船艺训练PPTEEnglishppt2

1、船船 艺艺 训训 练练 Seamanship Training Chapter One: General knowledge of ships rope Section I. Types of ships rope Part I. Natural fiber rope (植物纤维绳) 1.Manila rope (白棕绳) Manila rope is made from the fibers of the abaca(马尼拉麻) plant, which grows in the Philippine Islands of the Pacific. It is the strongest a

2、nd most expensive of the natural fibers. In the past, manila rope was used whenever great strength was required, but its use is now limited to general purpose work (such as messengers and sling ropes for work aloft). Nowadays, Manila rope has largely been replaced by synthetic fiber rope in most app

3、lications. Use: It is used as messengers and sling ropes for work aloft and so on. Feature: It is flexible, light, less strong and easy to be corrosive when damped. 用途：多用作引绳及高空作业上高绳等。 特点：柔软，质轻，强度较小，受潮后易腐烂。 2Tarred rope（油蔴绳） Use: It is only used for wrapping, for example, lashing rope end of steel wi

4、re before splicing. Feature: Similar to Manila rope, but easy to be corrosive when the oil is dried. 用途：现仅用作包缠(如钢丝绳插接前用来绑扎绳头)。 特点：柔软，质轻，强度较小,油质干沽后易腐烂。 3. Cotton-hemp rope（棉蔴绳） Use: It is used for flag line and heaving line and so on .It is braided and corrosive-resistant. It is more corrosive-resist

5、ant than Manila rope but less than synthetic fiber rope. But nowadays, there is a trend that the cotton-hemp rope is replaced by the synthetic fiber rope gradually. Feature: It is flexible, light, less strong and it is more corrosive-resistant than Manila rope but less than synthetic fiber rope. 用途：

6、因其为编织绳, 且经防腐处理, 故多用作旗绳和撇缆绳等(但现船上已有用化纤绳 作撇缆绳的趋向)。 特点：柔软，质轻，强度较小。耐腐性能好于白棕绳但次于化纤绳。 Part II. Synthetic fiber rope (化学纤维绳) Synthetic fiber rope is made from synthetic fibers or man-made fibers nylon, dacron(涤纶), Polyethylene(乙纶) and polypropylene（丙纶）, etc. Nowadays, natural fire ropes have now largely be

7、en replaced by synthetic fiber ropes. Synthetic ropes have many advantages. They are strong and elastic and they are resistant to the action of water. 1.Nylon rope(尼龙绳) Nylon is the strongest and the most elastic of all the synthetic fibers. It is resistant to weather. Nylon is expensive, costing al

8、most three times as much as manila of the same size. It has several advantages over manila, however. It is almost three times as strong and lasts five times as long. For these reasons, nylon is more economical. On board ship, the use of nylon is authorized for towlines, mooring lines, and signal hal

9、yards. One feature of nylon that can be a disadvantage in some applications is its elasticity. Under load, it will stretch up to 40 percent of its original length. This stretch is evident only in the standard three-strand nylon line, not in the double-braided or plaited lines. A degree of elasticity

10、 of this amount is not desirable in a line to be used as a boat fall or for a boom guy purchase. 2. Other synthetic fiber rope Dacron has about 80 percent of the strength of nylon but will stretch only about 10 percent of its original length. It has the highest melting point. It melts at a temperatu

11、re of 260C. Polyethylene(乙纶) and polypropylene（丙纶） are only half as strong as nylon, size for size, but they float in watera feature that makes them desirable for use on ring buoys. Also, size for size, they are 25 percent lighter than nylon, making them very easy to handle. Part III. Wire rope (钢丝绳

12、) Wire rope is made from strands of steel wire. It is usually galvanized(电镀的) to stop it from rusting. It is very strong and elastic, but not as flexible as other types of rope. Large wire ropes are very heavy. Wire rope has many uses on board ship, particularly for standing rigging, mooring lines a

13、nd for cargo handling. Wire rope is usually divided into three types according to their different applications: stiff wire rope, semi-flexible wire rope and flexible wire rope. 1. Stiff wire rope (硬钢丝绳) Size for size, the stiff wire rope, usually with such construction: 77 and 719(There is a wire co

14、re in the center of such wire rope, around which, six wire strands are laid.),etc., is the strongest one of all ships ropes. And also, it is the hardest one of all ships rope. Therefore, stiff wire rope is not easy to handle. Because of the features mentioned above, the stiff wire rope is usually us

