组织学与胚胎学英文实验指导

1、chapter 1 epithellal tissuesimple squamous epitheliummesotheliumslide no : 1 material: mesenterymethod: silver impregnation, spread slidehigh power: the cell outlines (mainly extracellular matrix) are demonstrated by silver nitrate impregnation. the serrated factets of the cells interdigitote extens

2、ively.endotheliumsilde no: 35material: large arterymethod: h.enaked eye: it is part of cross section of a large artery.high power: you can observe a line of flat cell laying the cavity surface called endothelium. because of a few cytoplasm, it is stained in light color. the blue oblate nuclei projec

3、t out.simple cuboidal epitheliumslide no: 42material: thyroid gland of dogmethod: h.e you can see a lot of big and small follicles. the follicular tumen is full of the colloidal epithelium. the bound of the cell is very clear and the nuclei are located in the middle of the cells.simple columnar epit

4、heliumslide no: 19material: human intestinemethod: h.enaked eye: there are a lot of villi on the intestin fold.low power: the outline of the villi is a line of the columnary cells.high power: the cell bound is not clear. blue dark and oblate nuclei lay on the basement. the free section of the cells

5、is striated border (called microvilli under electron microscope). there are some goblet cells that secrete mucus between the columnar cells. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitheliumslide no: 77material: human tracheamethod: h.enaked eye: it is a part of cross section of the human trachea. the c

6、oncave is a cavity section.high power: the epithelium consists of four kinds of cells arranged in different layers. although nuclei appear to lie in various layers, all cells are attached to the basal lamina, but some do not reach the carface. the columnar epithelium with cilia lines on the trachea

7、erectly. the goblet cells have flat nuclei localized vertically in the cell base. basal and shuttle cells are difficult to be distinguished.stratified squamous epitheliumslide no: 59material: human esophagusmethod: h.enaked eye: it is a cross section of the esophagus. the dark blue inner surface is

8、the epithelium.low power: the different morphology of the cells forms many layers.high power: the cells are flattened at the surface. large and polygonal cells are in the intermediate. small cuboidal cells are at the base of the epithelium. the connective tissue under the epithelium forms projection

9、s.transitional epitheliumslide no: 84material: human bladdermethod: h.enaked eye: it is a part of the bladder wall. the section of the cavity is dark stained and is not flat.low power: the cells have different shapes and form many layers. the surface cells are large.high power: the surface of domeli

10、ke cells is neither squamous nor colummar. the form of these cells changes sccording to the degree of distention of the bladder. some cells may be binucleate. the middle cells are polygon. the basal cells are smaller.chapter 2 connective tissueloose connective tissueslide no: 2material: rat mesenter

11、ymethod: spread slide (weigerts stain) a vital dye such as trypan blue is injected in the rat body. the macrophages engulf and accumulate it in their cytoplasm in the form of granules visible under the optical microscope.low power: whole mesentery is spread on a slide. fibers are loosely and irregul

12、arly arranged, forming fiber bundles in different directions.high power: elongated and tortuous collagenous fibers are stained red and arranged in bundles. the elastic fibers are blue stained, branched and formed a woven network. the fibroblast is the cell most commonly in close to the collagen fibe

13、r. only the basophilic nucleus is visible, but the acidophilic cytoplasm is not clearly defined. macrophages ingest the blue dye by phagocytosis so they can be easily identified.slide no: 3material: human intestinemethod: h.enaked eye: this is a human intestine section. the lightly stained submucosa

14、 locates between mucosa and smooth muscle layer.low power: distinguishing the submucosa, collagenous fibers show red color and irregularly arranged bundles. a number of cells can be seen.high power: collagenous fibers stained in red distribute in bundles, thick or thin. the fibroblast is flat. the c

15、ytoplasm is stained lightly so the boundary is not clear. we only can see the nucleolus. the macrophages and plasma cells are not easily to be distinguished.dense connective tissue and adipose tissueslide no: 46material: human skin from fingermethod: h.enaked eye: in the section, epidermis is violen

