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附录一其他的注意事项在设备的规范中还有其他考虑的点被用于你的自动控制系统，静电,工作周期,抑制,电力、环境、机构批准,附件类型以及外壳加热、冷却和照明。静电大多数设备和设备将降至5%相对湿度。然而,静电问题更频繁地发生在湿度低于30%的情况下。当你触摸设备时一定要采取足够的预防措施。如果你在低湿度环境中使用的设备，考虑使用地面肩带、防静电地板覆盖物等。 工作周期,使用电磁阀时,你会想要知道它的工作电压,额定电流,电流流入帮助选择所需的输出设备类型来控制其操作。同样重要的是要了解电磁阀的工作周期。我们不想操作电磁阀为50%的关税周期在连续模式下10秒的时间,一个只有两秒的时间。电磁阀的关闭时间短不允许适当降温。 快速裁撤电磁阀,马达初学者等，他们使用电感线圈的操作会使线圈产生高电压峰值,这样会损害输出设备和电子设备。人们总是推荐使用某种形式的浪涌抑制消除这些电压峰值。 直流电源如果使用直流电压的电源控制系统,考虑使用至少两次的电源额定负荷计算。如果你需要控制系统UL 508批准和允许电源操作温度较低，这是应该满足的要求,从而增加它的生命。 环境规范下面的表格是NEMA的共同环境规范的一个例子,一般适用于自动化设备。IEC也有共同环境的规范附件和设备名称的列表。比较具体的无害应用室内的位置提供了对以下环境条件的保护外壳类型 1 2 44X 5 66P11 1213K13偶然接触设备W /附件 落下的灰尘 下降的液体飞溅 灰尘,皮棉,纤维和飞花 冲洗和泼水 机油和冷却液渗漏 油或冷却液的喷雾和飞溅腐蚀剂 偶尔的临时淹没 偶尔的长时间淹没 机构的批准-一些应用程序需要特定的组件认证机构。这些要求的批准是：UL（美国保险商实验室）CUL（加拿大保险商实验室）CE（欧洲经济联盟）要求这些机构的批准需要你的说明部分，将决定你大部分的控制设备的选择。外壳-选择一个合适的外壳，以确保安全和正确的设备操作的重要。外壳最小的考虑因素应包括： 电气标准的一致性（参考NEC） 从工业环境保护的元素（参考NEMA，尤其部分ics_6） 常见的接地参考（参考NEC） 接入设备（参考OSHA） 安全或限制访问（参考OSHA）对设备的正确安装和维护足够的空间 我们需要考虑外壳将位于什么样的环境下。户外运动吗？室内的？冲洗所需的？外壳加热/冷却-确保在您的控制系统不受过热的装置，或者安装在一个寒冷的气候，设备不低于上市的低工作温度范围使用。你的控制系统，由于其物理位置，可能需要你有一个冷却系统，如A / C单元，和一个小的加热单元为相同的外壳部分。这将确保设备总是运行在温度规格。基本的热管理是不是最难的自动控制系统。投资一点思想的规范阶段期间，可以为您节省了大量的重新设计的路上。罩光-这包括你的控制系统外壳或机柜日常维护的控制系统在帮助室内照明永远是一个好主意。额外资源你可以找到这些额外的资源，在本书的附录，或通过访问下面的链接。选择一个控制器-/l8jv4如何选择一个外壳-/o8hyv什么是NEMA标准的意思？-/n2230了解圈地冷却-/3btpr选择一个机箱风扇或空调-/q1bjh选择一个换热器-/oo2ty第四章设计本文的研究思想我们的控制系统的设计将在一个记录的任务形式。挑战会让我们的设计细节写在纸上，以便它可以很容易理解。任何人都可以看一下我们未来的文件并且能够解释信息是很重要的。对我们有用的在这一步，将任何笔记和清单，分别在“识别”和“指定”的自动化控制系统相。“乐观主义者会告诉你的杯子是半满的；悲观的人，一半是空的；和工程师会告诉你玻璃是两倍大小需要。”无名氏使用这些技巧来帮助你记住！感性和容性电路彩色编码的电阻器可见光谱代数表达式短的方式记住圆周率附录二Other ConsiderationsThere are other points to consider in the specification of devices being used in your automated control system; static electricity, duty cycle, surge suppression, power, environment, agency approvals, enclosure type as well as enclosure heating, cooling and lighting. Static Electricity Most equipment and devices will operate down to 5% relative humidity. However, static electricity problems occur much more frequently at humidity levels below 30%. Make sure you take adequate precautions when you touch the equipment. Consider using ground straps, anti-static floor coverings, etc. if you use the equipment in low-humidity environments. Duty Cycle - When using a solenoid valve, you will want to know its operating voltage, nominal current draw and current inrush to help select the type of output device required to control its operation. It is also important to have an understanding of the solenoid valves duty cycle. We would not want to operate a solenoid valve rated at 50% duty cycle in a continuous mode with an ON time of 10 seconds and an OFF time of only two seconds. The short OFF time would not allow for the solenoid to properly cool down. Surge Suppression - Solenoid valves, motor starters, etc. make use of an inductive coil for their operation and the coil can produce high voltage spikes that can damage output devices and nearby electronic equipment. It is always recommended to use some form of surge suppression to eliminate these voltage spikes. Other Considerations DC Power - If using DC voltage from a power supply in your control system, consider using a power supply rated for at least twice the calculated load. This should satisfy one of the requirements if you need to have your control system UL 508 approved and will allow the power supply to operate at a lower temperature, thus increasing its life. Environmental Specifications - The table below is an example of NEMAs common environmental specifications that generally apply to automation equipment. IEC also has a list of common environmental specification designations for enclosures and equipment. Agency Approvals - Some applications require agency approvals for particular components. Some of these required approvals are: UL (Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.) CUL (Canadian Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.) CE (European Economic Union) The requirements for any of these agency approvals need to be part of your specification and will determine the selection of most of your controlling devices. Enclosures - Selecting a proper enclosure is important to ensure safe and proper operation of your equipment. The minimum considerations for enclosures should include: Conformance to electrical standards (Reference NEC) Protection from the elements in an industrial environment (Reference NEMA, particularly section ICS_6) Common ground reference (Reference NEC) Access to the equipment (Reference OSHA) Security or restricted access (Reference OSHA) Sufficient space for proper installation and maintenance of equipment We need to consider the environment where the enclosure will be located. Outdoors? Indoors? Washdown required? Enclosure Heating/Cooling - Ensure that the devices used in your control system arent subject to overheating, or if installed in a colder climate, the devices arent being used below the listed low temperature operating range. Your control system, because of its physical location, may require you to have both a cooling system, such as an A/C unit, and a small heating unit as part of the same enclosure. This will ensure the devices are always operating within their temperature specifications. Basic thermal management is not difficult for most automated control systems. Investing a little thought during the specification stage can save you a great deal of redesign down the road. Additional Resources You can find these additional resources in the Appendix of this book or by visiting the links below. Worksheet for Choosing a Controller - N2ADC.com/l8jv4 How to Select an Enclosure - N2ADC.com/o8hyv What do the NEMA Ratings Mean? - N2ADC.com/n2230 Understanding Enclosure Cooling - N2ADC.com/3btpr Selecting an Enclosure Fan or Air Conditioner - N2ADC.com/q1bjh Selecting a Heat Exchanger - N2ADC.com/oo2ty Enclosure Lighting - It is always a good idea to include interior lighting for your control system enclosure or cabinet to help during routine maintenance to the control system.Putting ideas on paper Design The design for our control system will be in the form of a documenting task. The challeng
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