工业工程之供应链(中英文对照版)

1、工业工程之供应链010940835 宫铭所谓供应链，其实就是由供应商、制造商、仓库、配送中心和渠道商等构成的物流网络。同一企业可能构成这个网络的不同组成节点，但更多的情况下是由不同的企业构成这个网络中的不同节点。比如，在某个供应链中，同一企业可能既在制造商、仓库节点，又在配送中心节点等占有位置。在分工愈细，专业要求愈高的供应链中，不同节点基本上由不同的企业组成。在供应链各成员单位间流动的原材料、在制品库存和产成品等就构成了供应链上的货物流。 所谓供应链管理，就是指在满足一定的客户服务水平的条件下，为了使整个供应链系统成本达到最小而把供应商、制造商、仓库、配送中心和渠道商等有效地组织在一起来进行

2、的产品制造、转运、分销及销售的管理方法。 从上述定义中，我们能够解读出供应链管理包含的丰富内涵。 首先，供应链管理把产品在满足客户需求的过程中对成本有影响的各个成员单位都考虑在内了，包括从原材料供应商、制造商到仓库再经过配送中心到渠道商。不过，实际上在供应链分析中，有必要考虑供应商的供应商以及顾客的顾客，因为它们对供应链的业绩也是有影响的。 其次，供应链管理的目的在于追求整个供应链的整体效率和整个系统费用的有效性，总是力图使系统总成本降至最低。因此，供应链管理的重点不在于简单地使某个供应链成员的运输成本达到最小或减少库存，而在于通过采用系统方法来协调供应链成员以使整个供应链总成本最低，使整个供

3、应链系统处于最流畅的运作中。 第三，供应链管理是围绕把供应商、制造商、仓库、配送中心和渠道商有机结合成一体这个问题来展开的，因此它包括企业许多层次上的活动，包括战略层次、战术层次和作业层次等。 尽管在实际的物流管理中，只有通过供应链的有机整合，企业才能显著地降低成本和提高服务水平，但是在实践中供应链的整合是非常困难的，这是因为：首先，供应链中的不同成员存在着不同的、相互冲突的目标。比如，供应商一般希望制造商进行稳定数量的大量采购，而交货期可以灵活变动；与供应商愿望相反，尽管大多数制造商愿意实施长期生产运转，但它们必须顾及顾客的需求及其变化并作出积极响应，这就要求制造商灵活地选择采购策略。因此，

4、供应商的目标与制造商追求灵活性的目标之间就不可避免地存在矛盾。 其次，供应链是一个动态的系统，随时间而不断地变化。事实上，不仅顾客需求和供应商能力随时间而变化，而且供应链成员之间的关系也会随时间而变化。比如，随着顾客购买力的提高，供应商和制造商均面临着更大的压力来生产更多品种更具个性化的高质量产品，进而最终生产定制化的产品。 研究表明，有效的供应链管理总是能够使供应链上的企业获得并保持稳定持久的竞争优势，进而提高供应链的整体竞争力。统计数据显示，供应链管理的有效实施可以使企业总成本下降20%左右，供应链上的节点企业按时交货率提高15%以上，订货到生产的周期时间缩短20%30%，供应链上的节点企

5、业生产率增值提高15%以上。越来越多的企业已经认识到实施供应链管理所带来的巨大好处，比如hp、ibm、dell等在供应链管理实践中取得的显著成绩就是明证。 供应链管理：它从战略层次和整体的角度把握最终用户的需求，通过企业之间有效的合作，获得从成本、时间、效率、柔性等最佳效果。包括从原材料到最终用户的所有活动，是对整个链的过程管理。 scm（供应链管理）是使企业更好地采购制造产品和提供服务所需原材料、生产产品和服务并将其递送给客户的艺术和科学的结合。供应链管理包括五大基本内容。 计划：这是scm的策略性部分。你需要有一个策略来管理所有的资源，以满足客户对你的产品的需求。好的计划是建立一系列的方法