16、t stained. under epidermis, the dermis is pink and composed of dense connective tissue. in hypodermis, you can find loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.high power: collagenous fibers are dense, arranged irregularly and formed thick bundles. the numbers of the cells are few, most of which are

17、fibroblast and fibrocyte. hypodermis is loose tissue. a lot of fat cells pile up and form adipose tissue.hyaline cartilageslide no: 77material: human tracheamethod: h.e hyaline cartilage is covered by a layer of dense connective tissue called perichondrium. it is rich in collagen fibers and contains

18、 cells: fibroblast, undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and chondroblasts ,which are not distinguished easily. at the periphery of hyaline cartilage, chondrocytes have an elliptic shape. further in, they are round and may appear in groups of up to 8 cells called isogenous groups. we can also see cart

19、ilage lacuna and cartilage capsule.elastic cartilageslide no: 7material: human auricle of the earmethod: orceinbasically, elastic cartilage is identical to hyaline cartilage except collagen type ii fibers. it contains an abundant network of fine elastic fibers.boneslide no: 8material: human long bon

20、emethod: grinding slide bone is one of the hardest tissue of the human body. because of its hardness, bone is difficult to be sectioned with microtome. therefore, special techniques must be used. this is a grinding slide of diaphysis, cross section of compact bone. this technique does not preserve t

21、he cells (osteocytes), but is does permit detailed study of matrix, bone lamella, bone lacuna and bone canaliculus. you must pay more attention to the haversian system, which is also called osteon. it contains following structures: central canal, circumferential lamella. interstitial lamella, bone l

22、acuna and bone canaliculus.intramembranous osteogensisslide no: 9material: parietal bone of fetus skullmethod: h.ein this slide, we can see bone spicule, osteocyte, osteoblast, and connective tissue.endochondrial ossificationslide no: 10material: the finger of a human fetusmethod: h.enaked eye: the

23、specimen is made of one end of a long bone.the dilated extremity which is stained light-violet is epiphysis. the rest part is diaphysis.low power:the epiphysis is composed of hyaline cartilage and the diaphysis composed of spongy bone, bone marrow, bone collar, periosteum and endostem. there are fiv

24、e zones from epiphysis to diaphysis.high power:observe the ossification zone is detail. there are osteocytes embedded in the trabeculae. pay special attention to the morphologic features of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts.the osteoblasts frequently lie in a single row along the surface of the calcif

25、ied cartilage matrix or trabeculae. they are cuboidal or irregular in shape with basophilic cytoplasm in purple-blue stain. their nuclei are round or elliptic and in an eccentric position.the osteoclasts are irregular, multinucleated cells, which usually present an acidophilic cytoplasm lying within

26、 the depressions in the bone where the bone is being resorbed.bloodsilde no: 11material: human bloodmethod: giemsa stainingthe method of preparing blood smear on slide: 1. a drop of blood, which pricks a fingertip or earlobe with a needle and extract, is placed near the edge of slide lying horizonta

27、lly. a short edge of a second slide is placed across the first slide at about an angle of 45 degrees and drown backward so that the drop of blood is caught in the angle of the two slides. 2. the drop spreads out in the angle. 3. the second slide in drawn over the horizontal slide one. 4. the blood i

28、s pulled over the surface of the slide and distributed as a smear. 5. after air drying, the slide is fixed and stained with giemsas stain.low power: most of the cells under the microscope are erythrocytes stained in pink. the cells with nuclei stained in purple-blue, which scattered among the erythr

29、ocytes, are leukocytes. find an area of the smear that the cell can be clearly seen at high power.high power: erythrocytes: they are round or slightly. oval in outline. its diameter is fairly constant for an individual, ranging in humans from 6.5 to 8.0um. it binds eosin and is deeply stained around

