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郑州轻工业学院毕业设计（论文）学生自查表（中期教学检查用）学生姓名师国宾专业机制自动化班级机制08-4班指导教师姓 名肖艳秋课题名称可控并联双筒式减震器设计个人作息时 间上午自 9时至 12时下午自 3 时至 6 时晚上自 7 时至 10 时工作地点上午计算机机房下午计算机机房晚上宿舍个人精力实际投入日平均工作时数8周平均工作时数60迄今缺席天数无出勤率%100指导教师每周指导次数3每周指导时间（小时）8备注毕业设计（论文）工作进度已完成的主要内容%待完成的主要内容%课题调研，搜集查阅资料，撰写文献综述； 翻译外文文献一篇； 熟悉CAD、ProE等绘图软件。35确定总体设计方案，分析校核减震器，绘制零件图、装配图等；编写设计说明书65存在问题 对减震器的具体结构欠缺了解，制图软件的运用不太熟悉，任务艰巨，工作量大，自己的时间分配不是很合理！ 指导教师签名： 2012年4月10日 外文翻译 题 目 可控并联双筒式减震器 学生姓名 师国宾 专业班级 机制08-4班 学 号 200802010431 院 （系） 机电工程学院 指导教师(职称) 肖艳秋（教授） 完成时间 2012年 6月2日 汽车减振器汽车减振器是汽车的悬挂系统的一部分，并发挥了重要作用，在确保车辆安全和正确操作。如何才能了解汽车减振器的工作，你也应该明白的悬挂系统的所有部件和它们如何一起工作，以确保车辆运行安全。然后，你将能更好地了解汽车减振器，在这个过程中扮演的角色。汽车的悬挂系统由几部分组成，并帮助驾驶员控制车辆。悬挂系统之间的公路和汽车的轮胎摩擦增加，使乘客更加舒适车内，并给汽车的稳定性，当它被司机处理。汽车的悬挂系统包括弹簧，防摇酒吧和减振器。在悬挂系统的弹簧，钢板弹簧，空气弹簧，扭杆弹簧。阻尼器是任何打击和吸收冲击的悬挂系统组件。这些组件之一，是汽车减振器。没有到位的减振器，弹簧悬挂系统吸收的能量将被释放没有任何控制。这将使在乘坐汽车或其他车辆颠簸，司机和乘客非常不舒服。汽车减振器控制抑制休克弹簧的议案。这是通过减少上车打凹凸或另一种类型的休克发生时的振动。减振器有两个坐骑，上部安装和下端安装。汽车减振器上安装附加的帧和下端安装附加轴。当你的车撞击的凹凸，汽车减振器衰减的冲击，通过一个简单的过程。春天的能量被转移到汽车减振器活塞。允许液体泄漏，活塞上下移动。流体释放减缓活塞下行，导致在一个春天的运动减缓下来。大多数汽车减振器依靠流体摩擦如上所述，但也有一些其他类型车辆的减振器。气动系统可用于气体压缩挫伤休克的车辆和减少弹簧的运动。在一些车辆使用磁性阻尼器，但是这是不是一种广泛使用的减震方法。许多人认为它是好的，因为它只是挫伤驾驶时收到的冲击损坏的汽车减振器驾驶。然而，这种假设是不正确的。减振器有相关的安全，包括对车辆的控制轧制和摇曳的重要职能。此外，减震可以帮助保护车辆的其他部分，减少损失和降低维修费用。如果您怀疑您的汽车减振器损坏，把车开到一个机械师和尽快签出。你的技师将可以告诉你，如果你的车需要一个新的汽车减振器或其他维修，如果需要作出的。您的汽车减振器应改为从时间，以最大的汽车性能。有许多方法，更换您的汽车减振器，可以帮助你的车有更好的表现。处理的汽车将更加一致，将车辆制动。您的弹簧和悬挂运动也将更好地控制。其他好处包括防止轮胎早期磨损，减少磨损和撕裂你的车的其他部分，并保持正确对齐的车轮。最现代化的车主通常会感觉很舒服，他们的车。他们的车可能顺利推动各种道路表面留下的乘客感觉很舒服。但他们有没有意识到，他们可能会失去这样的安慰，如果他们不采取减振器照顾？这正是为什么车主都应该知道的赔率和减振器的两端。减振器是什么？车主需要了解减振器 - 顾名思义 - 那是他们的车，被分配减少过度运动的任务，由于路面凹凸不平，汽车接收组件。避震器如何工作？每一次司机打凹凸，敲门或超过道路上的一个洞，这些特定的组件尽力以吸收振荡，由于发生时，汽车弹簧向上和向下的议案。为了做到这一点，减振器活塞通过油执行，以发展所需的液压摩擦。这是为了消除过多的悬浮运动。有2种方法在减振器的工作。首先是一个称为压缩或关闭的议案。另一种是反弹或者是什么又称开幕议案。它是由这2种方式，减振器能够保持与路面接触的轮胎。可用的减振器类型有各类减振器，每一种不同的目的服务。1。空气减振器有时也被称为负载可调减振器。空气减振器使用压缩空气吸收围追堵截。也可用于压缩空气器的弹簧。载入更多的空气，使空气减振器围追堵截，同时消除空气中会使其少僵硬。2。阻尼器电击器俗称阻尼器，这个特殊的减振器设计车辆平稳减速，并在两个变化：流体或机械。流体阻尼器减轻冲击，通过使用压缩流体的车辆，而机械阻尼器模拟流体设计，但使用电信号，而不是只是一个流体物质。3。冲击与水库通常用于越野车水库，水库的冲击，冲击。水库的冲击使用氮作为吸音材料，其主要目的是提高反弹力，当车辆通过表面粗糙和颠簸行驶。 4。弹簧减振器最基本和最常用的减振器弹簧减振器。顾名思义，它使用橡胶或弹性弹簧，需要时可以压缩或扩大。减振器如何持久？遗憾的是，通常情况下，大部分在市场上的减振器相对容易损害。如果汽车的悬挂系统，往往被迫在极端温度下工作，这是特别真实。然而，在这个时候，车主可要求如何，他们都应该知道，如果需要更换减振器。那么，车主可以接近最简单的方法是驾驶自己的车，最近有很多的颠簸或孔不平坦的道路。同样重要的是要记住，减振器漏油，即使是明显的替代指标，是有一些倾向，穿，即使没有漏油量最少。然而，这也是车主需要特别注意的减振器，衣衫褴褛的灌木丛中，可见微小的孔，在活塞杆和轮胎条件异常的身体上可见凹陷的任何迹象。冲击磨损指示器车主还需要知道已使用了多久，减振器，以便预测可能损坏或需要更换。有些车主使用里程指标数的计数。不幸的是，仅汽车里程不够可靠。原因是因为有良好的条件下仍然工作后，已达到超过六十五个万公里，而另一些人穿出来之前，甚至达到三万公里的减振器。这也是明智的，来执行传统保险杠弹跳测试。这通常有助于确保车主是否减振器需要更换。最后但并非最不重要的，另外，车主往往冲击磨损指示器误解的事情是由经销商提供保修。担保往往意味着提高，而不一定表明多久，他们一直都在用减振器的销售价值。即使保修可能摆脱重置成本车主，很少提供免费的劳动力成本。一个减振器是悬挂组件，控制车辆的车轮向上和向下运动。虽然设备被称为避震吸收颠簸，导致车轮颠簸或逢低传递时的工作主要是处理由弹簧。更准确地被命名为减振器阻尼器，因为他们是在英国称为。