新世纪大学英语综合教程第三册第六单元

1、Unit 6 Intercultural CommunicationI. Difficult Sentences 1. Like most ailments it has its own cause, symptoms, and cure. (1) What does “it” refer to in this sentence? (= “It” refers to culture shock.)(2) In the previous sentence, the author uses the word “disease”, but here the word “ailments” is us

2、ed. What is the difference between these two words? (=Disease is a general term referring to an illness which affects a person, animal, or plant. Ailment refers to an illness that is not very serious. Obviously, culture shock is not a serious physical disease that is affecting ones body. It is just

3、a kind of emotional discomfort usually found in somebody who has been suddenly transplanted abroad. )(3) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。) 2. when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to ma

4、ke purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.(1) Say something more about the usage of “when/what/how/ + infinitive” structure. (=There are three points to remember when you use this kind of structure: First, this structure is used only

5、after such English verbs as ask, decide, discover, find out, forget, know, learn, remember, see (=understand/perceive), and wonder, etc.; Second, besides “when/what/how”, words like “where/which/whether” can also be used in this structure; Third, the structure “whether + infinitive” is usually used

6、after “want to know” or “wonder.” ) More examples:*I found out where to buy fruit cheaply.*I didnt know when to switch the machine off.*I wondered whether to write or phone.(2) Paraphrase “when to take statements seriously and when not.”(=when we should believe that these statements are worth our at

7、tention and when we neednt pay attention to them)3. These cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.(1) According to this state

8、ment, what makes up our culture? (=The cues we acquire in daily life, the language we speak, and the beliefs we accept.)(2) Translate the sentence into Chinese. (=这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。)4. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our effic

9、iency on hundreds ofthese cues. What is the implied meaning of this sentence? (=Without these familiar cues such as words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms, we would probably get lost and suffer from frustration and anxiety, and wouldnt be able to work efficiently.) 5. To an American

10、everything American becomes irrationally glorified. Do the two words “American” in this sentence mean the same?(=No, they dont mean the same. The first “American” is a noun, meaning “someone from the USA,” while the second is used as an adjective, meaning “relating to the USA.”)6. The culture of any

11、 people is the product of history and is built up over time largely through processes which are beyond his awareness.(1) What can you infer from this sentence?(=Culture develops and builds up through a long but hardly noticeable process.)(2) Translate the sentence into Chinese.(=任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫

12、长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。) 7. To this attitude we give the name ethnocentrism, a belief that not onlythe culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world.(1) To what kind of attitude do we give the name ethnocentrism? (=We give the name ethnocentrism to the attitude that people regard th

13、eir culture as both the best and the only way of doing things.)(2) How is ethnocentrism defined in this sentence?(=It is a belief that not only the culture but the race and the nation form the center of the world.)(3) Analyze the structure of this sentence. (=a. The first part of this sentence uses

14、the technique of fronting (前置手法). The regular sentence order would be “We give the name ethnocentrism to this attitude”; b. In the second part, there is an appositive clause used to modify “belief,” telling us the specific content of this “belief.”)8. For instance, if an American does something odd

15、or anti-social in a foreign country which back home would be considered a purely individual act, this is now considered a national trait. (1) What can we infer from the sentence?(=People tend to attribute all individual peculiarities as national characteristics.)(2) Translate this sentence into Chin

16、ese.(=例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性。)9. Instead of being censured as an individual, his country is censured.Paraphrase the sentence.(=His country rather than the individual himself would be officially criticized.)10. This task alone is quite enough to cause frustrati

17、on and anxiety, nomatter how skillful language teachers are in making it easy for you.(1) What does “it” refer to?(= It refers to the act of learning a new language.)(2) Translate this sentence into Chinese.(=无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。)11. At times it is helpful to be a partici

18、pant observer by joining theactivities of the people, to try to share in their responses, whether thisbe a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.(1) Analyze the structure of the second sentence “whether this be a carnival, a religious ritual, or some economic activity.” (=This sent

