红外温度测试仪中英文翻译

1、附录一：英文技术资料翻译英文原文：Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 August; 14(8): 12551258.doi: 10.3201/eid1408.080059PMCID: PMC2600390Cutaneous Infrared Thermometry for Detecting Febrile PatientsPierre Hausfater, Yan Zhao, Stphanie Defrenne, Pascale Bonnet, and Bruno Riou*Author information Copyright and License information

2、This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.AbstractWe assessed the accuracy of cutaneous infrared thermometry, which measures temperature on the forehead, for detecting patients with fever in patients admitted to an emergency department. Although negative predictive value was excellent (0.

3、99), positive predictive value was low (0.10). Therefore, we question mass detection of febrile patients by using this method.Keywords: Fever, mass detection, cutaneous infrared thermometry, infectious diseases, emergency, dispatchRecent efforts to control spread of epidemic infectious diseases have

4、 prompted health officials to develop rapid screening processes to detect febrile patients. Such screening may take place at hospital entry, mainly in the emergency department, or at airports to detect travelers with increased body temperatures (13). Infrared thermal imaging devices have been propos

5、ed as a noncontact and noninvasive method for detecting fever (46). However, few studies have assessed their capacity for accurate detection of febrile patients in clinical settings. Therefore, we undertook a prospective study in an emergency department to assess diagnostic accuracy of infrared ther

6、mal imaging.The StudyThe study was performed in an emergency department of a large academic hospital (1,800 beds) and was reviewed and approved by our institutional review board (Comit de Protection des Personnes se Prtant la Recherche Biomdicale Piti-Salptrire, Paris, France). Patients admitted to

7、the emergency department were assessed by a trained triage nurse, and several variables were routinely measured, including tympanic temperature by using an infrared tympanic thermometer (Pro 4000; Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA), systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and heart rat

8、e.Tympanic temperature was measured twice (once in the left ear and once in the right ear). This temperature was used as a reference because it is routinely used in our emergency department and is an appropriate estimate of central core temperature (79). Cutaneous temperature was measured on the for

9、ehead by using an infrared thermometer (Raynger MX; Raytek, Berlin, Germany) (Figure 1). Rationale for an infrared thermometer device instead of a larger thermal scanner was that we wanted to test a method (i.e., measurement of forehead cutaneous temperature by using a simple infrared thermometer) a

10、nd not a specific device. The forehead region was chosen because it is more reliable than the region behind the eyes (5,10). The latter region may not be appropriate for mass screening because one cannot accurately measure temperature through eyeglasses, which are worn by many persons. Outdoor and i

11、ndoor temperatures were also recorded.Figure 1Measurement of cutaneous temperature with an infrared thermometer. A) The device is placed 20 cm from the forehead. B) As soon as the examiner pulls the trigger, the temperature measured is shown on the display. Used with permission.The main objective of

12、 our study was to assess diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermometry for detecting patients with fever, defined as a tympanic temperature 38.0C. The second objective was to compare measurements of cutaneous temperature and tympanic temperature, with the latter being used as a reference point. Data a

13、re expressed as mean standard deviation (SD) or percentages and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Comparison of 2 means was performed by using the Student t test, and comparison of 2 proportions was performed by using the Fisher exact method. Bias, precision (in absolute values and percentages),

14、 and number of outliers (defined as a difference 1C) were also recorded. Correlation between 2 variables was assessed by using the least square method. The Bland and Altman method was used to compare 2 sets of measurements, and the limit of agreement was defined as 2 SDs of the differences (11). We

15、determined the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculated the area under the ROC curve and its 95% CI. The ROC curve was used to determine the best threshold for the definition of hyperthermia for cutaneous temperature to predict a tympanic temperature 38C. We performed multivaria

16、te regression analysis to assess variables associated with the difference between tympanic and infrared measurements. All statistical tests were 2-sided, and a p value 75 years of age, and 62 (3%) had a tympanic temperature 38C. Mean tympanic temperature was 36.7C 0.6C (range 33.7C40.2C), and mean c