15、ed as stays for masts and funnels. 2. Semi-flexible wire rope (半硬钢丝绳) The semi-flexible wire rope is only next to the stiff wire rope in strength, such as 619+1 and 637+1(There is an oiled core in the center of such wire rope, around which, six wire strands are laid.) etc. Because the semi-flexible

16、wire rope is more flexible than the stiff wire rope, it is usually used as towing line, mooring line and so on. 3. Flexible wire rope (软钢丝绳) The flexible wire rope is next to the semi-flexible wire rope in strength such as24+7 and 630+7(Same as the semi-flexible wire rope, also, there is an oiled co

17、re in the center of such wire rope, around which, six wire strands are laid. Moreover, there are six small oiled cores in the center of the six strands, that is, one small oiled core for each wire strand.) etc. Of the three kinds of wire rope, the flexible wire rope is the most flexible and usually

18、used as cargo hoist and so on. The oiled core has such functions: 1). Reducing the abrasion of inner surface of wire strands. 2). Improve the flexibility of wire rope. 3). Preventing inner wire strands from rusting 4). Lubricating Section II Manufacture and measurement of ships rope Part I Manufactu

19、re of ships rope 1. Laid rope(拧绞绳) Three-strand fiber rope and wire rope belong to laid rope. It is usually used as sling rope for working aloft. They can be divided into two types. a. Z type rope, also called right-hand rope, should be coiled clockwise after use to prevent twisting. b. S type rope,

20、 also called left-hand rope, should be coiled anti-clockwise after use to prevent twisting. 2. Braided rope (编织绳) Braided rope is not easy to twist, but less strong. It is usually used as flag line and heaving line and so on. 3. Cross rope (编绞绳) Cross rope is stronger than Laid rope and Braided rope

21、, size for size. It is usually used as mooring line. 4. Composite rope (复合缆) Composite rope consists of fiber rope and wire rope, with a wire rope core in the center and fiber rope around it. It is the strongest one of fiber ropes. It is usually used as towing line on ocean-going tugs because it is

22、both flexible and strong. Part II Measurement of ships rope 1. Diameter or circumference Usually, Using metric system, rope is measured in diameter while using English system, rope is measured in circumference. There is a conversion expression here: C(in.)1/8D(mm) (1in25.4mm) 2. Length Using metric

23、system, each coil of fiber rope is usually 200 or 210 meters long for fiber ropes and each coil of wire rope is 210 or 500 meters long. Using English system, each coil of rope (either fiber rope or wire rope)is 120 fathoms, nearly 220 meters(1fm=2yd, 1yd=3ft, 1ft=12in). 3. Weight The price unit for

24、fiber rope is calculated by the weight of each coil but for wire rope. It is calculated by each meter. Part III Strength of ships rope 1. Breaking strength Breaking strength is the strength when the rope is broken. Such strength is measured by the testing machine. 2. Testing strength Testing strengt

25、h is used to inspect the quality of the products when they are manufactured. Usually, it is half the one of breaking strength. 3. Safe working load Safe working load is the strength which is used in practice. To calculate the safe working load, you can use the following formula: Safe working load =

26、Breaking strength / Safety factor (Note: Usually, the safety factor is 6. But for the specific applications, you can see Page 6.) In practice, the strength of the ropes may be reduced because of the specific causes. For example, after storing for 2 or 3 years, the strength of the new rope will reduc

27、ed by 20-30%; After making eye splices, the strength of the fiber rope will be reduced by 10%; After making short spliced, the strength of the wire rope will be reduced by nearly 10-25%. If you want to know more, you can see Page 6 and 7. Part IV The cautions for using ships ropes Some practices tha

28、t should be avoided or observed are as follows: Never: 1. Stow wet or damp line in an unventilated compartment or cover it so that it can not dry. Mildew will form and weaken the fibers. 2. Subject a line to intense heat or unnecessarily allow it to lie in the hot sun. The lubricant will dry out, th

29、us shortening the life of the line. 3. Subject a line to loads exceeding its safe working load. It may not break the line, but individual fibers will break, reducing the strength. 4. Allow line to bear on sharp edges or run over rough surfaces. The line will be cut or worn, reducing the strength and

30、 life. 5. Scrub(擦洗) line. The lubricant will be washed away, and caustics（腐蚀物） in strong soap may harm the fibers. 6. Let wear become localized in one spot. Always: 1. Dry line before stowing it. 2. Protect line from weather when possible. 3. Use chafing gear (canvas, short lengths of old fire hose,

31、 etc.) where line (or wire) runs over sharp edges or rough surfaces. 4. Slack off taut lines when it rains. Wet lines shrink, and if the line is taut, the resulting strain may be enough to break some of the fibers. 5. Coil right-laid rope to the right (clockwise). 6. Inspect a line before using it.

