综合辅导：职称英语补全短文第9课时

1、综合辅导:职称英语补全短文第9课时PASSAGE 20Financial RisksSeveral types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing ; the major problems include commercial # political z and foreign exchange risk.Commercial risks are han died esse ntially as n ormal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.

2、They include solvency , default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk ,_1_ which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. Such risk is encountered when a controversy ar

3、ises about the quality of goods delivered , a dispute over contract terms , or_2_. One company f for example f shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. The

4、alter natives for the exporter were reducing the price , reselling the potatoes # or shipping them home again z each involving considerable cost.Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution z currency inconvertibility z expropriation or expulsion f and restriction or cancellation of i

5、mport licenses. Political risk is an envir on mental con cer n for all businesses. Management information systems and effective decisionmaking processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered f sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk , _3_.Exchange-

6、rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems z but for many years z most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. Floating exchange rates of the worlds major currencies have forced all marketers _4_. Inter national Busi ness Machi ne Corporation , for example , report

7、ed that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. _5_ , devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated , but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.Exercise :A to be especially

8、 aware of exchangerate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planningB any other disagreement over which payment is withheldC however, is competitionD so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular marketE Before rates were permit

9、ted to floatF After serious considerationKey: CBDAEPASSAGE 21Price PlanningA price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of prici ng.The value of a goods or service can invol

10、ve both tangible and intangible marketing factors. An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings_l_. An example of an in tangible marketi ng factor is a con sumers pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile. For an example to take place z both the

11、 buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value. To the buyer, the payment of a price reduces purchasing power _2_. To the seller r receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels.Many words are substitute

12、s for the term price : admission fee , membership fee f rate , tuition f service charge # donation f rent, salary，interest , retainer, and assessment. No matter what it is called , _3_ : monetary and non-monetary charges , discounts z handling and shipping fees z credit charges and other forms of in

13、terest , and late-payment penalties.A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time. Monetary and n onmo netary excha nge may be combined. This is comm on with automobiles , _4_. This combi natio

14、n allows a reducti on in the monetary price.From a broader perspective , price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy. If there is an excess of dema nd over supply , prices are usually bid up

15、by consumers. If there is an excess of supply over demand f _5_.Exercise :A a price contains all the terms of purchaseB obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturerC where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-i nD available for other itemsE prices are usually

16、 reduced by sellersF price means what one pays for what he wantskey : BDACE备注说明,非正文，实际使用可删除如下部分。本内容仅给予阅读编辑指点：1、本文件由微软0阡ICE办公软件编辑而成，同时支持WPS。2、文件可重新编辑整理。3、建议结合本公司和个人的实际情况进行修正编辑。4、因编辑原因，部分文件文字有些微错误的，请自行修正，并不影响本文阅读。Note: it is not the text. The following parts can be deleted for actual use This content only gives reading and editing instructions:1. This document is edited by Microsoft office office software and supports WPS2. The files can be edited and reorgani