30、 its thicker periphery but the color gradually becomes very faint in its thin central zone.neutrophils: they, approximately 12 to 15 um in diametery, contain a prominent nucleus segmented into three to five lobes joined by thin, sometimes in visible, strands. the cytoplasm is stained a faint pink an

31、d contains a moderate number of fine, pale-purle neutrophilic granules. eosinophils: 12 to 15 um in diameter, often contain a trilobed nucleus. the cell is dominated by striking eosinophilic granules. these are large, closely packed, circular a outline, uniform in size, and stained a deep bright red

32、 or orange. they tend not to overlie the nucleus.basophils: 12 to 15 um in diameter. their nuclei contain two or three lobes, often less distinctly segmented than those in neutrophils or eosinophils. cytoplasmic granules are most prominent, deeply stained a metachromatic red-violet. well preserved g

33、ranules are nearly spherical and rather uniform in size. but they may be quite variably in size and shape because they are difficult to be preserved. the granules of basophils may overlie and obscure the nucleus.lymphocytes: they vary in size. they are often grouped as small, medium, and large. the

34、smallest, 5 to 8 um in diameter, may be smaller than erythrocytes. in small lymphocyte, the nucleus fills almost the entire cell .it is round or slightly indanied, heterochromatic, and without visible nucleoli. a thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm surrounds it and contains a few small granules. the cy

35、toplasm is typically stained a deep, clear blue. sometimes medium sized lymphocytes can be seen in blood smear. however large lymphocytes are absent.monocytes: 12 to 18 um in diameter, may be among the largest of the white blood cells. the nucleus is often horseshoe-shaped but may show only a slight

36、 indentation. a subtle but important point of identification is that the chromation of monocytes forms a lacy, delicate network, in contrast to the coarse chromatin of lymphocytes. nucleoli, as a rule, are not visible. monocyte cytoplasm, is abundant and gray or blue in color, containing a few fine

37、azuropilic granules.blood platelets: they are ovoid bodies which often show irregular fragmens in blood smear. it tends to clump, often in groups of two or three, occasionally into large, irregular masses.platelets contain central zone with fine purple granules, the granulomere, and a lighter periph

38、eral zone clear of granules, the hyalomere.in blood vessels and loose connective tissue sections, stained with h.e, the size of blood cells is often smaller than that of blood cells in blood smear and the granules of white blood cells are not clearly to be seenred bone marrow slide no: 13material: h

39、uman red bone marrow (smear)method: giemsas staininglow power: select an area having more cells with nuclei and stained evenly and clearly for further observation on high power.high power: observe the following cell series and megakaryocyte according to their characteristics of nucleus, the staining

40、 of cytoplasm and the possession or nonpossession of granules in cytoplasm.1. erythrocytic series:proerythroblast is the largest of the precursor cells, about 15 to 20 um in diameter. the nucleus has a uniform chromatin pattern and one or more prominent nucleoli. the amount of cytoplasm is great and

41、 it is moderately basophil.basophil erythroblast: it is a slightly smaller cell than the proerythroblast and averages 10 um in diameter. the nucleus possesses a coarse network of dense heterochromatin, and the nucleolus usually is obscured. the sparse cytoplasm shows intense basophilia. polychromato

42、phil erythroblast: the cytoplasm varies in color from a purplish-blue to a lilac or gray owing to the presence of varying amounts of pink-stained hemoglobin within the basophil cytoplasm of the erythroblast. thus they are polychromatophil. the nucleus of the polychromatophil erthroblast has a denser

43、 chromatin network than that of the basophil erythroblast and the cell is smaller.normoblast: the basophilia of the cytoplasm decreases and the amount of hemoglobin increases to such an extent that the cytoplasm stains approximately as acidophil as that of the mature erythrocyte. cells which exhibit

44、 this degree of acidophilia within their cytoplasm are referred to as normoblasts. the normoblast is smaller than the polychromatophil erthroblast, and contains a smaller nucleus which stains densely basophil.2. granulocytic series:myeloblasts: they are variable in size, ranging from 10 to 15 um in