6、监控供应链，使它能够有效、低成本地为顾客递送高质量和高价值的产品或服务。 采购：选择能为你的产品和服务提供货品和服务的供应商，和供应商建立一套定价、配送和付款流程并创造方法监控和改善管理，并把对供应商提供的货品和服务的管理流程结合起来，包括提货、核实货单、转送货物到你的制造部门并批准对供应商的付款等。 制造：安排生产、测试、打包和准备送货所需的活动，是供应链中测量内容最多的部分，包括质量水平、产品产量和工人的生产效率等的测量。 配送：很多圈内人称之为物流，是调整用户的定单收据、建立仓库网络、派递送人员提货并送货到顾客手中、建立货品计价系统、接收付款。 退货：这是供应链中的问题处理部分。建立网络

7、接收客户退回的次品和多余产品，并在客户应用产品出问题时提供支持。定义 供应链管理（supply chain management，scm）是一种集成的管理思想和方法，它执行供应链中从供应商到最终用户的物流的计划和控制等职能。从单一的企业角度来看，是指企业通过改善上、下游供应链关系，整合和优化供应链中的信息流、物流、资金流，以获得企业的竞争优势。 供应链管理是企业的有效性管理，表现了企业在战略和战术上对企业整个作业流程的优化。整合并优化了供应商、制造商、零售商的业务效率，使商品以正确的数量、正确的品质、在正确的地点、以正确的时间、最佳的成本进行生产和销售。 来源 20世纪70年代晚期，keith

8、 oliver通过和skf、heineken、hoechst、cadbury-schweppes、philips等客户接触的过程中逐渐形成了自己的观点。并在1982年金融时代杂志的一篇文章里阐述了供应链管理(scm)的意义，keith oliver曾经认为这个词会很快消失，但“scm”不仅没有消失，还很快地进入了公众领域，这个概念对管理者的采购、物流、操作、销售和市场活动意义匪浅。 演变 供应链至今尚无一个公认的定义，在供应链管理的发展过程中，许多专家和学者提出大量的定义，反映了不同的时代背景，是在不同发展阶段上的产物，可以把这些定义大致划分为三个阶段： 1、早期的观点认为供应链是制造企业中的

9、一个内部过程 2、后来供应链的概念注意了与其他企业的联系 3、最近供应链的概念更加注重围绕核心企业的网链关系，如核心企业与供应商、供应商的供应商乃至与一切前向的关系，与用户、用户的用户及一切后向的关系。 应用 供应链管理主要涉及到四个领域：供应、生产计划、物流、需求。职能领域主要包括产品工程、产品技术保证、采购、生产控制、库存控制、仓储管理、分销管理。辅助领域主要包括客户服务、制造、设计工程、会计核算、人力资源、市场营销。 供应链管理的实施步骤：1、分析市场竞争环境，识别市场机会，2、分析顾客价值，3、确定竞争战略，4、分析本企业的核心竞争力，5、评估、选择合作伙伴 对于供应链中合作伙伴的选择

10、，可以遵循以下原则： 1、合作伙伴必须拥有各自的可资利用的核心竞争力。 2、拥有相同的企业价值观及战略思想 3、合作伙伴必须少而精。 案例 作为中国最大的it分销商，神州数码在中国的供应链管理领域处于第一的地位。在it分销模式普遍被质疑的环境下，依然保持了良好的发展势头，与cisco、sun、amd、nec、ibm等国际知名品牌保持着良好的合作关系。e-bridge交易系统2000年9月开通，截至2003年3月底，实现64亿元的交易额。这其实就是神州数码从传统分销向供应链服务转变的最好体现。本着“分销是一种服务”的理念，神州数码通过实施渠道变革、产品扩张、服务运作，不断增加自身在供应链中的价值

