梳棉机箱体加工工艺及组合机床设计【含PDF图纸+CAD制图+文档】
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编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 梳棉机箱体加工工艺 及组合机床设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业学 号： 0923034学生姓名： 管星宇 指导教师： 尤丽华（职称：副教授） （职称： ）2012年5月25日目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 梳棉机箱体加工工艺 及组合机床设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0923034 学生姓名： 管星宇 指导教师： 尤丽华 （职称：副教授 ） （职称： ）2012年11月25日 课题来源在工艺制定过程中，通过生产批量的分析确定梳棉机箱体结合件的加工方案，并寻求最佳的工艺方案，借此说明了工艺在生产过程中的重要性；在组合钻孔工序的工装设计过程中，结合实例，介绍了夹具设计方法，特别是对孔的加工精度进行了探讨；在液压控制系统设计过程中，以双面钻孔组合机床为对象，依据液压系统设计的基本原理，拟出合理的液压系统图。通过系统主要参数的计算确定了液压元件的规格；在组合机床设计过程中，结合具体实例和设计经验, 阐述了通用件(如液压滑台，动力箱等)的选取及专用部件（如主轴箱）的设计计算。科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等） 梳棉机是棉纺工艺流程中的关键性机台，一直被称为纺纱工艺的“心脏”设备，可见梳棉机在纺纱过程中占有极为重要的位置，而我国的梳棉机研制已有五十余年的历史，并且于五十年代后期就曾经达到过世界先进水平。建国后，我国自行研制了1181型弹性针布梳棉机(英制)，性能良好、质量稳定、台时产量达5-7kg，改公制后定型为A181型梳棉机。随着生产技术的发展，制成以金属针布替代弹性针布的A181E型梳棉机，台时产量为15-20kg。在此基础上，采取提高刺辘与锡林速度、加大卷装筹措施，使台时产量又提高到15-25kg，并定型为A186到梳棉机。之后在对传动机构、锯条和针布规格以及部分零件的改进基础上，生产了A186G型梳锦机。随后又在对吸尘装置以及主要部件和精板加固的基础上，生产了A186D梳棉机，该机可加工棉、棉型化纤和中长纤维。为了提高国产梳棉机水平，在A186D型梳棉饥基础上，吸取了部分引进设备的特点，又试制TAl86E型梳棉机。近年来，又先后研制了FA203型梳棉机、FA231型等多种型号的梳锦机。采用抬高锡林中心位置、增加工作盖板根数、锡林前后加装固定盖板、刺辘下安装分梳板取代小漏底以及使用新疆针布等项技术措施，使台时产量达到2O-35kg。 国产梳棉机的发展主要体现在以下几个方面：（一）速度与产量不断提高 产量由最初的46kg/h到现在的4585kg/h，国外有的机型可达成100140kg/h。（二）适纺范围不断扩大，新型梳棉机的适纺范围在2276mm，既能加工棉，棉型化纤，还可以加工中长化纤。（三）主要机件、支撑件的刚度和加工精度不断提高，从而改善了梳棉机的稳定性。（四）扩大分梳区域，改进附加分梳元件和采用新型针布，使分梳质量和除杂效果大大提高。（五）采用吸尘机构及密封机壳，以降低工人劳动强度，改善生产环境。（六）采用自调匀整机构，进一步提高生条质量。 国外新型梳棉机有骑士立达公司的CIO型、C51型，德国特吕茨勒公司的DK760型、DK803型，英国克洛斯洛尔公司的MA型以及意大利马佐利公司的CX400型等。各机均 具特点，且自动化程度很高。国外各公司先后推出了具有国际先进水平的梳棉机C50C51 DK760 DK788 DK803 DK903 CX400 MK5等超高产梳棉机，产量为50-120kgtho2004年国外又推出了TC03 C60 MK6等超高产梳棉机 本文针对组合机床在梳棉机制造过程中的应用现状，以梳棉机箱体结合件的加工为例，阐述了工艺、工装、组合机床的设计过程及其与经济效益之间的关系。并以梳棉机箱体结合件为例进行了工艺技术及加工设备、装夹设备的简单设计。研究内容 应用组合机床加工大批量零件，快捷高效，生产效率高是机械加工的发展方向。本次设计任务是制定梳棉机箱体结合件的加工工艺、组合钻孔工序的工装设计、组合机床设计。在工艺制定过程中，通过生产批量的分析确定梳棉机箱体结合件的加工方案，并寻求最佳的工艺方案；结合组合钻孔工序，进行工装夹具设计；最后设计出钻孔的组合机床。简单阐述了工艺、工装、组合机床的设计过程及其与经济效益之间的关系。简要说明了现代制造工艺和制造设备与梳棉机的关系拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析(1) 通过生产批量的分析确定梳棉机箱体结合件的加工方案，并寻求最佳的工艺方案；(2) 结合组合钻孔工序，进行工装夹具设计；(3) 以双面钻孔组合机床为对象，组合机床设计，并绘制相应的二维图纸；（4）绘制相应的二维装配图研究计划及预期成果由本文的论述，我们了解到，通过对梳棉机箱体结合件加工设备及工艺的研究与应用，在机床、夹具、刀具、工艺流程等方面进行合理设计和选择，有效提高了加工效率和产品质量，扩大了加工适应范围，提高了可靠性，具备一定的先进性，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，为解决此类多孔同时加工问题举了一件实例。本成果设计制造的机床为六轴钻孔双面卧式组合机床。我们将钻削主轴设为机械传动，而进给系统为液压控制，使在满足使用要求的前提下降低了成本。作为关键部件的液压滑台采用国产通用部件。以比较简单的方式完成旋转运动和直线运动的同步进行，非常实用。 本机床所用夹具的通用性强，工件采用液压定位夹紧，快速方便。定位采用两面一销的定位方式，夹紧采用液压加紧，采用这种方式完全能够满足精度要求。而且简易方便，制造成本低，通用性好。在刀具方面，由于所加工孔的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度要求都不算高，采用麻花钻。这种钻头采购比较方便，而且价格比深孔钻头也要便宜。在刀具的几何角度方面，麻花钻头的螺旋角即是其轴向前角。当加工工件时，切削力和切削热随钻头螺旋角的增大而减小(减 少)，切削轻快，刀具耐用度高。为此，我们选取钻头螺旋角为32，在保证强度的前提下，有效降低了切削力和切削温度，提高了刀具使用寿命和生产效率。通过本成果的实施，进排气摇臂的深孔加工质量和生产效率得到较大幅度提高，经济和社会效益显著。而且加工精度也完全能够满足设计要求。则在直接经济效益方面，节省了大量加工工时。特色或创新之处任何一个较为复杂的机械零件，都有不同的加工工艺方案，特别是一个新产品，从开发设计，试制，小批量投产到产品发展和成熟时期的大批量生产，都要经历不同的生产批量过程。作为组成这一产品的机械零件必须根据生产批量来确定其工艺方案，现以梳棉机箱体结合件为例，说明在不同生产批量情况下，如何合理选择定位基准，采用适宜的生产设备和工艺手段，以保证加工质量可靠，满足市场的需求。达到生产批量的能力，同时投资小，见效快，成本低，从而获得企业的最大经济效益。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件： 1.计算机以及绘图软件； 2.各种技术参考以及课题背景资料尚需解决的问题：对一些结构设计部分的具体设计，以及三维软件的高级运用技巧。