19、ence adopts the subjunctive mood. Here the thirdperson singular pronoun “this” is followed by “be” instead of “is.” This is one type of present subjective (现在虚拟) which is often used in clauses of condition or concession. The present subjective can also be found in certain exclamations to express a w

20、ish or hope, very often involving supernatural powers.More examples:*God bless you!*Long live the queen! )(2) Translate this sentence into Chinese.(=有时候，参加人们举办的各种活动，不管是嘉年华会、宗教仪式还是经济活动，在活动中仔细观察，和人们一起喜怒哀乐，这都有好处。)II. Words and Expressions1. transplant:(1) vt. to move from one place and settle elsewhere

21、*We start the flowers indoors and then transplant them to the garden.*His kidney was transplanted in his daughter.(2) n. the operation of transplanting an organ, piece of skin etc *Kellys only hope of survival was a heart and lung transplant.Collocations:heart transplant surgery 心脏移植手术a bone marrow

22、transplant 骨髓移植2. ailment: n. an illness that is not very serious It was still unclear what caused the victims ailments. *The medicine was supposed to cure all kinds of ailments, ranging from colds to back pains.CF: ailment, illness, disease & complaint这些名词均有“疾病”之意。ailment指身体或精神不适，尤其指小毛病。例如：*His ail

23、ment was only a slight headache. 他身体不舒服，有点轻微的头痛。illness 泛指一切疾病，强调生病的时间或状态。例如： *Her mother was just recovering from an illness. 他妈妈生了一场病，刚刚复。disease指具体的疾病，且通常较严重，发病时间也较长。例如： *She suffers from a rare disease of the brain. 她得了罕见的脑病。complaint指具体部位的疾病，尤其指不是很严重的那种。例如： *He is having treatment for a chest c

24、omplaint. 他正在接受胸部疾病的治疗。3. cure: (1) n. treatment or substance that cures; remedy*There is still no cure for AIDS.预防比任何一种治疗都要好得多。(=Prevention is far better than any cure.)(2) vt. to make an illness or medical condition go away*Many types of cancer can now be cured. (Ninety percent of patients can be

25、cured of the disease.)Pattern: cure sb. of sth. 把某人的病治愈 *She had some acupuncture treatment which seems to have cured her. 针灸几次后她的病似乎痊愈了。 4. precipitate: (1) vt. to make (an unwanted event) happen sooner *An attack on the country could precipitate a world war. (=The 1929 stock market crash precipita

26、ted the collapse of the American banking system.)(2) vi. to separate a solid substance from a liquid by chemical action, or to be separated in this way*This material causes most of the alumina in the solution to precipitate quickly.(3) n. a solid substance that has been chemically separated from a l

27、iquid老师让他在沉淀物溶解后再加热混合物。(=The teacher asked him to warm the mixture after the precipitate dissolved.)(4) adj. happening or done too quickly, and not thought about carefully *A precipitate decision leads to his failure.一阵冷风造成气温急剧下降。(=A cool breeze caused a precipitate drop in the temperature.)NB: 该词作动

28、词用时，近义词为hasten；作形容词用时，近义词为hasty。5. orient: v. to arrange or direct with a particular purpose*She looked at the street names, trying to orient herself.登山者停下来以便辨别自己的方位。(=The climber stopped to orient himself.)*The meeting decided that the magazine had to orient to the busisness community. Collocation:

29、orient oneself to sth. 使自己熟悉某事*It takes new students a while to orientate themselves to college life.新同学要花一定的时间来熟悉校园生活。be oriented to/towards/around sth/sb 迎合某人的需要, 围绕某事*The course is oriented towards the needs of businessmen. 这一课程是为迎合商人的需要而设立的。*A lot of the training is orientated around communicati

30、ons skills. 很多培训都是围绕交际技能展开的。NB:该词还可以用作名词，意为“东方”，但通常以the Orient的形式出现。例如：The traveler made a fame for himself by a book about the Orient. 这个旅行家凭了一本描写东方的书一举成名。6. purchase: (1) n. sth. you buy, or the act of buying it*Other customers arrived, made their purchases and left.那顶帽子买得不错。(=That hat was a good