11、，实现规模化、专业化经营，在满足上下游客户需求的过程中，使供应链系统能提供更多的增值服务，具备越来越多的“it服务”色彩。supply chain management open category: intelligent transportation, supply chain management the so-called supply chain, in fact, from suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and channels, and so constitute a logistics net

12、work. the same enterprise may constitute the different components of this network node, but the situation is different from a corporate network in different nodes. for example, in a supply chain, companies may not only in the same manufacturers, storage nodes, and in distribution centers, such as po

13、ssession node location. in the more detailed division of labor, the higher the professional requirements of the supply chain, different nodes are basically composed by different enterprises. in the supply chain flows between the member units of raw materials, finished products, such as inventory and

14、 production constitutes the supply chain of goods flow. the so-called supply chain management, that is, to meet a certain level of customer service under the conditions, in order to make the whole supply chain to minimize costs and the suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and c

15、hannels, and so effectively organized together to carry out product manufacturing, transport, distribution and sales management. from the above definition, we can be interpreted to include supply chain management of rich content. first of all, supply chain management products to meet customer demand

16、 in the process of the cost implications of various members of the unit are taken into account, including from raw material suppliers, manufacturers to the warehouse distribution center to another channel. however, in practice in the supply chain analysis, it is necessary to consider the suppliers s

17、uppliers and customers of the customers, because their supply chain performance is also influential. second, supply chain management is aimed at the pursuit of the whole supply chains overall efficiency and cost effectiveness of the system as a whole, always trying to make the total system cost to a

18、 minimum. therefore, the focus of supply chain management is not simply a supply chain so that members of the transportation costs to minimize or reduce inventory, but through the use of systems approach to coordinate the supply chain members so that the entire supply chain total cost of the minimum

19、 so that the whole supply chain system in the most fluent in the operation. third, supply chain management is on the suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distribution centers and organically integrate the channel into one to start this problem, so many businesses, including its level of activities,

20、 including the strategic level, tactical and operational level level, and so on. although the actual logistics management, only through the organic supply chain integration, enterprises can significantly reduce costs and improve service levels, but in practice the supply chain integration is very di

21、fficult, it is because: first of all, in the supply chain there are different members of different and conflicting objectives. for example, providers generally want manufacturers to purchase large quantities of stable, and flexible delivery time can change; desire to the contrary with suppliers, alt

22、hough most manufacturers are willing to implement long-term production operations, but they must take into account the needs of its customers and to make changes positive response, which requires manufacturers choice and flexibility in procurement strategy. therefore, suppliers and manufacturers to

23、the goal of flexibility in the pursuit of the objectives inevitably exist between the contradictions. secondly, the supply chain is a dynamic system, with time and constantly changing. in fact, customers not only demand and supply capacity to change over time, supply chain and the relationship betwe

24、en the members will change over time. for example, the increased purchasing power with customers, suppliers and manufacturers are facing greater pressure to produce more and more personalized varieties of high-quality products, then ultimately the production of customized products. research shows th

25、at effective supply chain management can always make the supply chain of enterprises will be able to maintain stability and a lasting competitive advantage, thus increasing the overall supply chain competitiveness. statistics show that, supply chain management will enable the effective implementatio

26、n of enterprise total cost of about 20 per cent decline in the supply chain node on the enterprise-time delivery rate increased by 15 percent or more, orders to shorten the production cycle time 20 percent to 30 percent, supply chain node on the enterprise value-added productivity increased by 15 pe

27、rcent or more. more and more enterprises have already recognized that the implementation of supply chain management of the great benefits, such as hp, ibm, dell, such as supply chain management in the practice of the remarkable achievements made is proof. supply chain management: it from a strategic

28、 level and grasp the overall perspective of the end-user demand, through effective cooperation between enterprises, access from the cost, time, efficiency, flexibility, and so the best results. from raw materials to end-users of all activities, the whole chain of process management. scm (supply chai