指导教师意见 指导教师（签名）： 年 月 日 系主任（签名）： 年 月 日Structural analysis in control systems design of hydraulic drivesBenno Stein, Elmar VierAbstract：The design of hydraulic control systems is a complex and time-consuming task that, at the moment, cannot be automated completely. Nevertheless, important design subtasks like simulation or control concept selection can be efficiently supported by a computer. Prerequisite for a successful support is a well-founded analysis of a hydraulic systems structure. This paper provides a systematics for analyzing a hydraulic system at different structural levels and illustrates how structural information can be used within the design process. Another important point of this paper is the automatic extraction of structural information from a circuit diagram by means of graph-theoretical investigations.Keywords: Algorithms and knowledge-based methods for CACSD; Structural analysis of hydraulic systems; Graph theory1. IntroductionHydrostatic drives provide advantageous dynamic properties and therefore represent a major driving concept for industrial applications. Large-scale hydraulic systems such as plants in marine technology as well as drives for machine tools possess a large number of actuators. Consequently, sophisticated inter-dependences between single components or entire subsystems may occur, which leads to a variety of challenging and demanding design and control tasks. As a representative example with respect to complexity and dimension, Fig. 1 shows the circuit diagram of a cold-rolling plant (Wessling, 1995; Ebertsha user, 1994). Here,more than 20 actuators work on the coiled steel strips.Designing such large hydraulic control systems implies a systematic procedure. In practice, this is done rather implicitly based on the intuition and the experience of the human designer. This paper introduces a systematics of hydrostatic drives which reveal their underlying structures, as well as relations and depen-dencies among substructures. This approach allows a thorough structural analysis from which fundamenta conclusions for the automation of the design process can be drawn.The concepts of this paper have been realized and integrated within deco, a knowledge-based system for hydraulic design support (Stein, 1995). Currently, deco combines basic CAD facilities tailored to uidics,checking and structure analysis algorithms, simulation methods, and basic design rule processing. The operationalization of hydraulic design knowledge requires a formal definition and automatic extraction of structural information from a circuit diagram. The paper contributes within these respects; it is organized as follows. Section 2 describes both conceptually and exemplarily the structural levels at which a hydraulic system can be investigated. Section 3 briefly discusses the benefits that go along with a structural analysis. Section 4 precisely definesdifferent types of couplings between the functional units of a hydraulic system, hence establishing a basis for a computer-based analysis. Moreover, it is outlined how a structural analysis is automated. Section 5 outlines the exploitation of structural information within deco.2. Structural analysis of hydraulic systemsThe majority of hydraulic systems is designed by exploiting the experience and intuition of a single engineer. Due to the lack of a structural methodology, a thorough analysis of the system structure is not carried out. Instead, a limited repertory of possible solutions is used, making