他们的主要工作是潮湿的上述议案，保持车辆的身体，从上弹簧的弹跳道路。其实，最简单的减振器测试是推动车辆的保险杠，一个健康的减振器或麦弗逊式将允许身体反弹，但很快就来休息。如果车辆长时间的反弹周期，休克需要更换。不良冲击或Struts并不安全，因为他们未能最大化的道路，从而降低处理和制动轮胎接触。每个减振器包含活塞通过气缸滑动。活塞头两侧的液压油提供车轮向上和向下运动的必须工作，因为它压缩和扩展减振器的阻力。一个阀，在活塞头部和通常在另一个汽缸的基础，使流体，或油，流经为单位扩展和压缩。但压缩更快或更大时，油不能挤通过阀门的速度不够快，并成为加压。油加压，越抵抗活塞的议案。阀门的孔径大小有助于确定减振器的速度 - 这是多么公司或软。坚定减振器作出更严厉的车程，但可以提高处理和帮助，以尽量减少车身侧倾。有浮息减振器 - 手动和电子控制。该手册有一个设置，可以调整雇主或技工。类型电子控制自适应悬架，其中最复杂的电脑不同的反应条件的个人冲击坚定性每秒多次的关键。Car Shock AbsorberThe car shock absorber is part of the vehicles suspension system and plays an important role in making sure the vehicle is operating safely and correctly. Before you can understand how a car shock absorber works, you should also understand all of the parts of the suspension system and how they work together to ensure safe vehicle operation. Then you will be better able to understand the role that the car shock absorber plays in this process.A cars suspension system consists of several parts and helps a driver to control the vehicle. The suspension system increases friction between the road and the cars tires, makes passengers more comfortable inside the car, and give the car stability when its being handled by a driver. The cars suspension system consists springs, anti-sway bars, and dampers. The springs in a suspension system can be coil springs, leaf springs, air springs, or torsion bars.Dampers are any component of the suspension system that dampen and absorb shock. One of these components is the car shock absorber. Without dampers in place, all of the energy absorbed by the springs in the suspension system would be released without any sort of control. This would make riding in a car or other vehicle extremely bumpy and uncomfortable for the driver and passengers. The car shock absorber controls the motion of the springs by dampening the shock. This is accomplished by cutting down on the vibrations that are made when the car hits a bump or another type of shock happens.The shock absorber has two mounts, the upper mount and the lower mount. The upper mount of the car shock absorber is attached to the frame and the lower mount is attached to the axle. When your car hits a bump, the car shock absorber dampens the shock through a simple process. The springs energy is transferred from the car shock absorber into the piston. Fluid is allowed to leak as the piston moves up and down. The release of fluid slows the piston down, which results in a slowing down of the springs movement.Most car shock absorbers rely on fluid friction as described above, but there are also several other types of shock absorbers available for vehicles. Pneumatic systems can be used where the compression of gas dampens the shock to the vehicle and reduces the springs movement. Magnetic