45、diameter. the large spherical nucleus shows a delicate chromatin pattern and one or two nucleoli. the cytoplasm is basophil.promyelocytes: these cells are somewhat larger than the myeloblast. the nucleus is round or oval, with dense peripheral heterochromatin and an indistinct nucleolus. but it may

46、be localized by the presence of scattered, densely acidophil granules.myelocytes: at this stage, the essential change is the appearance of specific granules, which have the size, shape, and staining characteristics that allow one to recognize that they are neutrophils, acidophils, or basophils. myel

47、ocytes show a reduction in size, averagely 10 um in diameter, and decreased basophilia of cy. there is increased content of heterochromatin in the nucleus, and in late myelocytes, the nucleus indents and begins to assume a horseshoe shape.metamyelocytes: they are juvenile forms of granular leukocyte

48、s and have a characteristic granular content. the nucleus, at first horseshoe-shaped, gradually indents further. as the cells age, the nucleus, acquires its typical location, the number of lobes usually varying from the other two types of metamyelocytes in that its nucleus do not differentiate into

49、distinct lobes.3. megakaryocytes: these cells are giant cells about 30 to 100 um or more in diameter. the nucleus is completely lobed, and individual lobes may be closely packed or connected by fine strands of chromatin material. the cytoplasm contains numerous acidophil granules and exhibits a patc

50、hy basophilia. after their maturity, megakaryocytes extend cytoplasmic processes, which become pinched off as platelets.chapter 3 muscle tissueskeletal muscleslide no: 15material: human skeletal muscle (longitudinal section)method: h.elow power: the individual, named muscle of gross anatomy, is comp

51、osed of a number of muscle fibers arranged in bundles, each of which is surrounded by a sheath of thinner connective tissue, the perimysium. within bundle, individual muscle fibers are paralleled to each other and covered by a delicate connective tissue the endomysium. paralleled to each other endom

52、ysium.high power: the individual skeletal muscle fiber or cell is long, cylindrical, and multinucleate, which is limited by a thin, structures membrane. the sarcolemma. the nuclei are numerous in the each fiber, which are ovoid, situated peripherally in the fiber and oriented lengthwise. the sarcopl

53、asm is occupied mainly by longitudinal, parallel columns of myofibrils about 1 um in diameter. regular transverse bands along the length of the fibers are present. the dark and light bands are called respectively “a” and “i” bands. the light i band is intersected by a thin dark line, the “z” band. a

54、lthough the a, i, and z bands appear to cross the entine muscle fiber, in a good preparation all three are seen to be limited to the myofibrils and do not extend across the sarcoplasm lying between them. other bands in the myofibril are visible occasionally. these are the pate, thin h bands bisectin

55、g the dark a band and, wthin this, a vary fine, dark m stipe. between each indivituat fibers, blood capillaries and nerves can also be found in the connective tissue.slide no: 15material: human skeletal muscle (cross section)method: h.elow power: there are numerous fibers and bundles cut in transver

56、se. perimysium and end sium can be observed.high power: the individual fibe appears as rounded or polygon. in the sarcoplasm ,the rounded neclei are under the sarcolemma and the myofibrils present as fine dots, often grouped together with areas of clear sarcoplasm between them. these groups of myofi

57、brils are termed the fields or areas of cohneim.slide no: 16material: skeletal muscle of rabbit tonguemethod: iron-hematoxylin there are transverse and longitudinal skeletal muscle fibers in this section which are stained in dark blue. the cytoplasm of each muscle fiber showns clearly alternating ba

58、nds of light and dark in longitudinal section and grouped dots if myofibrils is in cross section. other structures can also be observed as the slide no. 15 stained in h.e.cardiac muscleslide no: 17material: human heartmethod: h.enaked eye: two parts can be seen in this specimen. the thinner part is the wall of atrium and the thicker part is of the ventricle.low power: it is better to observe the wall of the ventricle which consists of three la