29、n management) is to enable enterprises to better procurement of manufactured products and services required for raw materials, production of goods and services and their delivery to clients, the combination of art and science. supply chain management, including the five basic elements. plan: this is

30、 a strategic part of scm. you need a strategy to manage all the resources to meet our customers for your products. good plan is to build a series of methods to monitor the supply chain to enable it to effective, low-cost delivery of high quality for customers and high-value products or services. pro

31、curement: you can choose the products and services to provide goods and services providers, and suppliers to establish a pricing, delivery and payment processes and create methods to monitor and improve the management, and the suppliers to provide goods and services combined with management processe

32、s, including the delivery and verification of documentation, transfer of goods to your approval of the manufacturing sector and payments to suppliers and so on. manufacturing: arrangements for the production, testing, packaged and ready for delivery, supply chain measurement is the largest part of t

33、he contents, including the level of quality, product yield and productivity of workers, such as the measurement. delivery: a lot of insider as logistics, is to adjust the users orders receipts, the establishment of the storage network, sending and delivery service delivery personnel to the hands of

34、customers, the establishment of commodity pricing system, receiving payments. return: this is the supply chain problems in the handling part. networking customers receive the refund of surplus and defective products, and customer applications to provide support for the problem. definition supply cha

35、in management (supply chain management, scm) is an integrated management ideas and methods, the implementation of the supply chain from suppliers to end-users of logistics planning and control functions. the enterprise from a single point of view, is an enterprise through improved on the lower reach

36、es of the supply chain, supply chain integration and optimization of information flow, logistics, capital flow, to get their competitive edge. supply chain management is the effectiveness of enterprise management, enterprise performance at the strategic and tactical operations of enterprises through

37、out the process of optimization. integration and optimization of the suppliers, manufacturers, retailers, business efficiency, so that the number of goods to the right, the right quality, in the right place, right time, the best production and marketing costs. source 70 in the late 20th century, kei

38、th oliver adoption and skf, heineken, hoechst, cadbury-schweppes, philips, and other contact with customers in the process of gradually formed its own point of view. and in 1982, financial times magazine in an article on the supply chain management (scm) of the significance, keith oliver was that th

39、e word will soon disappear, but scm not only not disappeared, and quickly entered the public domain , the concept of the managers of procurement, logistics, operations, sales and marketing activities sense a great deal. evolution supply chain has never been a universally accepted definition, supply

40、chain management in the development process, many experts and scholars have put forth a lot of definition, reflecting the different historical backgrounds, in different stages of development of the product can be broadly defined by these for the three stages: 1, the early view was that supply chain

41、is manufacturing enterprises in an internal process 2, but the supply chain concept of the attention of the links with other firms 3, the last of the supply chain concept of pay more attention around the core of the network links between enterprises, such as core business with suppliers, vendors and

42、 suppliers, and even before all the relations, and a user, after all the users and to the relationship. apply supply chain management involves four main areas: supply, production planning, logistics, demand. functional areas including product engineering, product assurance, procurement, production c

43、ontrol, inventory control, warehouse management, distribution management. ancillary areas including customer service, manufacturing, design engineering, accounting, human resources, marketing. supply chain management implementation steps: 1, analysis of market competition environment, identify marke

44、t opportunities, 2, analysis of customer value, 3, identified competitive strategy, 4, the analysis of the core competitiveness of enterprises, 5, assessment, selection of partners for the supply chain partners of choice, can follow the following principles: 1, partners must have available the core

45、of their competitiveness. 2, enterprises have the same values and strategic thinking 3, partners must fewer but better. case as chinas largest it distributor, digital china in chinas supply chain management fields in the first place. in the it distribution model generally questioned the circumstance

46、s, still maintained a good momentum of development, and cisco, sun, amd, nec, ibm, and other famous international brands to maintain good relations of cooperation. e-bridge trading system in september 2000 opening, as at the end of march 2003, and 6.4 billion yuan in transaction volume. in fact, thi