dampers are used in some vehicles, but this is not a widely used shock absorption method.Many people think that it is okay to drive with a damaged car shock absorber since it just dampens the shocks received while driving. However, this assumption is incorrect. Shock absorbers have important functions related to safety including controlling rolling and swaying of the vehicle. In addition, shock absorption can help protect other parts of the vehicle, reducing damages and cutting repair costs. If you suspect your car shock absorber is damaged, take your car to a mechanic and have it checked out as soon as possible. Your mechanic will be able to tell you if your vehicle needs a new car shock absorber or if other repairs need to be made.Your car shock absorber should be replaced from time to time for maximum vehicle performance. There are many ways that replacing your car shock absorber can help your car perform better. Handling of the car will be more consistent, as will braking the vehicle. Your spring and suspension movement will also be better controlled. Other benefits include prevention of early tire wear, reduction of wear and tear on other parts of your car, and keeping the wheels aligned properly.Most modern car owners usually feel very comfortable with their car. Their car may drive smoothly on various kinds of road surfaces leaving the passengers to feel pretty comfortable. But do they realise that they may lose such comfort if they dont take care of the shock absorbers? This is exactly why car owners are supposed to know the odds and ends of their shock absorbers. What are shock absorbers?Car owners need to know that shock absorbers - as its name implies - are the component of their cars that are assigned the task of minimising excessive motion that the car receives due to uneven road surfaces.How do shock absorbers work?Every single time a driver hits a bump or knocks over a hole on the road, these particular components try their best in order to absorb the oscillation due to the motion that takes place when car springs move upwards and downwards.In order to do this, the shock absorbers enforce a piston through oil so as to develop the required hydraulic friction. This is meant to eliminate the excessive suspension motion.There are 2 ways in which shock absorbers work. The first is the one known as compression or the closing motion. Another one is the rebound or what is also known as the opening motion. It is by these 2 ways that shock absorbers are able to maintain the contact of the tyres with the surface of the road.Types of shock absorbers availableThere are various types of shock absorbers available, each serving a different kind of purpose.1. Air shock absorbersAlso sometimes