the result highly dependent on the capabilities of the individual. Such an approach is suitable only for recurring design tasks with little variation.In the following, a systematics of the structural set-up of hydraulic plants is introduced which leads to a problem-oriented system analysis. Its application to a hydrostatic drive given as a preliminary design facilitates a consequent and purposive derivation of structural information, which is necessary to make the systems behavior meet the customers demands.2.1. Structural levels of hydraulic systemsThe systematics developed here is based on three levels of abstraction. The differentiation between functional structure, component structure, and system-theoretical structure corresponds to system descriptions of different characteristics (Fig. 2). From this distinction results an overall view of how to influence the systems behavior. To illustrate the concept of structural levels, we will concentrate on a sample subsystem of the cold-rolling plant, the four-roll stand is sketched in Fig. 3.The functional structure shows the fundamental modes of action of a hydraulic circuit by analyzing the different tasks (functions) the plant has to fulfill. It represents some kind of qualitative system description. A key element within the functional structure is the so-called hydraulic axis, which is defined as follows. A hydraulic axis A represents and fulfills a subfunction f of an entire hydraulic plant. A defines the connections and the interplay among those working, control, and supply elements that realize f. The hydraulic actuators of the four-roll stand perform two tasks each of which defined by a directional load and motional quantities. A representation of the roll stand at the functional level is given in Fig. 4. The detection of hydraulic axes and their interdependences admits far-reaching conclusions, which are stated in Section 3.On the level of the component structure the chosen realization of a function is investigated. The arrangement structure comprises information on the hydraulic elements (pumps, valves, cylinders, etc.) as well as their geometric and physical arrangement. By the switching-state structure the entirety of the possible combinations of switching positions is characterized: A valve, for instance, can be open or closed. Fig. 6 depicts the representation of the roll stand at the component level. The system-theoretical structure contains information on the dynamic behavior of both the hydraulic drive as a whole and its single components. Common ways of describing dynamics are differential and difference equations or the state-space form (Schwarz, 1991). The system-theoretical view comprises information on the controlled quantities, as well as the dynamic behavior of the controlled system. The block diagram in Fig. 7 reveals the system-theoretical structure of the roll stand. By comparing analysis and simulation results with the performance demands at the drive, a decision can be made for each hydraulic axis whether open- or closed-loop control concepts are adequate. In a further step, an appropriate control strategy (linear, nonlinear, etc.) can be assigned.Remarks. While the functional structure yields a qualitative representation, the system description becomes more quantitative at the component and system-theoretical level, respectively. Moreover, the analysis of the