improved by technical renovation .The fundamental law underlying the whole science of hydraulics was discovered by Blasie Pascal ,a French physicist ,in the seventeenth century .But it was not until the end of the 18 century that man found ways to make the snugly fitting parts required in hydraulic systems and other modern equipment .Since then progress has been rapid .Hydraulic transmission has been experiencing the process as below .The 17th and 18th centuries were a productive period in the development of hydraulic theory . Torricelli studied fluid motion in the early 17th century .Late in that century ,Sir Isaac Newton conducted studies on viscosity and the resistance of submerged bodies in a moving fluid .The key achievements of the period occurred in the middle of the 18th century when Daniel Bullion developed the theory of transmission of energy in fluid streams and Blas Pascal ,at about the same time ,established the principle of hydrostatic pressure transmission .This principle was first used in the latter part of the 18th century .The first hydraulic pressure machine was manufactured by England in the late 18th century .The fundamentals of fluid theory were established by the above work and refinements were added by Navier who derived the mathematics of motion in liquids including equations for fluid flow with friction .This was early in the 19th century .It was followed by the work of Stokes ,who independently discovered the same equations and further extended the work of Navicert .Recently hydraulic and pneumatic pressure transmission technology has been developed with a large scale petrolic industry in the 19th century ,and the barbette displace was the first one successful using hydraulic equipment ,and then hydraulic machine tool .In World War I many new machines based on the principles of hydraulics had been used .The great automotive industy introduced hydraulic brakes in the early thirties and hydraulic transmissions in the late thirties .The tractor industry began using hydraulics in 1940 to increase the flexibility and utility of farm equipment .In World War II because of the demand transmission and control equipments in fast reaction ,precision action and high output powers boosted development in hydraulic theology .After the War ,the hydraulic development turned into civil industry ,such as machine tool ,engineering ,metallurgy ,plastic machine ,farm machine ,vehicle and watercraft .In more recent years ,the role of leadership in hydraulic power application has been taken over largely by some of the large earthmoving and construction equipment manufacturers .The total power involved is often greater than that required in even the largest aircraft systems .With the development of higher automation of hydraulic machines and increasing use of hydraulic and pneumatic elements ,the scaled elements and integrated hydraulic system with miniaturization is inevitable .Especially in recent years hydraulic and pneumatic transmission is combined closely with the sensor and micro-electricity technology .It has been emerging amounts of new valves such as hydraulic-electricity proportional valves ,digital valves ,hydraulic and electro-hydraulic servo cylinders and the integrative elements ,which will lead the hydraulic and pneumatic technology to the development of higher pressure ,higher speed ,larger power ,lower energy wastage and noise ,longevity and high integration .Computer aided design (CAD ) and test (CAT ) and practical control technology used in hydraulic and pneumatic system will be the trend .Nowadays the application of hydraulic transmission system has become one of the important indications of industry level for a country .In developed countries ,95%of engineering machine ,90%of numerical control center and more than 95%of automation assembly lines use the hydraulic transmission system .液压与气压传动的特点及发展应用概况1. 液压传动有以下优点1）在同等体积下，液压装置毕电气装置产生更高的动力。再同等功率下，液压装置体积小，重量轻，功率密度大，结构紧凑。液压马达的体积和重量只有同等功率电动机的12%左右。2）液压装置工作比较平稳。由于重量轻、惯性小、反应快，液压装置易于实现快速启动、制动和频繁的换向。3）液压装置能在大范围内实现无级调速（调速范围可达2000），它还可以在运行过程中进行调速。4）液压传动易于自动化，它对液体压力、流量或流动方向易于进行调节或控制。当将液压控制和电气控制、电子控制或气动控制结合起来使用时，整个传动装置能实现复杂的顺序动作，也能方便的实现远程控制。5）液压装置易于实现过载保护，这是电气传动装置和机械传动装置无法办到的。6）由于液压元件已经实现了标准化、系列化和通用化，液压系统的设计、制造和使用都比较方便。7）用液压传动实现直线运动远比用机械传动简单。2.液压传动的缺点1）由于流体流动的阻力损失和泄露是不可避免的，所以液压传动在工作过程中常有较多的能量损失。2）工作性能易受温度变化的影响，因此不宜在很高或很低的温度下工作。3）为了减少泄漏，液压元件的制造精度要求较高，因而价格较贵。4）液压传动出现故障时不易找出原因。3.气压传动的优点1）空气可以从大气中取得，同时，用过的空气可直接排放到大气中去，处理方便，万一空气管路有泄漏，除引起部分功率损失外，不知产生不利于工作的严重影响，也不会污染环境。2）空气粘度很小，在管道中的压力损失较小，因此压缩空气便于集中供应和远距离输送。3）因压缩空气的工作压力较低（一般为0.30.8Mpa），因此，对气动元件的材料和制造精度上的要求较低。4）气动系统维护简单，管道不易堵塞。5）使用安全，并且便于实现过载保护。4.气压传动的缺点1）由于空气具有可压缩的特性，因此运动速度的平稳性不如液压传动。2）因为工作压力较低和结构尺寸不宜过大，因而气压传动装置的总推力一般不可能很大。3）传动效率低。总的说来，液压与气压传动的优点是主要的，而
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