31、purchase.)Collocations:date of purchase 购买日期proof of purchase 购买凭证hire purchase 分期付款make purchases 购物(2) vt. to buy sth.*You can purchase insurance online.(=Foreign investors are not permitted to purchase land.)7. a fish out of water: sb. who is uncomfortable; sb. who is at a disadvantage *I felt li

32、ke a fish out of water in my new school.Pattern: be/feel like a fish out of water 感觉格格不入8. tremendous: adj. very great in size, amount, or degree *She was making a tremendous effort to appear calm. 这个计划能省我们一大笔钱。(=This plan could save us a tremendous amount of money.)CF: tremendous, huge, vast & gian

33、t这些形容词均有“巨大的，庞大的”之意。tremendous指某物非常大，大得惊人。强调尺寸大小、数量以及程度方面的大。huge含义广，强调体积或容积的庞大。也可用于引申意义。vast多指空间、面积、范围的巨大，不涉及重量。giant非常大，强调比同类中的其他事务大得多。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form wherenecessary.(1) Be careful. The forest is full of _snakes and spiders. （= giant）(2) Kings

34、new novel will undoubtedly be a _ success. （= huge）(3) She praised her husband for the _support he had given her. (=tremendous)(4) _ areas of the Amazon rainforest have been destroyed. (=Vast)9. glorify: vt. to cause to appear more important or better than they really are*Movies that glorify violenc

35、e may be responsible for some of the rise in crime.(=The emperors achievements were glorified in numerous poems.)10. get over: (1) to findawaytodealwith*Once weve got over the first few months, we should be making a reasonable profit.我不知道我们应该怎样解决这个问题。(=I dont know how were going to get over this pro

36、blem.) (2) to become well again after an illness or a very upsetting experienceIts taken me ages to get over the flu.她从没有从儿子去世的悲伤中恢复过来。(=She never got over the death of her son.)11. dictate: v. (1) to tell someone exactly what they must do or how they must behave*Islamic custom dictates that women s

37、hould be fully covered. (=The media cannot be allowed to dictate to the government.)她拒绝听命于华盛顿一些愚蠢官员。(=She refused to be dictated to by some stupid officials in Washington.)*Can they dictate how the money will be spent?Patterns: dictate that dictate to dictate who/what/how etc (2) to say words for so

38、meone else to write down *Hes dictating a letter to his secretary right now.12. transmit: v. to send or pass from one person, place, or thing to another 会议将通过卫星进行现场转播。(=The meeting will be transmitted live via satellite.)*Radars that transmit at lower frequencies are more effective than high-frequen

39、cy radars in penetrating clouds, fog, and rain.CF: transmit, send & deliver 这些动词均含“送出”、“发送”、“传送”之意。transmit 指通过无线电、电视或其他类似的设备将信号、消息等发送出去或指传播知识、疾病等。例如：*The system transmits information over digital phone lines. 这个系统通过数字电话线发送信息。*Cultural values are transmitted from parent to child. 文化价值观由父母传递给孩子。send

40、最常用，含义广，指把人或物由一地送往另一地，而不涉及事物的内容传送的方式。例如：*We sent Mom flowers for Mothers Day. 母亲节我们送花给母亲。deliver 指把信件、包裹等物寄发出去或交到某地，或直接交与某人，着重发送这一行为。例如：*The morning mail has just been delivered. 晨报刚刚送到。13. build up: (1) to increase, develop, or become gradually larger*The firm has built up a wide reputation for fai

41、r dealing. (= Hes built up the family firm into a multinational company.)(2) to make someone well and strong again; strengthen*Taking exercise will build up your strength.生病的时候必须休息以便恢复健康。(=When sick you must rest to build up your health.)14. by means of: by using a particular method or system* I fou

42、nd my lost dog by means of a notice in the paper.NB:英文单词means比较活跃，有很多固定用法。常用的有：by all means 尽一切办法, 一定 by any means 无论如何 by no means 决不 15. associate with sb.: to spend time with sb. *I dont like those people youre associating with.约翰好像一直和犯罪分子混在一起。(=John may have been associating with the criminals.)