structural set-up shows in which way the behavior of a hydraulic plant can be influenced (cf. Fig. 2): (1) at first, the functional structure must be considered as invariant, because it results from the customers demands. Only if the given structure proves to be unsatisfactory, a modification resulting from a heuristic analysis approach is advisable; (2) note that at the component level, a combination of heuristic and analytic methods is required for the variation or exchange of hydraulic elements, which form the controlled system; (3) the system-theoretical level facilitates the investigation of the dynamic behavior: control theory provides an analytic approach for the selection of a suitable control strategy, parameterization, etc.2.2. Hydraulic axes and their couplingsFocusing on the investigation of the functional structure of hydraulic systems, the detection and evaluation of hydraulic axes is of central interest. Their analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the inner correlations of the plant and provides an overview of the energy flows with respect to the functions to be fulfilled. The definition of the hydraulic axis given in Section2.1 is based on the criterion of elements working together in order to fulfill a single function. Note that several actuators (hydraulic motors/cylinders) maycontribute to the same function, thus forming a single hydraulic axis (Fig. 8). This situation is given for (a) identical sub-circuits that are controlled by onesingle control element, (b) synchronized movements that are carried out by open or closed loop control, or (c,d) mechanical couplings such as guides and gear units that enforce a unique behavior. Beyond the consideration of isolated hydraulic axes, it is necessary to investigate their interdependences. The following coupling types have been worked out Level 0 (No coupling.) Hydraulic axes possess no coupling, if there is neither a power nor an informational connection between them. Level 1 (Informational coupling.) Hydraulic axes which are connected only by control connections arecalled informationally coupled. Level 2 (Parallel coupling.) Hydraulic axes which possess their own access to a common power supply are coupled in parallel. Level 3 (Series coupling.) A series coupling connects the hydraulic axes whose power supply (or disposal) is realized via the preceding or the following axis. Level 4 (Sequential coupling.) A sequential coupling is given, if the performance of a following axis depends on the state variables, e.g. the pressure or the position of the preceding one in order to work in a sequence.Applying the concept of functional structure to the cold-rolling plant of Fig. 1, 15 hydraulic axes along with their couplings can be found. The left-hand side of Fig. 9 envisions the membership of the components in the diagram to the axes, the right-hand side shows the entire coupling scheme in the form of a tree.3. Benefits of a structural analysisA structural analysis of hydraulic systems reveals basic design decisions. Especially the functional analysis, which is based on the detection of a systems hydraulic axes, will simplify the modification, the extension, and the adaptation of the system (Stein,1996). The separate treatment of hydraulic axes remarkably reduces the design effort within the following respects: Smart simulation. Smart simulation is a human strategy when