32、Overworked or overstrained line will have a bristly(刚毛的刚毛的) surface. Mildew（霉）（霉） can be seen, and it has a peculiar（特殊的）（特殊的）, unpleasant odor（气味）（气味）. Untwist the line so that the inner parts of the strands can be seen. If they have a dull grayish（暗（暗 淡的）淡的） look, the line is unsafe. 7. Give line

33、the care it deserves. Someday your safety may depend on it. 8. Use chafing gear or occasionally “freshen the nip(绳索急弯处绳索急弯处)” to prevent or reduce localized wear. 9. Reverse turns（换头）（换头） on winches periodically to keep out the kinks （绳索的扭结）（绳索的扭结） and prevent or reduce localized wear. 10. Lay right

34、-laid lines clockwise on reels or capstans and left-laid lines counter- clockwise until they are broken in（启用）（启用）. 11. When opening a new coil of right-laid line, place the coil so that the outer end is at the bottom. Cut the stoppers and pull the end up through the tunnel. 12. The wire rope should

35、 be lubricated periodically. 13. When the number of broken wires of the wire rope at the length of ten times diameter is more than 5%, or deformation, wear or corrosion is remarkable, such rope should be replaced. Chapter Two Rope work Section I. knotting of fiber rope (纤维绳绳结纤维绳绳结) Part I. knots for

36、 mooring work (糸泊作业用结糸泊作业用结) 1. Slippery knot for heaving line (撇缆活结撇缆活结) Use: Connect heaving line with the eye of the line temporarily. 用途：带缆时撇缆与大缆眼环临时连接。用途：带缆时撇缆与大缆眼环临时连接。 2. Slippery knot for mooring line (糸缆活结糸缆活结) Use: Secure steel wire rope on bitts. Caution: Secure at least three one. 用途：糸扎双

37、糸柱上的钢缆。注意事项：至少扎住三根钢缆。用途：糸扎双糸柱上的钢缆。注意事项：至少扎住三根钢缆。 3. Stopper knot (止索结止索结) Use: Stop the movement of the line temporarily so that the securing point can be shifted from capstan to bitts. Caution: The direction of the stopper rope should be same as that of mooring line. 用途：临时止住大缆的活动，以便将大缆的船方糸固点从绞缆筒转移到

38、双糸柱上。用途：临时止住大缆的活动，以便将大缆的船方糸固点从绞缆筒转移到双糸柱上。 注意事项：止索绳应朝出缆方向。注意事项：止索绳应朝出缆方向。 4. Carrick knot (绳花结绳花结) Use: Connect broken lines temporarily 用途：临时连接两根破断的大缆。用途：临时连接两根破断的大缆。 5. Bitting (挽桩结挽桩结) Use: Putting the line on the bitts. 用途：将缆绳挽牢在双系柱上。用途：将缆绳挽牢在双系柱上。 Part II Knots for connecting two ropes (两绳相连用结两绳

39、相连用结) 1. Sheet bend (单索花单索花/单编结单编结) Use: Connect two ropes with the same or different diameter, or connect rope end with rope eye. (It is often used to connect flag line with the signal flag.) 用途：两根粗细相同或相近的绳头相连，或绳头连眼环用用途：两根粗细相同或相近的绳头相连，或绳头连眼环用(常用于旗绳与信号旗的连接常用于旗绳与信号旗的连接) 。 2. Double sheet bends（双索花（双索

40、花/双编结）双编结） Use: It is same as sheet bend but faster than the sheet bend. 用途：同单索花，但比单索花更牢固。用途：同单索花，但比单索花更牢固。 3. Reef knot (平结平结) Use: Connect two ropes with the same diameter. 用途：两根粗细相同的细绳相连。用途：两根粗细相同的细绳相连。 4. Slippery reef knot (缩帆结缩帆结) Use: Connect two ropes with the same diameter and easy to untie

41、. 用途：同平结，但易解。用途：同平结，但易解。 Part III 拖曳和扛吊物品用结拖曳和扛吊物品用结(knots for carrying articles) 1. Timber hitch (圆材结圆材结) Use: It is used to haul an object, such as a spar, that has a fairly rough surface. 用途：拖拉或升降圆柱形物体（如木材等）。用途：拖拉或升降圆柱形物体（如木材等）。 2.Timber and half hitch (拖木结拖木结) Use: Similar to the half hitch but