called a load-adjustable shock absorber. Air shock absorbers use compressed air to make the absorber stiffer. Compressed air is also used for the spring of the absorber. Loading more air will make the air shock absorber stiffer while removing air will make it less stiff.2. Damper shock absorbersCommonly called dampers, this particular shock absorber is designed for smooth deceleration for the vehicle, and comes in two variations: fluid or mechanical.Fluid dampers lessen the shock to a vehicle through the use of compressed fluids, while mechanical dampers mimics the fluid design, but uses electric signals instead of just a fluid substance.3. Shocks with reservoirsShocks with reservoirs, or reservoir shocks, are commonly used for off-road vehicles. Reservoir shocks uses nitrogen as an absorbing material, as their primary purpose is to improve bounciness when the vehicle is travelling through rough and bumpy surfaces. 4. Spring Shock AbsorberThe most basic and commonly used shock absorber is the spring shock absorber. As its name suggests, it uses a rubber or elastic spring that can compress or expand when needed.How durable are shock absorbers?Unfortunately, it is often the case that most of the shock absorbers available in the market are relatively vulnerable to damages. This is especially true if the cars suspension system is often forced to work under extreme temperatures.Yet, at this point of time, car owners may be asking how they are supposed to know if their shock absorbers need to be replaced.Well, the easiest way car owners can approach is to drive their car to the nearest uneven roads that have lots of bumps or holes.It is also important to keep in mind that even though oil leakage coming out of the shock absorbers are obvious indicator for replacement, there is a tendency for some to wear out even without the least amount of oil leakage.Yet, it is also necessary for car owners to pay careful attention to any signs of dents visible on the body of the shock absorbers, ragged bushes, tiny holes visible in piston rod and also abnormal tyre conditions.Shock wear indicatorCar owners also need to know how long shock absorbers have been in use so as to anticipate for possible damages or needs of replacement.Some car owners make use of the count on mileage number as the indicator. Unfortunately, car mileage alone is not reliable enough. The reason is because there are shock absorbers that still work under excellent condition after having reached more than sixty-five thousand kilometres while some others wear out before even reaching thirty thousand kilometres.It is also wise to perform a conventional bumper bounce test. This usually helps to ensure car owners whether or not their shock absorbers