17、utaneous temperature was 36.7C 1.7C (range 32.0C42.6C). Mean systolic arterial blood pressure was 130 19 mm Hg, mean diastolic blood pressure was 79 13 mm Hg, and mean heart rate was 86 17 beats/min. Mean indoor temperature was 24.8C 1.1C (range 20C28C), and mean outdoor temperature was 10.8C 6.8C (

18、range 0C32C). Reproducibility of infrared measurements was assessed in 256 patients. Bias was 0.04C 0.35C, precision was 0.22C 0.27C (i.e., 0.6 0.7%), and percentage of outliers 1C was 2.3%.Diagnostic performance of cutaneous temperature measurement is shown in Table 1. For the threshold of the defi

19、nition of tympanic hyperthermia definition used (37.5C, 38C, or 38.5C), sensitivity of cutaneous temperature was lower than that expected and positive predictive value was low. We attempted to determine the best threshold (definition of hyperthermia) by using cutaneous temperature to predict a tympa

20、nic temperature 38C (Figure 2, panel A). Area under the ROC curve was 0.873 (95% CI 0.8070.917, p0.001). The best threshold for cutaneous hyperthermia definition was 38.0C, a condition already assessed in Table 1. Figure 2, panels B and C shows the correlation between cutaneous and tympanic temperat

21、ure measurements (Bland and Altman diagrams). Correlation between cutaneous and tympanic measurements was poor, and the infrared thermometer underestimated body temperature at low values and overestimated it at high values. Multiple regression analysis showed that 3 variables (tympanic temperature,

22、outdoor temperature, and age) were significantly (p 38C.第二个目的是比较皮肤温度和鼓膜温度的测量，后者被用来作为一个参考点。数据表示的意思标准偏差（SD）或百分比和95%可信区间（CIs）。 采用t检验和Fisher确切概率法对2种方法进行比较。偏置，精度（绝对值和百分比）被记录下来， 异常值的数量（定义为差1C）也会被记录下来。2个变量之间的相关性，利用最小二乘法进行评估。Bland和奥特曼方法是用来比较2组测量值，协议的限制定义为2 SDS的差异（11 ）。我们确定接收器工作特性（ROC）曲线，然后计算ROC曲线下的面积和它的调用计时

23、器的95%的值。ROC曲线被用来确定皮肤温度的最佳阈值，它的热疗定义的预测鼓膜温度 38C。我们进行了多元回归分析来评估鼓膜温度和实际红外测量值之间的差异。 所有的统计检验都有双面性，P值0.05则没有零假设。统计分析是通过数字计算机系统2001软件进行统计（统计解决方案公司，科克，爱尔兰）。共有2026例患者参加了这项研究：1146位（57%）男性和880位女性（43%）年龄为4619岁（范围6103年）；219位（11%）年龄75岁，62（3%）位鼓膜温度 38C.意味着鼓膜温度为36.7 C 0.6C（33.7C40.2C），平均皮肤温度为36.7C1.7C（32C42.6C）。平均收缩

24、压为13019 mm Hg，平均舒张压为7913毫米汞柱，平均心率为8617次/分。也意味着室内平均温度为24.8C1.1C（20C28C），室外平均温度为10.8C6.8C（0C32C）。红外测量的可重复性在256例患者中进行了评估。偏见为0.04C0.35C，精度为0.22C0.27C（即0.60.7%），这其中异常值1C的比例为2.3%。 皮肤温度测量诊断性能如表1所示。鼓膜热疗定义的阈值通常定义值用（37.5C，38C或38.5C），皮肤温度的敏感性低于预期，阳性预测值较低。 我们试图利用皮肤温度预测鼓膜温度 38C（图2，图A）来确定最佳阈值（定义热疗）。ROC曲线下面积为0.873（95% CI 0.8070.917，P0.001）。皮肤肿瘤热疗的定义的最佳阈值为38C，一个条件在表1中已被评估。图2中面板B和C显示皮肤和鼓膜温度测量值之间的相关性（Bland和奥特曼图）。皮肤和鼓膜测量之间的相关性较差，红外测温仪在低值区低估了身体温度，在高值区高估了它的温度。多元回归分析显示：3个变量（鼓膜温度，室外温度和年龄）相关明显（P0.001），皮肤和鼓膜的测量值之间的差值独立相关