42、gives better control, and the combination is less likely to slip than the timber hitch alone. 用途：同圆材结用途：同圆材结, 但比圆材结更牢固。但比圆材结更牢固。 3. Sling a Cask on End（立桶结）（立桶结） Use: Sling a cask without a ring. 用途：升降单个无耳环的桶罐。用途：升降单个无耳环的桶罐。 4. Carrying-pole Hitch（杠棒结）（杠棒结） Use: It is based on Sling a Cask on End. F

43、orm double loops so that the carrying-pole or hook can be put through. Caution: The rope end should be a little longer. 用途：在立桶结的基础上形成双圈用途：在立桶结的基础上形成双圈,便于杠棒或货钩穿过。便于杠棒或货钩穿过。 注意事项：绳头不宜留得太短。注意事项：绳头不宜留得太短。 Part IV. 高空作业用结高空作业用结(Knots for working aloft) 1. Clove Hitch（丁香结）（丁香结） Use: To secure the rope end

44、 around the cylinder such as rails and so on. Cautions: The rope end should be a little longer. The clove hitch should not be secured around the square object. The knot will be faster if you add a half hitch to it. If necessary, you can make a slippery clove hitch. 用途：绳头固定在圆柱形物体上用用途：绳头固定在圆柱形物体上用(如栏杆

45、等如栏杆等)。 注意事项：绳头不能留得过短，不宜系在矩形物体上，丁香结加半结则更牢固。视需要可打成注意事项：绳头不能留得过短，不宜系在矩形物体上，丁香结加半结则更牢固。视需要可打成 丁香活结。丁香活结。 2. Lubans Hitch（鲁班结）（鲁班结） Use: Similar to Clove Hitch. The hauling direction can be both vertical to and parallel to the cylinder, and even more, the knot can be made when the rope is very tight. Ca

46、ution: Same as Clove Hitch. 用途：与丁香结相似，且绳索受力方向既可与圆柱体垂直用途：与丁香结相似，且绳索受力方向既可与圆柱体垂直,也可与圆柱体平按行。并在绳索受力也可与圆柱体平按行。并在绳索受力 的情况下也可系结）。的情况下也可系结）。 注意事项：同丁香结。注意事项：同丁香结。 3. Bowline (单套结单套结) Use: The bowline can be used to make a loop, or used as the temporary safety harness when working aloft or outboard, and also,

47、 it can be used to connect two ropes, or, connect a rope with a loop temporarily（such as connecting the heaving line with the eye of the mooring line） Cautions: The rope end should be a little longer. The knot should be hauled tight so as to prevent from deformation用途：可用于制作临时眼环、高空或舷外作业时做临时安全带，也可用于绳用

48、途：可用于制作临时眼环、高空或舷外作业时做临时安全带，也可用于绳 与绳、与绳、 绳与眼环临时连接（如撇缆与大缆眼环连接等）。绳与眼环临时连接（如撇缆与大缆眼环连接等）。 注意事项：绳头不能留得太短。绳结要收紧，以防受力时变形。注意事项：绳头不能留得太短。绳结要收紧，以防受力时变形。 . 4. Bowline on a Bight（双套结）（双套结） Use: It is used to substitute Bosuns Chair temporarily when working aloft or outboard. Caution: While making such a knot wit

49、h a bight, the bight end should be overturned from downward to upward and it can not be done in opposite direction. While overturning, you should avoid making a slippery loop. 用途：高空或舷外作业时代替座板用。用途：高空或舷外作业时代替座板用。 注意事项：采用双股系法时，应由下往上套入双圈，而不能由上往下套入。注意事项：采用双股系法时，应由下往上套入双圈，而不能由上往下套入。 翻环时应注意避免打成活套。翻环时应注意避免打

50、成活套。 5. Figure of Eight Knot（ “8”形结）形结） Use: The figure of eight knot is used to prevent the rope end from slipping out of a block hole (It is often used to bring the blocks to a high place while working aloft). 用途：防止绳头从滑车孔中滑脱（常用于上高绳穿过滑车绳孔以防绳头滑场脱，以便携上高处用途：防止绳头从滑车孔中滑脱（常用于上高绳穿过滑车绳孔以防绳头滑场脱，以便携上高处 系结滑车）

51、。系结滑车）。 6. Lowering hitch（松降结）（松降结） Use: It is used to connect the gantline with Bosuns chair (so that the operator aloft or outboard can control the working height by himself). 用途：上高绳与座板连接用途：上高绳与座板连接(供高空或舷外作业者自己控制工作点的高度供高空或舷外作业者自己控制工作点的高度)。 7. Stage knot（架板结）（架板结） Use: It is used to connect stage r