47、s is the digital china from the traditional distribution supply chain services to best reflect the changes. in the distribution of services is a concept, digital china through the implementation of change channels, expansion of product and service operations, increasing its supply chain in the value

48、 of scale and specialized operations, to meet customer demand on the lower reaches of the in the course of the supply chain system can provide more value-added services, with more and more it services color.-下面是赠送的excel操作练习 不需要的下载后可以编辑删除（excel 2003部分）1. 公式和函数1. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-10.xls；（2）利用函数计算每个

49、人各阶段总成绩，并利用函数计算各阶段的平均成绩；（3）“平均成绩”行数字格式都为带一位小数（例如0.0）格式；（4）同名存盘。步骤：a) 文件在各阶段总成绩单元格内，点插入，点函数，在对话框中选择求和函数“sum”，在对话中number1内点右侧的按钮，将出现另外一个对话框，在文件中选择需要求和的单元格，然后点该对话框的右侧按钮，点确定（完成一个总成绩求和后，利用填充柄完成其他的总成绩求和，或者重复上面的顺序）在平均成绩单元格内，点插入，点函数，选择算术平均值函数average，出现对话框后，采用求和时的相同方法，完成操作选中平均成绩行，点右键点设置单元格，点数字，在分类项下点数值，设小数位为

50、1，b) 确定保存2. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-13.xls；（2）根据工作表中给定数据，按“合计=交通费+住宿费+补助”公式计算“合计”数，并计算交通费、住宿费和补助的合计数；（3）所有数字以单元格格式中货币类的“￥”货币符号、小数点后2位数表现（如：￥2,115.00格式）；（4）同名存盘。打开当前试题目录下文件excel-13.xls在合计下的一个单元格内输入“=交通费（在该行的单元格，假如说是e3）+住宿费（同上）+补助（同上）”，回车（其他的合计可以采用填充柄完成，或者重复上面的顺序）利用求和函数，参考1中的方法完成交通费、住宿费和补助的合计选择文件中的所有数字单元格

51、，点右键，点设置单元格格式，点数字，点货币，选择货币符号为“￥”，设置小数点后为2位，确定保存文件本题完成3. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-2.xls；（2）根据工作表中数据，计算“总成绩”列的数据。总成绩=一阶段成绩0.3+二阶段成绩0.3+三阶段成绩0.4；（3）“总成绩”列数据格式为小数点后2位小数（例：6.20）；（4）同名存盘。打开当前试题目录下文件excel-2.xls在总成绩下的一个单元格内输入“=一阶段成绩（在该行的单元格，假如说是e3）*0.3+住宿费（同上）*0.3+补助（同上）*0.4”，回车（其他的合计可以采用填充柄完成，或者重复上面的顺序）选中总成绩列的数

52、据单元格，点右键，点设置单元格格式，点数字，点数值，设置小数点后为2位，确定保存文件本题完成4. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-3.xls；（2）计算“审定费”和“税后款”，“审定费=全书字数10003，税后款=审定费-审定费5%”；（3）利用菜单将“审定费”和“税后款”列格式设置为货币类的“￥”货币符号、小数点1位（例￥1,280.0）；（4）同名存盘。打开当前试题目录下文件excel-3.xls在审定费下的一个单元格内输入“=全书字数（在该行的单元格，假如说是e3）/1000*3”，回车（其他的审定费可以采用填充柄完成，或者重复上面的顺序）在税后款下的一个单元格内输入“=审定费（

53、在该行的单元格，假如说是f3）-审定费*5%”，回车（其他的税后款可以采用填充柄完成，或者重复上面的顺序）选中审定费及税后款列的数据单元格，点右键，点设置单元格格式，点货币，选择货币符号“￥”，设置小数点后为1位，确定保存文件本题完成5. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-8.xls；（2）利用函数计算“总成绩”，利用公式“平均成绩=总成绩3”来计算“平均成绩”；（3）同名存盘。打开当前试题目录下文件excel-8.xls在总成绩下的一个单元格，点插入，点函数，在对话框中选求和函数“sum”，在对话中number1内点右侧的按钮，将出现另外一个对话框，在文件中选择需要求和的单元格，然后点