analyzing a complex system: subsystems are identified, cut free, and simulated on their own. This strategy reduces the simulation complexity and simplifies the interpretation of its results. Hydraulic axes establish suited subsystems to be cut free, since they perform an indivisible but complete subtask. Static design. Information on the hydraulic axes driving concept (open/closed center, load sensing, regenerative circuit, etc.) allows the selection of computation procedures relating the static design. Moreover, theapplication of modification knowledge has to consider the axes coupling levels.Control concept selection. The consideration of couplings between input and output variables supplies a necessary decision basis for the selection of control concepts. Analyzing the decouplability matrix D (Schwarz, 1991) yields a common approach here. Note that the system order that can be tackled is limited. The functional structure analysis provides a separation into (1) SISO systems, to which standard methods of controller design can be applied, and (2) coupled subsystems of a reduced order, for which decouplability can be investigated more efficiently or even becomes possible at all. Diagnosis. Having a hydraulic circuit decomposed into its hydraulic axes, the diagnosis process can focus onto a single axis according to the following working hypothesis: if symptoms are observed merely at a single hydraulic axis, then the defect component(s) must be amongst the components of this axis. If symptoms are observed at several axes, the axescoupling type will give further answers with respect to defect components. Hesse and Stein (1998) describe a system where this idea has been set into operation. Note that a smart classification of the couplings between hydraulic axes forms the rationale of whether a decomposition of a hydraulic design problem is permissible. While subsystems with level 0 or level 1 couplings can always be cut free, additional information is required for parallel, series, and sequential couplings.在液压传动控制系统设计的结构分析本诺斯坦，艾玛四摘要：液压控制系统的设计是一项复杂的任务，而且费时，此刻，不能完全自动化。然而，重要的设计任务是仿真或控制概念选择计算机能有效地支持。一个成功的先决条件是一个很好的支持建立一个液压系统的结构分析。本文提供了一个系统的分析在不同的结构层次，液压系统，说明了结构信息，可以在设计过程中的应用。本文的另一个重要的一点是自动提取结构信息从一个电路图用图论的理论研究方法。关键词：CACSD算法和基于知识的方法；液压系统的结构分析；图论1。简介静液压驱动提供了有利的动态特性，因此代表了工业应用的一个主要的驱动概念。大型液压系统如海洋科技厂以及机床的驱动器具有大量的致动器。因此，复杂的国际单部件或整个子系统之间的依赖关系可能会发生，导致各种各样的挑战和要求，设计和控制任务。方面的复杂性和尺寸作为一个代表性的例子，图1显示了一个冷轧厂的电路图（韦斯林，1995；ebertsha用户，1994）。在这里，20多个执行器工作在连续带钢。这样的大型液压控制系统的设计意味着一个系统的方法。在实践中，这是做得相当含蓄基于直觉和设计者的经验。本文介绍了一种系统的静液驱动，揭示其基本结构，以及结构之间的关系和依赖dencies。这种方法允许一个彻底的结构分析，为设计过程的自动化基本可以得出的结论。本文的概念已经实现，集成在德科，知识型液压设计支持系统（斯坦，1995）。目前，装饰结合基本CAD设施为uidics，检查和结构分析的算法，仿真方法，和基本的设计规则处理。液压设计知识的运作需要一个正式的定义和结构信息的自动提取从一个电路图。本文在这些方面；它的组织结构如下。第2节描述的概念和模范结构水平在液压系统可以进行调查。第3节简要的阐述了随结构分析的好处。4节精确地定义一个液压系统的功能单元之间的耦合不同的类型，因此，建立一个基于计算机的分析基础。此外，它概述了如何结构分析的自动化。5节概述了结构信息利用的装饰。2。液压系统的结构分析液压系统多数是利用经验和一个工程师的直觉设计。由于一个构造方法的不足，对系统结构的深入分析，不进行。相反，可能的解决方案是使用有限的剧目，使结果高度依赖于个人的能力。这种方法只适合重复出现的设计任务，几乎没有什么变化。在下面，一个系统的液压设备的结构设置的引入，导致一个面向问题的系统分析。一种静液压传动给出一个初步的设计有利于随之而来的、有目的的结构信息的推导及其应用，它是必要的，使系统的性能满足客户的需求。2.1。液压系统的层次结构这里开发的系统是基于三个层次的抽象。之间的功能结构，分化的组成结构，以及系统的理论结构对应于不同的特点，系统的描述（图2）。从这种区别，结果总的看法如何影响系统的行为。说明结构层次的概念，我们将集中在冷轧厂一个样品子系统，四辊架被描绘在图3。功能结构表明液压回路中的动作的基本模式，通过分析不同的任务（功能）的工厂已经完成。它代表了一种定性的系统描述。一个关键的元素在功能结构是所谓的 液压轴”，它的定义如下。液压轴代表和实现整个液压厂隶属函数f。一个定义在这些工作，控制的相互连接，并供应元件，实现F四
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