52、ope with the stage when working aloft or outboard (The knot can be made by two ways). 用途：架板绳与架板连接用（两种打法皆可）。用途：架板绳与架板连接用（两种打法皆可）。 8. Slippery knot for stage sling（架板活结）（架板活结） Use: To secure the stage rope on the rail when working aloft or outboard. 用途：将架板绳固定在栏杆上用（此结可用旋圆双半结来代替）。用途：将架板绳固定在栏杆上用（此结可用旋圆双半

53、结来代替）。 Part V Knots for Boat（救生艇用结）（救生艇用结） 1. Boat Hitch（小艇结）（小艇结） Use: It is used to tow a life boat temporarily（It is easy to tie and untie）. 用途：临时拖带救生艇用（该结易系易解）。用途：临时拖带救生艇用（该结易系易解）。 2. Round Turn and Two Half Hitches（旋圆双半结）（旋圆双半结） Use: It is Similar to Lubans Hitch but easier than it, and also, L

54、ubans Hitch can substitute Boat Hitch and faster than it. 用途：用途类似鲁班结，但系结时比鲁班结更方便。也可代替小艇结，且比小艇结更牢固。用途：用途类似鲁班结，但系结时比鲁班结更方便。也可代替小艇结，且比小艇结更牢固。 Part VI Other Knots（其他绳结）（其他绳结） 1. Whipping（扎绳头结）（扎绳头结） Use: It is used to whip the rope end to prevent it from unlaying. 用途：用于绑扎绳头，防止绳股松散。用途：用于绑扎绳头，防止绳股松散。 2. R

55、ope putting away（收绳结）（收绳结） Use: It is used to haul tight the rope which is coiled for stowage in the deck locker. 用途：用于收紧盘好的绳索。用途：用于收紧盘好的绳索。 3. Cleating（羊角挽法）（羊角挽法） Use: Secure a line, such as a flag line, on a cleat. 用途：系固绳索用，如系固旗绳等。用途：系固绳索用，如系固旗绳等。 Section II. Braids of Fiber Rope（纤维绳编结）（纤维绳编结） 1.

56、 Monkeys Fist（撇缆头结）（撇缆头结） Use: Adding weight to rope end to make it carry further. Preparations: Prepare rope with the length of 30 to 40 meters and with the diameter of 8 mm, a bag with the iron sand, weighing 200 g or about. The steps: 1) coiling clockwise 2) coiling anticlockwise 3) coiling clock

57、wise Caution: Coiling at least 4 or 5 rounds for each direction: Adding a Bowline after hauling tight. Use: Secure a line, such as a flag line, on a cleat. 用途：加重撇缆绳端部，以便扔得较远。用途：加重撇缆绳端部，以便扔得较远。 准备：一根准备：一根3040米长、直径米长、直径8mm 的纤维绳，铁沙袋重约的纤维绳，铁沙袋重约200g。 方法：方法：1）顺时针缠圈）顺时针缠圈 2）逆时针缠圈）逆时针缠圈 3）顺时针缠圈）顺时针缠圈 注意事项：

58、每一方向的绳圈至少注意事项：每一方向的绳圈至少4或或5道；收紧后加一单套结。道；收紧后加一单套结。 2. Spider /Turks Head（救生索中结）（救生索中结） Use: It is used on the life line of the life boat, for the convenience of the crew boarding on the boat. Preparations: Prepare a rope with the length meeting the requirement. The distance between the two Spider Tur

59、ks Head should be about 50 cm, the length of each braiding rope should be about 80 cm. The steps: 1) Undertucking 2) Overtucking 3) Upwardtucking parallel 4) Downwardtucking parallel Caution: Cut off the remaining part of the rope end after hauling tight. 用途：用于救生艇的救生索上，便于弃船时艇员登艇用。用途：用于救生艇的救生索上，便于弃船时

60、艇员登艇用。 准备：一根符合要求的救生索准备：一根符合要求的救生索, 每每2个救生索中结的间隔距离为个救生索中结的间隔距离为50cm，4根编结用绳长度各约根编结用绳长度各约 80cm。 步骤：步骤：1）挑）挑 2）压）压 3）向上平行穿一次）向上平行穿一次 4）向下平行穿一次）向下平行穿一次 注意事项：收紧后剪去余头。注意事项：收紧后剪去余头。 Section III. Splice For Three-strand Fiber Rope（三股纤维绳插接）（三股纤维绳插接） 1. Back Splice（绳头反插接）（绳头反插接） Use: It is used to prevent the