54、该对话框的右侧按钮，点确定（完成一个总成绩求和后，利用填充柄完成其他的总成绩求和，或者重复上面的顺序在平均成绩下的一个单元格内，输入“=平均成绩（在该行的单元格，假如说是b3）/3”，回车（其他平均成绩可以采用填充柄完成，或者重复上面的顺序）保存文件本题完成6. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-1.xls；（2）利用公式计算每个项目的“合计”；（3）“合计”列数据的格式和其它数据的格式相同；（4）同名存盘。打开当前试题目录下文件excel-1.xls在合计下的一个单元格，点插入，点函数，在对话框中选求和函数“sum”，在对话中number1内点右侧的按钮，将出现另外一个对话框，在文件中

55、选择需要求和的单元格，然后点该对话框的右侧按钮，点确定（完成一个总成绩求和后，利用填充柄完成其他的总成绩求和，或者重复上面的顺序利用格式刷将合计的列的数据格式刷成与其他数据格式相同的格式（使用格式刷的方法是，先选中合计列外的其他任意一个单元格，点格式刷，然后再点需要刷成该样格式的单元格即可）保存文件本题完成7. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-6.xls；（2）计算出“净资产收益率”，净资产收益率=净利润净资产总额；（3）“净资产收益率”行以保留三位小数的百分数形式表现（如：32.310%）；（4）同名存盘。打开当前试题目录下文件excel-6.xls在净资产收益率下的一个单元格，输入

56、“=净利润（在该行的单元格，假如说是b3）/净资产总额”，回车（完成一个单元格后，可以利用填充柄完成其他的单元格的操作，或者重复上面的顺序）选中净资产收益率列下的数据单元格，点右键，点设置单元格格式，点数字，单百分比，将小数位数设为3位，确定保存文件本题完成8. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-7.xls；（2）分别利用函数计算出“总成绩”、“平均成绩”；（3）平均成绩设置带两位小数格式（例如：78.00）；（4）同名存盘。打开当前试题目录下的excel-7.xls文件在总成绩对应的单元格内，点插入，点函数，在对话框中选择求和函数“sum”，在对话中number1内点右侧的按钮，将出现

57、另外一个对话框，在文件中选择需要求和的单元格，然后点该对话框的右侧按钮，点确定（如果有多个总成绩项，完成一个总成绩求和后，利用填充柄完成其他的总成绩求和，或者重复上面的顺序）在平均成绩对应的单元格内，点插入，点函数，选择算术平均值函数average，出现对话框后，采用求和时的相同方法，完成操作选中平均成绩对应的单元格，点右键，点设置单元格，点数字，点数值，设小数位为2，确定保存文件本题完成9. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-16.xls；（2）计算出“全套优惠价”，公式为：全套优惠价裸机价+入网费-送话费；（3）所有数字都以单元格格式中货币类的“￥”货币符号、小数点后1位小数表现（如：￥1,450.00）；（4）同名存盘。打开当前试题目录下文件excel-16.xls在全套优惠价对应的单元格，输入“=全套优惠价裸机价（在该行的单元格，假如说是b3）+入网费（同上）-送话费”，回车（如果有多个全套优惠价项，可以利用填充柄完成，也可以重复上面的顺序）选中所有的数字单元格，点右键，点设置单元格格式，点数字，点货币，选择货币符号为“￥”，设小数位为2位，确定保存文件本题完成10. （1）打开当前试题目录下文件excel-71.xls；（2）利用函数计算奖金项的值，公式是“满工作量为40，满工作量的奖金为800元，工作量不