require a replacement.Last but not least, another thing that car owners often misunderstand for shock wear indicator is the warranty offered by the dealers. Warranties are often meant to raise the sale value of the shock absorbers without necessarily indicating how long they have been in use. Even though warranty might free car owners from the replacement cost, it seldom offers free labour costs.A shock absorber is a suspension component that controls the up-and-down motion of the vehicles wheels.Though the devices are called shock absorbers, the job of absorbing the jolts that result when the wheels pass over bumps or dips is handled mostly by the springs. Shock absorbers would more accurately be named dampers, as they are called in the United Kingdom. Their main job is to damp the motion mentioned above, keeping the vehicles body from bouncing down the road on its springs. In fact, the simplest shock absorber test is to push down on the vehicles bumper; a healthy shock absorber or MacPherson strut will allow the body to rebound but quickly come to rest. If the vehicle goes into a prolonged bounce cycle, the shock needs to be replaced. Bad shocks or struts arent safe because they fail to maximize tire contact with the road, which degrades handling and braking. Each shock absorber contains a piston that slides through a cylinder. Hydraulic fluid on either side of the piston head provides the resistance against which the up-and-down motion of the wheels must work as it compresses and expands the shock absorber. A valve in the piston head, and typically another at the base of the cylinder, allow the fluid, or oil, to flow through as the unit expands and compresses. But when the compression is faster or greater, the oil cant squeeze through the valve fast enough, and it becomes pressurized. The more the oil is pressurized, the more it resists the pistons motion. The size of the valve aperture helps determine the shock absorbers rate how firm or soft it is. Firmer shock absorbers make for a harsher ride but may improve handling and help to minimize body roll. There are variable-rate shock absorbers both manual and electronically controlled. The manual ones have a setting that the owner or a mechanic can adjust. Electronically controlled types are the key to adaptive suspensions, the most sophisticated of which are computerized to vary individual shock firmness many times per second in response to conditions.课题名称可控并联双筒式减振器设计课题来源基金项目课题类型AY指导教师肖艳秋学生姓名师国宾学 号200802010431专 业机械设计制造及其自动化减震器是改善汽车平顺性的最好途径，它是安装在车体与负重轮之间的一个阻尼元件，其作用是衰减车体的振动并阻止共振情况下车体振幅的无限增大，能减小车体振动的振幅和振动次数，因而能延长弹性元件的疲劳寿命和提高人乘车的舒适性。调研材料的准备：查阅汽车理论，汽车底盘构造，汽车设计课程设计指导书等相关书籍，以及从网上浏览下载的一些毕业设计方面的资料。设计目的：毕业设计是教学过程的最后阶段采用的一种总结性的实践教学环节。