43、16. identify oneself/sb. with sb./sth.: to support or feel closely connected withsb./sth.*She has always been identified with the radical left. (=I tried to identify my mind with the old fellows, and take his view of the world.)CF: identify, recognize & make out 这些动词均含“认出，识别”之意。identify指辨别、确定人的身份或物品

44、的归属等。recognize 所辨认的人或物多是以前所熟悉的。make out通常指通过人的感觉器官来辨别事物。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.(1) I didnt _ you in your uniform. （= recognize）(2) His accent _ him as a Frenchman. （= identified）(3) He could just _a dark shape moving towards him. (=make

45、 out)(4) Scientists have _ the gene that causes abnormal growth. (=identified)17. to the extent that: so much that*Violence increased to the extent that residents were afraid to leave their homes.NB: 英语中还有一个词组与该词组意思相同：to such an extent that，意为“到这样的程度以致”。常用的关于extent的词组还有：to a certain extent 在一定程度上to

46、some extent 在某种程度上to a great/large extent 在很大程度上18. tendency: n. a characteristic likelihood of doing sth. *There is an increasing tendency for women to have children later in life.男孩的好斗倾向比女孩强。(Boys have a stronger tendency to fight than girls.)Collocations:aggressive tendency 进攻倾向suicidal tendency

47、自杀倾向criminal tendency 犯罪倾向artistic tendency 艺术倾向have a tendency to/towards sth. 有做某事的倾向19. attribute:(1) vt. to regard sth. as belonging to, caused by or produced by sb./sth. *We attribute courage to the lion and cunning to the fox.艾丽思的成功归功于她的聪明和勤奋。(=Alices success should be attributed to her intell

48、igence and hard work.) (2) n. a quality considered as belonging to a person or thing; characteristic.*Patience is an attribute of a good teacher.一名好经理应该具备何种素质？(=What attributes should a good manager possess?)20. peculiarity: n. sth. that is a feature of only one particular place, person,situation et

49、c *We noticed the peculiarity of his manner at once.*She was well aware of the peculiarity of her own situation.CF: peculiarity, trait & attribute这些名词均有“特性”、“特点”、“品质”之意。peculiarity指人或事物独具的或奇怪的特点，常带感情色彩。trait多指人的性格、心情的特征，尤指先天秉赋的持久的行为模式或性格特征。attribute通常指好的或有用的特征、品质。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks wit

50、h the words above. Change the form wherenecessary.(1) Courage, love, patience and common sense are desirable _.(=traits)(2) One of his _ is that his two eyes are not the same color. (=peculiarities)(3) He possesses the essential _ of a journalist. (=attributes)21. hostility: n. unfriendliness; oppos

51、ition. *The guard dog showed signs of hostility toward the newcomers. (=Recently there has been hostility towards the Prime Minister from members of his own party.)Collocations:open hostility 公开的敌意*They eyed each other with open hostility. 他们带着明显的敌意注视对方。popular hostility 公众的敌意*Pictures of refugees a

52、roused popular hostility towards the war. 难民照片引起了公众对于战争的愤怒。hostility to/towards sb./sth. 对某人或某事的敌意*There was fierce hostility to the new policy. 新政引起了强烈的敌意。22. open up: (1) to (cause to) spread or unfold*With a microscope, a whole new world of investigation opens up.*新国际公约带来了更多反恐合作的可能性。(=The new int

53、ernational agreement opens up the possibility of much greater co-operation against terrorism.) (2) to open sth. that is closed, locked, or covered*Open up, this is the police!(3) to stop being shy and say what you really think (=Last night was the first time that Ken had opened up about his feelings

54、.)23. allocate: vt. to divide and give as a share *You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.*One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief.CF: assign, distribute, divide & allocate这些动词均含“分配”、“分发”之意。assign指分配某项任务给某人或让某人负责某事；也可指为某事指定时间、地点。distribute通常指将整体或定量分为若干份来分配。divide普通用词，强调将某物分成若干份分配给