通过毕业设计，能使学生综合应用所学的各种理论知识和技能，进行全面、系统、严格的技术及基本能力的练习。它可以总结检查学生在校期间的学习成果，是评定毕业成绩的重要依据；同时通过毕业设计，也使学生对某一课题作专门深入系统的研究，巩固、扩大、加深已有知识，培养综合运用已有知识独立解决问题的能力要求： （1） 要求一定要有结合实际的某项具体项目的设计或对某具体课题进行有独立见解的论证，并要求技术含量较高； (2） 设计或论文应该在计划所规定的时限内完成； (3） 书面材料：框架及字数应符合规定。设计思路与预期成果：根据相关资料，运用相关专业知识进行合理的假设与计算研究，最后成果要满足减振器的一般性能要求，且完成设计的主要内容。时间安排：第1-3周：查阅相关资料，整体上了解毕业设计。第4周：完成开题报告及其文献综述。第5-10周：减振器设计方案分析及各种参数的计算第10-11周：校核设计方案的部件。第11-13周:绘制总装配图和组件图。第14周:手工绘制装配图。第15-17周:整理书写设计说明书。第18周:准备答辩。指导教师签名： 日期： 郑州轻工业学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告综述题目：可控并联双筒式减震器 专业班级：机制08-4 姓名：师国宾 学号：200802010431文献综述题 目 可控并联双筒式减震器设计 学生姓名 师国宾 专业班级 机制08-4班 学 号 200802010431 院 （系） 机电工程学院 指导教师(职称) 肖艳秋（副教授） 完成时间 2012年 3月10日 5可控并联双筒式减震器设计1 摘要通过查阅国内外文献，以及网上搜索，对减振器的发展状况有了较为深入的了解，认识到我国与国外目前减振器发展的现状，以及国内外汽车行业的一些优势和劣势，简单了解了国外汽车行业的经典产品，和我国这方面的发展史，认清我国与美国等国的减振器行业的差距，探索下我国减振器行业的发展前景，以及发展中应该努力的方向和应该注意的问题。关键词：文献，减振器，发展，前景2 引言减振器主要是用于减小或削弱振动对设备与人员影响的一个部件。它起到衰减和吸收振动的作用。使得某些设备及人员免受不良振动的影响，起到保护设备及人员正常工作与安全的作用，因此它广泛应用于各种机床、汽车、摩托车、火车、轮船、飞机及坦克等装备上。近年来，尤其是高速公路的不断发展及铁路的火车提速、飞机的频繁起降等，对减振器的要求愈来愈高。人们不但要求安全可靠，而且要求旅途舒适，对此减振器起着举足轻重的作用。当然我国和其它国家机械行业发展进程不太一样，尤其是和发达国家的汽车行业，比如美国、日本，差距相对较大。关于减振器我们国家和它们的发展状况怎么样呢？3 正文3.1 国外减振器发展状况主要探讨以美国日本为首的发达国家减振器发展状况，如我们所知，减振器是主要应用于汽车上的，相比较来说，我国汽车行业起步晚，故美日靠等国汽车行业，起步早，有悠久的理论技术基础和相关应用实践，作为汽车上相对较为重要的零部件来说，那也是同理，技术顶尖的减振器厂家及科学家都集中在国外。像目前世界上生产减振器最大的企业，美国天纳克（TA）汽车工业公司是世界最著名的减振器生产商，也是目前全球最大的专业生产减振器的厂家，其生产的充气式减振器符合美国军用标准。同时还不断推出新的减振器，推动减振器技术不断向更高技术水平发展。比如悬架中运用最广泛的麦弗逊式悬架结构，都是国外经典的产品，对应的麦弗逊支柱式减振器，它是随着前轮驱动汽车的出现，二十世纪七十年代以来，制造商开始采用麦弗逊式减振器。这种减振器是二十世纪六十年代通用公司麦弗逊工程师研制成功的。他把螺旋弹簧、液压减振器和上悬架臂杆组成一个紧凑的部件。其主要优点是体积小，适合前轮驱动汽车，可在与变速器组成一体的驱动桥上应用。另外，有一种电子控制减振器，能根据道路状况、车速和驱动形式自动调节悬架软、中、硬三种刚度。该减振器通过在汽车保险杠下方装有一个带声纳的测量部件监测路面状况，把测得的数据输入处理单元，然后调节减振器中的按键，以改变液流通道的尺寸。这种经典产品至今仍为令人津津乐道，运用也是相对广泛。还有充气式减振器，它是二十世纪六七十年代以来发展起来的一种新型减振器。充气式减振器的特殊结构和充气参数，可以大大地降低噪音，并有利于保证活塞高速运动时的阻尼特征，同时减振器上的减振支柱实质上属于双筒结构，它除了阻尼减振还有如下附加功能：他和控制臂一起对车轮进行导向，国外对充气式减振器的研究已经发展到电子控制式减振器。这类产品目前成本较高，应用较少，相关研究所主要集中在国外。3.2 国内减振器发展状况 我国自从1956年一汽底盘分厂按苏联提供的图纸仿制出国内第一支摇臂式汽车减振器;上海汽车底盘厂按美式汽车减振器式样仿制出国内第一支筒式汽车减振器后,到20世纪70年代基本上全部采用了筒式减振器.筒式减振器有单筒式和双筒式之分有资料表明我国每年全国的减振器年总产量只是美国底特律汽车城一个减振器生产公司年产量的20%30%,而且国产减振器属于中、低档减振器,经济效益远远赶不上国外发达国家的水平;国内减振器的品种单调,适用车型有限.由于赛车、跑车等高档车型在我国还没有得到发展,适用于此类车辆的减振器技术在国内还是一项空白.但随着我国人民生活水平的提高,中国的轿车发展水平必将要求达到国际水平。据调查，目前国内双筒液阻减振器配套产能有过剩趋势，生产高档次减振器的不多。单筒充气式减振器国内生产厂家正在消化吸收设计技术和提高制造工艺技术阶段，产品质量还没很过关。对于充气式减振器的研究也主要集中在单缸充气式汽车减振器方面。在郭孔辉院士的领导下，长春汽车研究所作了大量的试验工作，积累了一些经验。但由于橡胶的寿命不过关及设计、制造等多方面因素的影响，一直没有形成比较成熟的技术。我国生产同时液阻减振器已经有几十年的历史，并具有较大的研发，设计，生产规模。目前满足国内汽车市场的各种减振器大部分是由国内厂商生产的。但我国的筒式液阻减振器技术水平在总体上与国外还存在较大差距。主要缺点是产品结构单一，具有自主产权的先进减振器产品很少，制造工艺水平也参差不齐，产品工作稳定性较差。漏油、噪声等问题还普遍存在，亟待解决。4 结构分析双筒式指减震器有内外两个筒，活塞在内筒中运动，由于活塞杆的进入与抽出，内筒中油的体积随之增大与收缩，因此要通过与外筒进行交换来维持内筒中油的平衡。所以双筒减震器中要有四个阀，即除了上面提到的活塞上的两个节流阀外，还有装在内外筒之间的完成交换作用的流通阀和补偿阀。5 总结通过以上查阅以及分析有关减振器的一些有关资料